Use of Azolla in organic farming on availability and uptake of N, P, K of rice paddy (Oryza Sativa, L.)
Article Main
Abstract
Organic fertilization is very important to maintain sustainable land and environmental productivity. Organic fertilizer from Azolla has the advantage of increasing soil fertility by increasing nutrient availability. This study aimed to determine the effect of Azolla application on the availability and uptake of N, P, and K of Inpari 32 variety rice plants. This research used 9 treatments: (T0= control, T1= 90 kg/h NPK, T2= 45 kg/h NPK, T3= 10 t/h Manure, T4= 2 t/h Manure + 90 kg/h NPK, T5= 10 t/h Rice straw compost, T6= 2 t/h Rice straw compost + 90 kg/h NPK, T7= 10 t/h Azolla, T8= 2 t/h Azolla + 90 kg/h NPK) with as control and 3 replications, so there were 27 experimental plots. This research was located in the paddy field of Madiun Regency, East Java. The results showed that Azolla, manure, and straw compost at a dose of 10 t/ha increased soil C-organic, soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and soil pH, which was still in the neutral range. Azolla fertilizer increased the highest soil total N compared to cow manure and straw compost and increased the efficiency of NPK fertilizer use. Azolla (T7) increased soil available P (27.02 ppm) and exchangeable K (17.63 me/100g soil). Azolla had the highest available P effect. Azolla (T7) and manure (T4) were affected by increasing K-exchange. Azolla fertilizer, manure, and rice straw compost increased vegetative plant growth (plant height, number of tillers, shoot and root biomass). Among the three, Azolla fertilizer had the highest effect. Organic fertilization affected N, P, and K uptake, which was highest in Azola fertilizer (T7). For manure, varied NPK fertilizer (T4) just showed an increase in P uptake, and compost fertilizer varied NPK fertilizer (T6) showed a rise in K uptake. A positive relationship existed between the availability and uptake of nutrients N, P, and K.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Azolla, Inpari 32 variety rice, Nitrogen, Organic fertilizer, Rice field
References
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Angelova, V. R., Akova, V. I., Artinova, N. S., & Ivanov, K. I. (2013). The effect of organic amendments on soil chemical characteristics. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science.
Balittanah (Soil Research Center). (2009). Technical Manual (2nd eds.) Chemical Analysis of Soil, Plant, Water, and Fertilizer. Bogor (ID): Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ministry of Agriculture.
Chandini, Kumar, R., Kumar, R., & Prakash, O. (2019). The Impact of Chemical Fertilizers on our Environment and Ecosystem InBook: Research Trends in Environmental Science Chapter 5. Research Trends in Environmental Science, 4(February), 69–86.
Darusman, D., Juwita, I. R., Munawar, A. A., Zainabun, Z., & Zulfahrizal, Z. (2021). Rapid determination of mixed soil and biochar properties using a shortwave near infrared spectroscopy approach. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 667(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/667/1/012003
de Anicésio, E. C. A., Bonfim-Silva, E. M., da Silva, T. J. A., & Koetz, M. (2015). Dry mass, nutrient concentration and accumulation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) influenced by nitrogen and potassium fertilizations. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 9(6), 552–560.
Durán-Lara, E. F., Valderrama, A., & Marican, A. (2020). Natural organic compounds for application in organic farming. Agriculture (Switzerland), 10(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020041
Hazmi, M., Waliyuddin, H., & Hasbi, H. (2020). Ciherang Rice Agronomy Performance on the Balance of Nitrogen Intake from Azolla Compost and Urea. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 436, 392–395. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200529.081
Hernández, T., Chocano, C., Moreno, J. L., & García, C. (2016). Use of compost as an alternative to conventional inorganic fertilizers in intensive lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crops-Effects on soil and plant. Soil and Tillage Research, 160, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.02.005
Ichsan, M. C., Riskiyandika, P., & Wijaya, I. (2017). Respon Produktifitas Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Terhadap Pemberian Dosis Pupuk Petroganik Dan Pupuk N Agritrop : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian (Journal of Agricultural Science), 14(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.32528/agr.v14i1.407
Ismoyo, L., Sumarno, S., & Sudadi, S. (2013). The Effect of Azolla Compost and Organic Pottasium Fertilizer Dosages on Pottasium Availability and Yield of Peanut on Alfisol. Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 10(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.15608/st-jssa.v10i2.194
Mahmood, F., Khan, I., Ashraf, U., Shahzad, T., Hussain, S., Shahid, M., Ullah, S. (2017). Effects of organic and inorganic manures on maize and their residual impact on soil physico-chemical properties. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017005000002
Mayendra, Kemala Sari, & Benny Hidayat. (2019). Ketersediaan Hara Fosfor Akibat Pemberian Biochar Sekam Padi dan Pupuk Kandang Sapi pada Inceptisol Kuala Bekala Availability. Jurnal Pertanian Tropik, 6(2), 287–293.
Mazid, M., & Khan, T. A. (2015). Future of Bio-fertilizers in Indian agriculture: An Overview. International Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 3(3) (2014).
Moreau, D., Bardgett, R. D., Finlay, R. D., Jones, D. L., & Philippot, L. (2019). A plant perspective on nitrogen cycling in the rhizosphere. Functional Ecology, 33(4), 540–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13303
Neina, D. (2019). The Role of Soil pH in Plant Nutrition and Soil Remediation. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2019(3). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5794869
Prihandarini, R. (2023). Kapita Selekta Pertanian Organik dan Pertanian Ramah Lingkungan. (S. Saefuddin, asep, Ed.). Serang: A-Empat.
Püschel, D., Bitterlich, M., Rydlová, J., & Jansa, J. (2021). Drought accentuates the role of mycorrhiza in phosphorus uptake. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108243
Putra, D. F., Soenaryo, & Tyasmoro, S. Y. (2013). Pengaruh Pemberian berbagai Bentuk Azolla dan Pupuk N terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Jagung Manis (Zea mays var. saccharata). Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 1(4), 353–360.
Salman, M., & Suntari, R. (2023). Pemanfaatan Beberapa Bahan Pelapis Pada Urea Terhadap Nitrogen Tersedia Dan Sifat Kimia Di Vertisol Pasuruan. Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, 10(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2023.010.1.5
Santhiya, B., & Jeeva, S. (2022). Azolla as a source of biofertilizer for sustainable crop production – a review. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition, 18(11), 598–605.
Sardiana, I. K., & Kusmiyarti, T. B. (2021). Sustainability performance of organic farming at vegetable fields in Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia. Sains Tanah, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.20961/STJSSA.V18I1.45482
Seleiman, M. F., Elshayb, O. M., Nada, A. M., El-Leithy, S. A., Baz, L., Alhammad, B. A., & Mahdi, A. H. A. (2022). Azolla Compost as an Approach for Enhancing Growth, Productivity and Nutrient Uptake of Oryza sativa L. Agronomy, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020416
Selim, M. M. (2020). Introduction to the Integrated Nutrient Management Strategies and Their Contribution to Yield and Soil Properties. International Journal of Agronomy, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2821678
Setiawati, M. R. (2014). Peningkatan Kandungan N Dan P Tanah Serta Hasil Padi Sawah Akibat Aplikasi Azolla pinnata Dan Pupuk Hayati Azotobacter chroococcum Dan Pseudomonas cepaceae. Agrologia, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.30598/a.v3i1.257
Setiawati, M. R., Fitriatin, B. N., Suryatmana, P., & Simarmata, T. (2020). Aplikasi Pupuk Hayati Dan Azolla Untuk Mengurangi Dosis Pupuk Anorganik Dan Meningkatkan N, P, C Organik Tanah, Dan N, P Tanaman, Serta Hasil Padi Sawah. Jurnal Agroekoteknologi, 12(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.33512/jur.agroekotetek.v12i1.8778
Setiawati, M. R., Prayoga, M. K., Stöber, S., Adinata, K., & Simarmata, T. (2020). Performance of rice paddy varieties under various organic soil fertility strategies. Open Agriculture, 5(1), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0050
Sharma, A. (2017). A Review on the Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Plants. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, V(II), 677–680. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.2103
Simarmata, T., Prayoga, M. K., Setiawati, M. R., Adinata, K., & Stöber, S. (2021). Improving the climate resilience of rice farming in flood-prone areas through azolla biofertilizer and saline-tolerant varieties. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(21), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112308
Simarmata, T., Prayoga, M. K., Setiawati, M. R., Adinata, K., & Stöber, S. (2023). Environmentally friendly bioameliorant to increase soil fertility and rice (Oryza sativa) production. Open Agriculture, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0185
Soil Survey Staff. (2022). Keys to soil taxonomy. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (13 ed., Vol. 13). United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Taken from http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_051546.pdf
Sudadi, Sumarno, & Handi, W. (2014). Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Berbasis Azolla, Fosfat Alam Dan Abu Sekam Terhadap Hasil Padi Dan Sifat Kimia Tanah Alfisol (Effect of organic fertilizer-based azolla, rock phosphate and hull ash on rice yield and chemical properties of alfisols). Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 11(2), 77–83.
Suntoro, S., Widijanto, H., Suryono, Syamsiyah, J., Afinda, D. W., Dimasyuri, N. R., & Triyas, V. (2018). Effect of cow manure and dolomite on nutrient uptake and growth of corn (Zea mays l.). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24(6), 1020-1026.
Syamsiyah, J., Sunarminto, B. H., & Mujiyo, M. (2017). Changes in soil chemical properties of organic paddy field with azolla application. Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 13(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.15608/stjssa.v13i2.611
Syarif, R. G., Widijanto, H., & Sumarno. (2013). Pengaruh Dosis Inokulum Azolla Dan Pupuk Kalium Organik Terhadap Ketersediaan K Dan Hasil Padi Pada Alfisol (The effect of azolla inoculum dosage and organic potassium fertilizer on pottasium availability and rice yield on alfisol). Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 10(2), 63–72.
Thapa, P., & Poudel, K. (2021). Azolla: Potential biofertilizer for increasing rice productivity, and government policy for implementation. Journal of Wastes and Biomass Management, 3(2), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.02.2021.62.68
Uhunamure, S. E., Kom, Z., Shale, K., Nethengwe, N. S., & Steyn, J. (2021). Perceptions of smallholder farmers towards organic farming in south africa. Agriculture (Switzerland), 11(11), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111157
Yao, Y., Zhang, M., Tian, Y., Zhao, M., Zeng, K., Zhang, B., Yin, B. (2018). Azolla biofertilizer for improving low nitrogen use efficiency in an intensive rice cropping system. Field Crops Research, 216(July 2017), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.11.020
Youssef, M. A., Al-Huqail, A. A., Ali, E. F., & Majrashi, A. (2021). Organic amendment and mulching enhanced the growth and fruit quality of squash plants (Cucurbita pepo l.) grown on silty loam soils. Horticulturae, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090269
Al Mu’min, M. I., Joy, B. & Yuniarti, A. (2016). Dinamika Kalium Tanah dan Hasil Padi Sawah (Oryza sativa L.) akibat Pemberian NPK Majemuk dan Penggenangan pada Fluvaquentic Epiaquepts. SoilREns, 14(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.24198/soilrens.v14i1.9269
Angelova, V. R., Akova, V. I., Artinova, N. S., & Ivanov, K. I. (2013). The effect of organic amendments on soil chemical characteristics. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science.
Balittanah (Soil Research Center). (2009). Technical Manual (2nd eds.) Chemical Analysis of Soil, Plant, Water, and Fertilizer. Bogor (ID): Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ministry of Agriculture.
Chandini, Kumar, R., Kumar, R., & Prakash, O. (2019). The Impact of Chemical Fertilizers on our Environment and Ecosystem InBook: Research Trends in Environmental Science Chapter 5. Research Trends in Environmental Science, 4(February), 69–86.
Darusman, D., Juwita, I. R., Munawar, A. A., Zainabun, Z., & Zulfahrizal, Z. (2021). Rapid determination of mixed soil and biochar properties using a shortwave near infrared spectroscopy approach. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 667(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/667/1/012003
de Anicésio, E. C. A., Bonfim-Silva, E. M., da Silva, T. J. A., & Koetz, M. (2015). Dry mass, nutrient concentration and accumulation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) influenced by nitrogen and potassium fertilizations. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 9(6), 552–560.
Durán-Lara, E. F., Valderrama, A., & Marican, A. (2020). Natural organic compounds for application in organic farming. Agriculture (Switzerland), 10(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020041
Hazmi, M., Waliyuddin, H., & Hasbi, H. (2020). Ciherang Rice Agronomy Performance on the Balance of Nitrogen Intake from Azolla Compost and Urea. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 436, 392–395. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200529.081
Hernández, T., Chocano, C., Moreno, J. L., & García, C. (2016). Use of compost as an alternative to conventional inorganic fertilizers in intensive lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crops-Effects on soil and plant. Soil and Tillage Research, 160, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.02.005
Ichsan, M. C., Riskiyandika, P., & Wijaya, I. (2017). Respon Produktifitas Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)Terhadap Pemberian Dosis Pupuk Petroganik Dan Pupuk N Agritrop : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian (Journal of Agricultural Science), 14(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.32528/agr.v14i1.407
Ismoyo, L., Sumarno, S., & Sudadi, S. (2013). The Effect of Azolla Compost and Organic Pottasium Fertilizer Dosages on Pottasium Availability and Yield of Peanut on Alfisol. Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 10(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.15608/st-jssa.v10i2.194
Mahmood, F., Khan, I., Ashraf, U., Shahzad, T., Hussain, S., Shahid, M., Ullah, S. (2017). Effects of organic and inorganic manures on maize and their residual impact on soil physico-chemical properties. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017005000002
Mayendra, Kemala Sari, & Benny Hidayat. (2019). Ketersediaan Hara Fosfor Akibat Pemberian Biochar Sekam Padi dan Pupuk Kandang Sapi pada Inceptisol Kuala Bekala Availability. Jurnal Pertanian Tropik, 6(2), 287–293.
Mazid, M., & Khan, T. A. (2015). Future of Bio-fertilizers in Indian agriculture: An Overview. International Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 3(3) (2014).
Moreau, D., Bardgett, R. D., Finlay, R. D., Jones, D. L., & Philippot, L. (2019). A plant perspective on nitrogen cycling in the rhizosphere. Functional Ecology, 33(4), 540–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13303
Neina, D. (2019). The Role of Soil pH in Plant Nutrition and Soil Remediation. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2019(3). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5794869
Prihandarini, R. (2023). Kapita Selekta Pertanian Organik dan Pertanian Ramah Lingkungan. (S. Saefuddin, asep, Ed.). Serang: A-Empat.
Püschel, D., Bitterlich, M., Rydlová, J., & Jansa, J. (2021). Drought accentuates the role of mycorrhiza in phosphorus uptake. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108243
Putra, D. F., Soenaryo, & Tyasmoro, S. Y. (2013). Pengaruh Pemberian berbagai Bentuk Azolla dan Pupuk N terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Jagung Manis (Zea mays var. saccharata). Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 1(4), 353–360.
Salman, M., & Suntari, R. (2023). Pemanfaatan Beberapa Bahan Pelapis Pada Urea Terhadap Nitrogen Tersedia Dan Sifat Kimia Di Vertisol Pasuruan. Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, 10(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2023.010.1.5
Santhiya, B., & Jeeva, S. (2022). Azolla as a source of biofertilizer for sustainable crop production – a review. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition, 18(11), 598–605.
Sardiana, I. K., & Kusmiyarti, T. B. (2021). Sustainability performance of organic farming at vegetable fields in Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia. Sains Tanah, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.20961/STJSSA.V18I1.45482
Seleiman, M. F., Elshayb, O. M., Nada, A. M., El-Leithy, S. A., Baz, L., Alhammad, B. A., & Mahdi, A. H. A. (2022). Azolla Compost as an Approach for Enhancing Growth, Productivity and Nutrient Uptake of Oryza sativa L. Agronomy, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020416
Selim, M. M. (2020). Introduction to the Integrated Nutrient Management Strategies and Their Contribution to Yield and Soil Properties. International Journal of Agronomy, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2821678
Setiawati, M. R. (2014). Peningkatan Kandungan N Dan P Tanah Serta Hasil Padi Sawah Akibat Aplikasi Azolla pinnata Dan Pupuk Hayati Azotobacter chroococcum Dan Pseudomonas cepaceae. Agrologia, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.30598/a.v3i1.257
Setiawati, M. R., Fitriatin, B. N., Suryatmana, P., & Simarmata, T. (2020). Aplikasi Pupuk Hayati Dan Azolla Untuk Mengurangi Dosis Pupuk Anorganik Dan Meningkatkan N, P, C Organik Tanah, Dan N, P Tanaman, Serta Hasil Padi Sawah. Jurnal Agroekoteknologi, 12(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.33512/jur.agroekotetek.v12i1.8778
Setiawati, M. R., Prayoga, M. K., Stöber, S., Adinata, K., & Simarmata, T. (2020). Performance of rice paddy varieties under various organic soil fertility strategies. Open Agriculture, 5(1), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0050
Sharma, A. (2017). A Review on the Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Plants. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, V(II), 677–680. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.2103
Simarmata, T., Prayoga, M. K., Setiawati, M. R., Adinata, K., & Stöber, S. (2021). Improving the climate resilience of rice farming in flood-prone areas through azolla biofertilizer and saline-tolerant varieties. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(21), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112308
Simarmata, T., Prayoga, M. K., Setiawati, M. R., Adinata, K., & Stöber, S. (2023). Environmentally friendly bioameliorant to increase soil fertility and rice (Oryza sativa) production. Open Agriculture, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0185
Soil Survey Staff. (2022). Keys to soil taxonomy. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (13 ed., Vol. 13). United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Taken from http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_051546.pdf
Sudadi, Sumarno, & Handi, W. (2014). Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Berbasis Azolla, Fosfat Alam Dan Abu Sekam Terhadap Hasil Padi Dan Sifat Kimia Tanah Alfisol (Effect of organic fertilizer-based azolla, rock phosphate and hull ash on rice yield and chemical properties of alfisols). Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 11(2), 77–83.
Suntoro, S., Widijanto, H., Suryono, Syamsiyah, J., Afinda, D. W., Dimasyuri, N. R., & Triyas, V. (2018). Effect of cow manure and dolomite on nutrient uptake and growth of corn (Zea mays l.). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24(6), 1020-1026.
Syamsiyah, J., Sunarminto, B. H., & Mujiyo, M. (2017). Changes in soil chemical properties of organic paddy field with azolla application. Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 13(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.15608/stjssa.v13i2.611
Syarif, R. G., Widijanto, H., & Sumarno. (2013). Pengaruh Dosis Inokulum Azolla Dan Pupuk Kalium Organik Terhadap Ketersediaan K Dan Hasil Padi Pada Alfisol (The effect of azolla inoculum dosage and organic potassium fertilizer on pottasium availability and rice yield on alfisol). Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 10(2), 63–72.
Thapa, P., & Poudel, K. (2021). Azolla: Potential biofertilizer for increasing rice productivity, and government policy for implementation. Journal of Wastes and Biomass Management, 3(2), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.02.2021.62.68
Uhunamure, S. E., Kom, Z., Shale, K., Nethengwe, N. S., & Steyn, J. (2021). Perceptions of smallholder farmers towards organic farming in south africa. Agriculture (Switzerland), 11(11), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111157
Yao, Y., Zhang, M., Tian, Y., Zhao, M., Zeng, K., Zhang, B., Yin, B. (2018). Azolla biofertilizer for improving low nitrogen use efficiency in an intensive rice cropping system. Field Crops Research, 216(July 2017), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.11.020
Youssef, M. A., Al-Huqail, A. A., Ali, E. F., & Majrashi, A. (2021). Organic amendment and mulching enhanced the growth and fruit quality of squash plants (Cucurbita pepo l.) grown on silty loam soils. Horticulturae, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090269
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Use of Azolla in organic farming on availability and uptake of N, P, K of rice paddy (Oryza Sativa, L.). (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(1), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5336
