Journal of Applied and Natural Science is indexed in Scopus (CiteScore 1.2, SNIP 0.332, SJR 0.2), a part of UGC-CARE List Group II (Journals indexed in globally recognised databases.) and has a NAAS score 5.42. Please see the listing on the Scopus website: https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21101016916 Focus & Scope Publish scientific research views in the field of agriculture, biological and environmental sciences to promote speedy propagation of quality research information. Publication Frequency 4 issues/year: March | June | September | December Experience Our team has over 10 years of research publication experience. We have published more than 1000 research publications. Peer Review Policy Double-Blind: The identity of authors is not known to the reviewers and vice-versa. Learn more Open Access Policy All content is available for free under Open Access and is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International. Learn what you can do with the content: Content License & Usage. Green Policy As part of our Go Green initiative, we print very limited hard copies. This helps us fulfill our commitment to care of the earth for ourselves and generations to come. ISSN Online ISSN: 2231-5209 | Print ISSN: 0974-9411 Subject Areas For Submission of Research Papers Agricultural Science | Animal Sciences | Bioinformatics | Biochemistry | Biophysics | Bio-mathematics | Biotechnology | Computational Biology | Environmental Science | Microbiology | Plant Sciences Indexed/Abstracted/Enlisted* Scopus (CiteScore 1.2, SNIP 0.332, SJR 0.2), Netherlands | ProQuest (Part of Clarivate), USA | UGC-CARE List Group II, India | Google Scholar | NAAS Rating: 5.42 | Chemical Abstract Services (CAS), USA | J Gate, India | Indian Science Abstracts | Ulrichs - Web Serial Solutions, USA | EBSCO: Academic Research Ultimate Database, USA | Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI) Abstracts/Global Health, UK | Open Archives: OAI-PMH Registered Data Provider, USA | PKP Index, Canada | WorldCat, USA | Microsoft Academic | Dimensions- Digitial Science, UK | CORE, UK | BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine), Germany | AGRIS Database, FAO (United Nations) | Scilit, Switzerland| Researcher.Life, Cactus Communications | Journalspedia, Asian Council of Science Editors | Cabell's Journalytics, USA *DISCLAIMER: Though we try our best to get indexed/abstracted/enlisted in the above repositories, we cannot guarantee the inclusion of every published paper in the journal on respective websites. It is the author/institute/subscriber's responsibility to check and verify with the respective databases for the latest inclusion status and their policies before submission. Thank you for your understanding. Applied and Natural Science Foundation is a registered not-for-profit organization
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A preliminary assessment of bird diversity in unprotected wetlands of Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India
There have been numerous studies on assessing bird diversity in protected wetlands, but those in unprotected wetlands are the least studied. The present study aimed to assess the bird species diversity of four unprotected wetlands located in Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India, from September 2024 to August 2025. The data was collected monthly using a point count of 20 m radius. Altogether, 119 bird species belonging to 104 genera, spread across 52 families and 19 orders, were observed. Passeriformes, with 51 species belonging to 23 families, had the highest diversity. Accipitridae (9 species; 7.56%) was the most dominant family. These wetlands supported 94 resident bird species, 23 winter visitors, one summer visitor i.e. Merops philippinus (Blue-tailed Bee-eater) and one passage visitor i.e. Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Chestnut Bittern). The unprotected wetlands provided habitat for three Near Threatened species – Esacus recurvirostris (Great Thick-knee), Cursorius coromandelicus (Indian Courser) and Ciconia episcopus (Asian Woollyneck), two Vulnerable species – Aythya ferina (Common Pochard) and Grus Antigone (Sarus Crane) and one Endangered species - Neophron percnopterus (Egyptian Vulture). Most species showed a declining global population trend (n=40) for e.g. Pernis ptilorhynchus (Oriental Honey-buzzard), Anas poecilorhyncha (Indian Spot-billed Duck), Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling-duck), Querquedula querquedula (Garganey), Sarkidiornis melanotos (Knob-billed Duck), Spatula clypeata (Northern Shoveler), Actitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper), Motacilla flava (Western Yellow Wagtail), Ardea purpurea (Purple Heron), Nycticorax nycticorax (Black-crowned Night-heron), Pseudibis papillosa (Red-naped Ibis), Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little Grebe). This study highlights the importance of unprotected wetlands as valuable bird habitats amid anthropogenic pressures, underscoring the need for immediate conservation measures.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status
Copyright (c) 2026 Yashmita Ulman, Manoj Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibacterial activity of extracts and silver nanoparticles from Vitex Agnus castus against bacteria isolated from Hospital wastewater
The plants extract and silver nanoparticles are gaining popularity and are being used in medical technologies due to their antibacterial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the potential antimicrobial properties of an aqueous leaves extract of Vitex agnus-castus and biosynthesized Ag NP particles. The extract was made using three distinct methods, and silver nanoparticles were formed by adding 0.2 grams of silver nitrate to the extract. UV-Vis Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to determine the characteristics of the silver nanoparticles. The results indicated that the Soxhlet extraction method produced the highest percentage of silver nanoparticles, measuring 56.13%. The antibacterial activity of both the extracts and the silver nanoparticles was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospital wastewater at three different concentrations: 25, 35, and 50 mg/mL. The extracts exhibited the strongest inhibition of 25 mm against Enterobacter cloacae strain NCTC 9394 (FP929040) when using an aqueous Soxhlet extract at a concentration of 35 mg/mL. Conversely, the lowest inhibition recorded was 11 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain WPB098 (CP031876) with an acetone Soxhlet extract at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. In addition, at a concentration of 35 mg/mL, the cold soak extract did not affect Citrobacter sedlakii strain NWPK (MW720666). The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain WPB098 (CP031876) reached 25 mm from the aqueous Soxhlet extract at a concentration of 50 mg/mL was combined with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from the hot soaking extract at 50°C at a concentration of 50 mg/ml. Meanwhile, the lowest inhibitory against Escherichia coli strain S51 (CP015995) was 15 mm, which was achieved by using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from aqueous Soxhlet extract at a concentration of 35 mg/mL. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Vitex agnus-castus exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as promising antibacterial agents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa A. Jadoua, Munther Abduljaleel Muhammad-Ali, Nassir Abdullah Alyousif http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties under different sowing windows
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop valued for its high oil content, nutritional quality, and adaptability to varied agro-climatic conditions. To enhance productivity and support self-sufficiency in edible oil, the present study was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, during 2021–22 and 2022–23 to evaluate the performance of sesame varieties under different sowing windows. The treatany paper on the website of ments were three sowing windows viz., II Fortnight (FN) of December, I FN of January and II FN of January as main plots and three varieties of sesame (Madhavi, Swetha and YLM-66) of sesame as sub- plots in split plot design and replicated thrice. The study results during both the years revealed that days to attain different phenological stages, heat units, growth parameters (plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter production), yield attributes (number of capsules plant-1, number of seeds capsules-1, 1000 seed weight) and yield (930.9 and 832.0 kg ha-1) of sesame were statistically higher with II FN of January sown crop but the least values of recorded parameters were with II FN of December sown crop. Similarly, the variety YLM-66 resulted in maximum growth, yield attributes and yield of sesame whereas Swetha variety recorded the least of above parameters. Non-significant variation was noted with respect to days to attain different phenological stages of sesame and heat units due to varieties. Based on the above results, it was concluded that sesame produces higher yield when sown during II FN of January with the variety YLM-66.
Copyright (c) 2026 T. Prathima, K.V. S. Sudheer, T. Devaki, K. Viswanath, G. subramanyam, C.V. Madhuri, S. Mobeena http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis, chemical characterization and antimicrobial efficacy of chemically synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) against multidrug-resistant bacteria
The discipline of nanobiotechnology has become the most studied field in helping the medical field to develop drugs against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Chemically synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are produced by various methods alternatives of typical antibiotics. In the present research IONPs were chemically synthesized, characterized and applied against medically important bacteria. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to observe the nanoparticles' morphology, which showed a spherical or quasi-spherical shape with a size range of ± 10 nm. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyse the functional groups and the elements present in the sample, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyse the crystalline structure. Antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles against four pathogenic strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa-424), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus-902), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans-497), and Escherichia coli (E. coli-443) was investigated by microbiological assays. Concentration-dependent inhibition zones, low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and notable biofilm damage were among the main methods. Time-kill assays and DNA fragmentation investigations indicated that the chemically synthesised iron oxide nanoparticles have the potential to induce bacterial cell death. Among the species investigated, S. aureus was more sensitive to IONPs, which caused DNA damage. The study highlights how IONPs are a promising candidate for inclusion in antibacterial medications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raman Nadar Laura, K. R. Beula Rani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sublethal effect of synthetic fertilizers (urea and diammonium phosphate) on biomass accumulation and its histological perspicuity on the gut region of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida
Urea and Diammonium phosphate are commonly used fertilizers in almost every managed agro-ecosystem. The present study assessed the sublethal effect of synthetic fertilizers on biomass accumulation and its histological perspicuity on the gut region of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Earthworms, E. fetida (adult), were reared as per the recommendations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines (1984) number 207 for testing the sublethal effect of chemicals in the laboratory. The lethal concentration at which 50% of the worms were dead, i.e., (LC50) was estimated for synthetic fertilizers, urea, and diammonium phosphate by log-probit analysis. The urea LC50 was 862.126 mg/kg, while that of diammonium phosphate was 2098.69 mg/kg in artificial soil. To explore the sublethal effect of synthetic fertilizers on biomass culture (n=10), 1/2 of the LC50 of urea and diammonium phosphate was used. Significant variation in biomass culture was observed in response to the amalgamation of synthetic fertilizers. With in 15 days, in the urea amalgamated culture, the weight of earthworms (n=10), unlike the control group, decreased from 2.86±0.142 g to 2.42±0.120 g, but the weight of the earthworms decreased to 2.72±0.135g after applying DAP. To investigate histological alterations in the gut of earthworms subsequent to exposure, specimens (n=5) were aseptically excised, embedded in paraffin, and subjected to section cutting (thickness- 5µm) after staining with hematoxylin and eosin stain and then examined. Notably, Histological damage was also registered in the chloragogen cells of the gut region of Eisenia fetida (earthworm) on days 15 and 60. Thus, synthetic fertilisers affect earthworms' ability to absorb and digest nutrients and soil health too.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mamta Passi, Nidhi Verma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing shelf-life of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) using biopolymer-based silver nanoparticle coatings
Mango fruits harvested at the right maturity ripen quickly but have a short shelf life, are prone to moisture loss, and are susceptible to microbial spoilage, resulting in severe post-harvest losses. This experiment was undertaken with the major objectives of increasing shelf life while maintaining quality. The study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated with different biopolymers (beeswax, arabic gum, chitosan, and guar gum), which formed the treatments, using the dip-coating method in two mango varieties, namely Alphonso and Bangalora. The AgNPs were green-synthesised using Sauropus androgynus (Chekkurmanis) leaf extracts and further characterised using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the presence of the nanomaterial. The coated fruits were stored at ambient room temperature, and their physiological and biochemical attributes were systematically monitored throughout the storage period which extended up to 16 days. The results revealed that postharvest treatments with beeswax (20% v/v) incorporated with AgNPS showed the most promising effects, extending shelf life to 16.72 days (Alphonso) and 18.86 days (Bangalora), compared to 12.8 days in uncoated fruits. This treatment also significantly reduced physiological weight loss (12%), maintained higher firmness (up to 14.43 N), and delayed increases in total soluble solids, sugars, and carotenoids. This research highlights the potential use of S. androgynus mediated AgNP-based biopolymer coatings as a sustainable postharvest method to prolong the shelf life of mangoes, making this the first report on mangoes with retention of fruit quality under ambient storage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krishna Prasanth Y, Sajan Kurien , Madhumitha B, Ramesh Kumar P, Vijaykumar R M, Giriprasath R S, Bharanidharan A http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing the survival of cryptogams through ex-situ acclimatization under controlled conditions
The hilly regions of West Bengal are recognized as rich repositories of cryptogams, but they face threats from pollution, overexploitation, and other anthropogenic factors. Many cryptogams, which are generally used as laboratory specimens, are also facing threats in their natural habitats. An attempt has been made to cultivate various types of cryptogams in an artificial system, thereby supporting research and experimentation in botanical sciences. Nutrient supplementation for the cultivated specimens has been formulated based on the NPK ratio of the in-situ soil sample, characterized by low nitrogen, moderate phosphate, and elevated potassium levels (3:1:6). The system provides ideal growth conditions (light intensity 150-170 lux, humidity 85-95%, temperature 24-28ºC) for cryptogams. The macro- and micro-morphological and dry-weight assessment of system-grown plants exhibit attributes indicative of healthy physiological development. The moisture content of each selected species increased by 0.304 g, 0.047g, 0.05 g and 0.248 g per gram weight in Equisetum sp., Selaginella sp., Funaria sp. and Lunaria sp. respectively. The present study contributes significantly to the preservation of biodiversity and the safeguarding of endangered flora.
Copyright (c) 2026 Subir Samanta, Pradipta Panchadhyaee, Tilak Raj Maity, Atanu Bhowmik, Mukunda Dey, Sk Md Ismail Al Amin, Aveek Samanta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Green approach for Ni (II) ion sequestration from aqueous solution using Phyllanthus emblica seed coat
Nickel (Ni), a transition element, is widely distributed in the environmental segments through natural sources and anthropogenic activities. Nickel’s chronic exposure to human beings may cause allergies, cardiovascular issues, gastrointestinal distress, kidney issues, scarring of the lungs/cancer, inflammation, etc. Nickel compounds can be readily dissolved in water to form hydrated nickel (II) ions in an aqueous medium. The present study investigated the performance of an environmentally friendly adsorbent for sequestering Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution under various conditions. The Phyllanthus emblica(Amla) (PE) seed coat was used to remove Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution for the first time. The adsorption capacity of PE has been studied under various conditions, including concentration, pH, dose effect, and equilibrium time, to explore the optimal options for removal. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were fitted to data. Freundlich fitted better (R² = 0.9911), indicating that the adsorption process is more likely heterogeneous and involves multilayer adsorption. Maximum nickel removal was observed at pH 7 and an adsorbent dose of up 0.1g/L.The Langmuir isotherm plot indicated a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 15.32 mg/g. Theregeneration studies confirmed that the material can be reused with a small change in its adsorption efficiency after regeneration, making the processes more economical and reducing the amount of waste material.The outcomes of this research maycontribute to sustainable, cost-effective solutions for Ni(II)- contaminated water treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arun Kumar, Jyoti Chawla, Rajeev Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) dipping and BA (Benzyle adenine)–GA3 (Gibberellic acid) spraying on vegetative and biochemical traits of sour orange cuttings
Sour oranges (Citrus aurantium L.) are propagated in two ways: by seed and by semi-hardwood cuttings. Producing sour orange seedlings from seed is time-consuming and expensive. Semi-hardwood cuttings offer a faster method of propagating sour oranges, reducing both time and costs. However, they are considered relatively difficult to root. The present investigation aimed to improve the growth and development of cuttings more quickly and at a lower cost by using growth regulators IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) , BA (Benzyle adenine), and GA3(Gibberellic acid). The greenhouse experiment was conducted during the 2023-2024 season. A completely randomized design (C.R.D.) was used as a factorial experiment with three factors. The first factor was dipping the tips of sour orange cuttings in an IBA solution at 200 ppm for 2 periods (0,10) minutes before planting. The second factor was the sprayed growth regulator (BA) at three levels (0, 0.5, 1 ppm). Third factor was sprayed by (GA3) at (0.50, 100) ppm. The investigation was performed in three replicates, by six cuttings per experimental unit. The results showed that dipping Sour orange cuttings in IBA was more effective in plant height (52.48 cm), leaf area (31.16 cm²), chlorophyll content (32.42 spad), carbohydrate (36.74%), nitrogen (1.39%), and phosphorus (0.48%) compared to the control. Spraying by BA at 1 ppm and GA3 at 100 ppm had a significant impact on the studied parameters(plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, carbohydrate, nitrogen and phosphorus). Double and triple interactions had a significant effect on most of the studied characters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abbas Hadi Hashim, Sabaa Jawad Abdulkadhim, Akram A. Hadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bio-morphometry of invasive rugose spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin on three tropical fruit crops: A host suitability assessment
The rugose spiralling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an invasive insect pest in Bangladesh, first reported in 2019 on coconut, and is characterized by a wide host range and high damage potential. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an economically important tropical fruit crop in Bangladesh, providing substantial income and livelihood support for growers; however, its production has declined sharply following the invasion of RSW. To investigate the developmental performance of RSW, the present study evaluated its developmental biology and morphometry on three major fruit crops, native coconut, banana, and guava as well as three dwarf coconut cultivars (Siam Blue, Siam Green, and DJ Sompurna). Incubation period, oviposition period, total life cycle duration, and morphometric traits were assessed on selected host plants under laboratory conditions. Results showed that the RSW life cycle duration was shorter on all coconut cultivars (37.6 ± 0.92 to 38.4 ± 0.67 days) and differed significantly from that on banana (41.8 ± 0.80 days) and guava (45.4 ± 0.60 days). Egg and nymphal length and width were greater in coconut cultivars than in banana and guava, indicating greater host suitability of coconut for RSW. Morphometric parameters differed significantly among coconut cultivars, banana, and guava. These host-dependent differences in developmental duration and morphometric traits provide important insights into the biology and host suitability of RSW and can support improved monitoring, risk assessment, and timing of control measures within integrated pest management (IPM) programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 ASM Zinnurain, Gopal Das, Mohammad Mahir Uddin, Bodronnasa Shanta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Stock Status and Management of Greenback mullet, Planiliza subviridis in the East Hammar marsh, Iraq
Assessing the various parameters of population dynamics is crucial for managing fish stocks. In this context, the present study analysed the growth, mortality, recruitment, yield-per-recruit, and virtual population analysis (VPA) parameters of Planiliza subviridis inhabiting the East Hammar marsh, in Iraq, using FiSAT II software. 3,429 specimens of P. subviridis measuring between 12.3 and 30.0 cm in total length (TL) and weighing between 21.1 and 303.5 g were sampled from November 2022 to October 2023. The length-weight relationship, expressed as W= 0.0142*TL2.928 exhibited negative allometric growth. The growth parameters, including asymptotic length (L∞) and the growth constant (K), were calculated as 33.0 cm and 0.33, respectively. The length at first maturity was higher than the size at first capture. Mortality estimates indicated total mortality (Z) at 1.91, natural mortality (M) at 0.79, and fishing mortality (F) at 1.12, resulting in an exploitation rate (E) of 0.58. Recruitment of P. subviridis continued throughout the year, with one prominent peak in June. The relative yield per recruit analysis indicated that the current exploitation rate (Ecur= 0.58) is below the biological target reference points for the species (E0.1= 0.609) and (Emax= 0.748), suggesting that the studied stock is under-exploited. VPA results showed that mid-length (19 cm) was the highest fishing mortality (1.563). For effective management, it is essential to adjust net mesh sizes and adopt sustainable fishing practices to fulfil the criteria for good management (Lc50 < Lm50), ensuring the long-term sustainability of P. subviridis in this feeding region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Entisar H. Hamed , Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed, Jassim M. Abed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From waste to taste: Assessing the viability of coconut (Cocos nucifera) pulp as an ingredient in meatball production
One by-product of the coconut (Cocos nucifera) is the coconut pulp (sapal), obtained from the coconut meat after the extraction of the coconut milk. This residue is typically discarded as waste. The nutritional value of this underutilised waste is particularly significant, with a notable protein concentration. The present study aimed to assess the viability of coconut pulp as an ingredient in meatball production and to explore its potential for use in new product development. The respondents in this study were identified in Danao City, Cebu, Philippines, through a random sampling technique, and served as the source of the necessary data. This study employs a descriptive quantitative research method. This experimental study used four formulations (F1-F4). This study determined the most preferred formulation through sensory evaluation, including descriptive testing of the product's taste, texture, aroma, appearance, and overall acceptability across four formulations. The evaluation was conducted by 20 food experts and 80 non-experts. Analysis of Variance was used to examine statistically significant differences among the distinct groups. F4 got the highest mean score of the different attributes, namely taste (x̄ = 4.40; x̄=4.55) texture (x̄ = 4.25; x̄ = 4.59) aroma (x̄ = 4.55; x̄ = 4.66) appearance (x̄ = 4.65; x̄ = 4.65), and overall acceptability (x̄ = 4.55; x̄ = 4.74), as perceived by experts and non-experts, respectively. This implies that among the four formulations, the F4 is the most preferred coconut-based meatball substitute. Overall, this study offers a healthier option and addresses the underutilization of coconut pulp.
Copyright (c) 2026 Niño Cris H. Casas, Ginalen B. Martel, Fedilis Dei B. Atis, Rizelle M. Pasana, Rolly Shem M. Perez, Felix C. Costan, Jacquiline R. Dela Cruz, Romel C. Mutya, Catherine C. Terana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of polyhalite fertilization on nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil nutrient balance in onion (Allium cepa L.) var Co (on) 6
The application of potassium and secondary nutrients through polyhalite significantly enhances the growth, yield of tomatoes and cluster beans etc. Polyhalite is a highly useful nutrient source for maintaining soil health, particularly in terms of soil fertility. In view of above facts, the present investigation was carried out on evaluation of polyhalite on nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil nutrient status in onion var Co (on) 6 at a farmer’s field in Maattiyampatti village Kaarimangalam taluk, Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture, with a pH of 7.56 and an EC of 0.24 dS m-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design consisting of 12 treatments and 3 replications. The polyhalite and muriate of potash were used as a potassium source at different levels (10 to 50 kg K2O ha-1). The recommended doses of nitrogen (60 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (60 kg ha-1) were applied as urea and single super phosphate, respectively, in all treatments except the absolute control. The results of the study clearly showed that the application of polyhalite performed better than muriate of potash across all parameters. The highest plant and bulb nutrient uptake of N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg (96.5, 49.8, 97.1, 52.2, 22.3, 19.3 kg ha-1 in bulb respectively) at all growth stages and maximum soil available nutrient status in post-harvest soil were recorded under application of potassium through polyhalite as 40 kg K2O ha-1 recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus (T11). The minimum values were observed in the absolute control (T1).
Copyright (c) 2026 P.K. Karthikeyan , D. Gokul, P. Vijay, K. Swetha Reddy , R. Bhuvaneswari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quantitative fiber analysis of leaves and stems of three local Algerian plant species
The escalating need for environmentally sustainable materials has catalyzed extensive research into natural fibers as viable substitutes for synthetic counterparts across various industrial sectors. This investigation focuses on the biometric evaluation of stem and leaf fibers from three native Algerian plant species: Eucalyptus globulus, Argania spinosa L., and Ricinus communis L., with the aim of assessing their structural properties and potential for sustainable exploitation in eco-friendly applications. The fiber extraction was conducted using an equal-volume mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide at 60°C for a duration of 72 hours. Fiber lengths from both stem and leaf samples of all species were measured precisely using a micrometer, with values ranging from 0.21 to 2 mm. To assess the morphological differences between species and tissue types, Student’s t-test was employed to compare the mean fiber lengths. The results indicated that the calculated t-values exceeded the critical t-value, demonstrating statistically significant differences in fiber length between tissues within each species. Stem-derived fibers from A. spinosa and E. globulus were identified as long fibers, with lengths ranging from 0.79 to 2.00 mm. In contrast, leaf fibers from E. globulus and R. communis were categorized as medium-length fibers, measuring between 0.65 and 1.83 mm. Conversely, the stem fibers of R. communis and the leaf fibers of A. spinosa were classified as short fibers, with a length range of 0.21 to 0.87 mm. This suggests that stem and leaf fibers possess distinct morphological characteristics (tapered, bifurcated, rounded, and flattened forms), which may influence their mechanical properties and suitability for specific industrial applications. Two-way ANOVA revealed highly significant effects of species and organ on fiber length (F = 17.315; F = 27.730 respectively), with a dominant species × organ interaction (F = 148.587). This interaction, accounting for the largest explained variance, underscores organ-specific genetic regulation of fiber elongation and cell wall deposition, precluding generalized species-level fiber length characterization. Understanding this variation is essential for optimizing the selection and processing of fibers for papermaking, composites and textile.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norelhouda KRAIFI, Hassiba BOKHARI, Nassima DRAOU , Lamia Abir TAZI, Aicha BOUHAFSOUN, Abderrezak DJABEUR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimizing sulphur fertilization for enhanced energy-carbon efficiency and biological yield of rice-groundnut cropping system
Rice-groundnut is one of the most important cropping systems in Eastern India. Optimization of sulphur fertilization positively affects the energy and carbon balance, contributing to long-term sustainability of the system. An experiment was conducted with the aim of finding energy - carbon efficient and productive sulphur management practices for the system. Five sulphur fertilization strategies for rice (no sulphur, 20 kg S/ha as bentonite, 20 kg S/ha as gypsum, 40 kg S/ha as bentonite, and 40 kg S/ha as gypsum) assigned to main plots, and three sulphur levels (kg/ha) for groundnut (0, 30 and 60) assigned to the subplots were laid out in a split-plot design with four replications during 2021–22 and 2022–23 at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Sulphur @ 40 kg/ha as gypsum/bentonite in rice recorded higher system energy use efficiency (12.83/12.72), energy productivity (6.06/6.01) and energy profitability (11.83/11.72) than other fertilization methods. Application of 40 kg S/ha as gypsum in rice was the most carbon-efficient (system carbon efficiency, 3.59) and had the minimum carbon footprint (0.123 kg C equivalent/kg biomass), keeping 40 kg/ha bentonite S at par. Among the S levels in groundnut, 60 kg/ha was the most energy-efficient, with system energy use efficiency (12.31%), energy productivity (5.86 kg/MJ), and energy profitability (11.31). Carbon efficiency decreased with increasing S levels in groundnut. The combined application of 40 kg S/ha as gypsum/bentonite in rice and 60 kg S/ha in groundnut was the most productive (biological yield: 18.22/18.17 t/ha, respectively) and energy-efficient. Future research should explore low-carbon or carbon-neutral sulphur sources to enhance the system's carbon efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kumar Sambhav Giri , Bijoy Kumar Sahoo , Basudev Behera, Jagadish Jena http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Field evaluation of an Integrated disease management for sustainable suppression of pearl millet downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola
Pearl millet downy mildew, caused by Sclerospora graminicola, is one of the most destructive diseases limiting pearl millet productivity in India. The disease causes severe yield losses under favourable conditions, necessitating the identification of effective, eco-friendly management strategies. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate various chemical, biological, and organic treatments under field conditions for sustainable management of the disease. The study was conducted in field conditions for two growing seasons, during Kharif 2019-20 and 2020-21 at the National Agriculture Research Project, Aurangabad, Maharashtra (India), to evaluate chemicals, organic amendments, bio-control agents, and plant extracts under field conditions against pearl millet downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola. In the study, disease incidence (DI) and severity (DS) were recorded at 30 and 60 days after sowing, along with grain yield. The two years pooled mean revealed that the foliar application of Trifloxystrobin 50 % WG @ 1ml/L was most effective at 30 DAS in respect of reducing DI and DS (1.66 % and 0.57 %) which was at par with Azoxystrobin 23 % SC @ 2ml/L (1.99 % and 0.73 %) compared to untreated control (7.00% and 3.96%) respectively, while DI and DS was (0.00 % each) compared to untreated control (8.83 % and 6.48 %) at 60 DAS respectively. The same fungicides were found to be superior in terms of yield and economics compared with the control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Santosh Waghmare, Gajendra Jagtap, Vishwajeet Shinde, Anshul Lohakare http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sensory qualities and acceptability of kerson leaf herbal tea infused with blue ternate, lemon, and ginger: Potential for entrepreneurship and food innovation in hospitality
Herbal teas are caffeine-free infusions made from dehydrated edible plant parts, i.e., leaves, flowers, and roots, and are well known for their health benefits and unique flavor profiles. The drying process plays a vital role in preserving the aroma and flavor of these plant materials, ensuring quality and stability. The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate the sensory attributes of a new herbal tea made from dehydrated kerson leaves (Muntingia calabura), blended with blue ternate flowers (Clitoria ternatea), lemon (Citrus limon), and ginger (Zingiber officinale). The descriptive-quantitative experimental design was used to formulate three formulations (F1, F2, F3), which were evaluated according to color, aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel. Sixty panel members, comprising expert and non-expert panelists, evaluated the samples on a modified 5-point hedonic scale. Results showed that F2, which was a balanced combination of all ingredients, had the highest average scores for all sensory attributes. The addition of lemon and ginger improved the flavor and aroma, while Blue Ternate imparted a bright natural color. Statistical analysis showed that differences between the formulations were significant, with F2 being the most preferred. These findings support the use of locally available ingredients in the development of novel herbal beverages. The formulated tea demonstrates good sensory acceptability and shows potential for commercialization, particularly in the wellness and hospitality sectors, and as a community livelihood initiative. Overall, this study emphasizes the value of sensory evaluation in food innovation and highlights the potential of indigenous ingredients in beverage production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Richard Agustin, Maricris D. Colipano, Gretchen V. Laurente, Auda Mae P. Signe, Ken D. Gorro http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular identification and genetic variation of Alternaria species isolated from leaves of ornamental plants using Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing
Alternaria species are pathogens that cause significant economic losses in ornamental plants. The present study focused on the molecular identification and genetic diversity of Alternaria species, a common fungal genus that includes pathogens causing plant diseases. Accurate identification and understanding of the genetic relationships of Alternaria species are important for managing plant diseases. This study included 100 samples collected from several plant species: Ivy plant (Convolvulus), Chrysanthemum plant (Chrysanthemum), Infernal (Bougainville), Rubber plant (Ficus), Cardina flower (Gardenia) infected with fungi. All samples cultured on PDA medium and purified with the single-spore method, followed by Polymerase Chain Reactions PCR identification through internal transcribed spacer ITS1 and ITS4 gene and sanger or next-generation sequencing of positive samples to construct a phylogenetic tree. Preliminary results showed the presence of Alternaria in 23 of the 100 samples, which were confirmed by PCR. Genetic sequencing revealed 10 newly recorded isolates, which were registered with National Center for Biotechnolo gy Information (NCBI) under the following names: A.infectoria strainWS1-iqOR053817.1, strainWS3-iqOR064285.1,strainWS5-iqOR064342.1,strainWS9-iqOR083596.1,strainWS10-iqOR083599.1, A.angustivoidea strainWS4-iqOR064286.1, A. tenuissima strainWS2-iqOR053945.1 , strainWS7-iq OR083592.1, Alternaria burnsii strainWS8-iq , OR088248.1 , A. alternate strain WS6-iqOR072637.1. These species were classified into groups based on their genetic patterns. This molecular study confirmed the association of various Alternaria species with ornamental plants and revealed the importance of ITS for diagnosing and identifying genetic diversity within the genus Alternaria.
Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing
Copyright (c) 2026 Warka. S. Qassim, Maha M.Taha Al-Nuaimy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dynamics of ethyl para-methoxycinnamate in Kaempferia galanga L. with rhizome age, storage and bioefficacy of rhizome extract against mosquito larvae
Kaempferia galanga is an important medicinal plant with a major active principle, ethyl para-methoxy cinnamate (EPMC), which has diverse medicinal applications. It has a great scope for cultivation to provide raw material for EPMC extraction. The present study assessed the EPMC Content and Yield/ha in the 1st year of cultivation, the loss of EPMC in stored rhizomes, and the mosquito larvicidal effect. The plants were harvested from the 3rd-9th month of planting; morphometric observations were recorded, and EPMC content (%) was estimated by the Thin Layer Chromatography-UV-Spectrophotometer method. The assessed ranges were for EPMC content (8.077% - 18.443%) and EPMC yield/ha (4.062 kg/ha - 16.977kg/ha) on oven dry weight basis. For storage study, 2.5 yr-old harvested rhizome was cut into small sizes (10g) and stored separately under different regimes (Light, Dark), conditions (Open, Closed), and durations (0, 30, 60, and 90 days). The EPMC content was evaluated after 90 days of rhizome storage. The maximum EPMC content (2.475%) was recorded in the materials stored in open-dark conditions, a 42.638% decrease from the initial storage. The Individual effect of storage condition revealed EPMC content was higher in material stored in the dark (2.747%) than in the light (2.679%), and higher in the open condition (2.882%) than in the closed condition (2.544%). The efficacy of the ethanolic extract of K. galanga rhizome on mosquito larval mortality was studied using 7 concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm) applied for 4 hours. The LC 50 value was found to be 66.433 ppm (LL: 32.234 ppm – UL:136.915 ppm) and LC 90 value found to be 201.341 ppm (LL: 97.693 ppm – UL: 414.95 ppm).
Copyright (c) 2026 Saswat Nayak, Ankita Biswal, Smitha G. Nair http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the potential of essential oils as larvicides in the control of Aedes species: An overview
Aedes mosquitoes are key vectors of several fatal diseases, including dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever, which pose serious global health hazards. The control of Aedes populations has historically been centered on the use of synthetic chemical insecticides. However, the increasing use of such chemicals is driving insecticide resistance, environmental toxicity, and adverse effects on non-target species. Thus, there is now immense enthusiasm to develop more environmentally friendly alternatives for larvicides. Plant essential oils have attracted many researchers as sources of new bio-larvicides due to their natural origin, biodegradability, and varied bioactive constituents. The active substances found in these oils are believed to be monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenolics, which, in turn, are reported to prove a significant toxic effect to the mosquito larvae as well. The present systematic review aimed to compile and synthesize recent studies (2012-2024) on essential oils from various plant species with larvicidal activity against Aedes. In this review, different plant families, extraction methods, chemical compositions, and reported LC₅₀ values for activity are examined. Essential oils are seen as a promising and sustainable alternative for mosquito vector control. The use of essential oils should be promoted for integrated vector management, which could reduce reliance on synthetic insecticides and support safe mosquito control strategies. There is a need for more studies on formulations such as nanoemulsions, microencapsulation, and polymer-based delivery systems to enhance the stability, persistence, and field efficacy of essential oils.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hemlata, Sanjay Tamta, Zebo Allobeganova, Mukhayya Ruzieva, Turabek Boykulov, Beena Joshi Bhatt, Pardeep Yadav http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Tongkat Ali extract in protecting testicular function and sperm DNA integrity in cadmium-exposed albino male rats
Cadmium is a widespread environmental pollutant known to impair male reproductive health through oxidative stress, hormonal disruption, and DNA damage. Natural agents with antioxidative and protective properties are increasingly investigated as potential countermeasures. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) against cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in male rats. Forty adult male rats were randomly assigned into four groups (10 rats per group): a control group, a cadmium-only group, a Tongkat Ali-only group, and a group receiving cadmium co-administered with Tongkat Ali. The study evaluated testicular antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, sperm quality parameters, serum testosterone levels, and the sperm DNA fragmentation index (%DFI). Cadmium exposure significantly reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities by over 58%, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 2.7-fold, and increased %DFI to 45.6%, indicating severe oxidative and genotoxic damage. Co-treatment with Tongkat Ali restored antioxidant status, reducing MDA by 44.9% and recovering SOD and GPx activities to 80.3% and 85.9% of control values, respectively. Tongkat Ali also mitigated testosterone suppression, improved sperm count, motility, and morphology, and reduced %DFI by 59.6%. Importantly, Tongkat Ali maintained normal testicular function under non-toxic conditions, confirming its safety profile.The findings affirm its potential as a natural therapeutic agent against environmental reproductive stressors, particularly heavy metals like cadmium. Further studies are warranted to elucidate its mechanisms and clinical applications in male reproductive health.
Copyright (c) 2026 SAIF SUBHI NOORI, Abdullah Rafea Alkubaisi, Elham Ahmed Mejbel , Sara Hameed Rajab http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Genomic characterization of Pseudomonas wenzhouensis A.M.S.S. isolated from oil-contaminated soil and its metabolic potential for bioremediation
Petroleum-contaminated soil is useful for environmental bioremediation studies because it contains many different types of microorganisms that can hydrolyze hydrocarbons and degrade sulfur-contaminated environments. This study included the isolation of Pseudomonas wenzhouensis A.M.S.S. from oil-contaminated soil in Mosul, Iraq; its taxonomic status and potential use were determined through extensive whole-genome sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing, Genome Assembly and Annotation, 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic tree, and in silico DNA-DNA Hybridization and Genetic analysis were performed on the isolate to assess its ability to degrade hydrocarbon and sulfur compounds. Genomic analysis showed that the GC content was 61.9 percent, 4.228 projected protein-coding sequences, and 50 tRNA genes, and the 4.65 Mb draft genome produced by de novo assembly demonstrated significant metabolic potential. A.M.S.S. is a unique strain and possibly a new species within the genus, according to anin silico DNA–DNA hybridization value of 60.9%, which is below the 70% species criterion, even though phylogenomic analysis (TYGS) placed the isolate closest to Pseudomonas wenzhouensis A20. A vast gene repertoire for co factor biosynthesis, stress adaptation, and the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates was identified through subsystem annotation. Notably, the genome encodes several aromatic compound degradation pathways, and reduction of inorganic sulfate, supporting its ability to catabolize pollutants derived from petroleum and indicating a genomic potential for the breakdown of contaminants produced from petroleum. The study provides important clues about the ecological breadth of this strain and points to its possible use in environmental biotechnology, specifically for the bioremediation of polluted ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shafak Tarik Burhan , Sahira I. H. Al-Sanjary http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Spirulina maxima grown in CFTRI and Zarrouk’s Media, Insights into nutraceutical enhancement
Spirulina (Cyanobacteria, Arthrospira) is the richest source of proteins, fatty acids, vitamin B12. It is used as a high-value health food, nutraceutical, functional food or dietary food supplement. It is considered a promising new-age food source with high nutraceutical value. In the present study the influence of different culture media on the growth and metabolite production of Spirulina maxima (Cyanobacteria, Arthrospira), was studied. Different media such as Central Food Technological Research Institute medium (CFTRI), Zarrouk’s, Offer/A5 and distilled water (DW) as control were evaluated, with CFTRI (Central Food Technological Research Institute) media and Zarrouk’s media yielding the highest biomass and metabolite levels. S. maxima cultured in CFTRI medium exhibited superior protein (55.79% ± 1.05) and carbohydrate (12.20% ± 1.01) contents compared to Zarrouk’s medium (41.00% ± 1.74 and 8.90% ± 0.58, respectively). Total antioxidant capacity was comparable in both media (23.14 ± 0.13 μg/ml in CFTRI and 23.29 ± 2.00 μg/ml in Zarrouk’s). Significant variations in biochemical composition were observed across media, particularly in fatty acid profiles, while flavonoid levels remained consistent. Notably, palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) levels were 21.38% in CFTRI and 22.80% in Zarrouk’s medium. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the biosynthesis of ω-6 fatty acids was unique to the CFTRI medium, suggesting its superior potential for enhancing the nutritional profile of S. maxima. Principal component analysis (PCA) further elucidated correlations and variances among metabolites across the tested media. Overall, CFTRI medium emerged as the most effective for optimizing both growth and metabolite production in S. maxima, offering valuable insights for its commercial cultivation and nutraceutical applications.
Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Copyright (c) 2026 Dharmendra Kumar , Ansha Sehgal, Pinkey B. Gandhi, Ashish Kumar Choudhary , Gaurav Kumar, Pooja Baweja http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Benthic biodiversity assessment in epipelic and epissamic habitats of Tapi Estuary, Surat, Gujarat
Epipelic and epipsammic benthic habitats play a critical role in estuarine ecosystem functioning by regulating nutrient cycling, stabilizing sediments, and supporting primary production. However, these habitats remain poorly studied in Indian estuaries, particularly in the Tapi Estuary, despite increasing anthropogenic pressures. The present study aimed to evaluate the benthic biodiversity of epipelic and epipsammic habitats in the Tapi Estuary and to assess their ecological significance in relation to environmental and seasonal variations. Quarterly sampling was conducted at selected reference and impacted locations within the Tapi Estuary during post-monsoon, winter, and summer seasons. Sediment samples were analyzed for biological parameters, focusing on algal communities and meio- to macrofaunal assemblages. Habitat characteristics and species–environment relationships were examined to identify key regulatory factors influencing community structure. The study revealed distinct spatial and seasonal variations in benthic assemblages. Periphyton density ranged from [89–6336 units/m2 in Epipelic region and 96 – 2458 units/m2 in Epissamic region, while meiofaunal (Zoobenthic) abundance varied between 52 – 550 Number/m2 in Epipelic region and 25 – 284 Number/m2 in Epissamic region across seasons. Impacted locations exhibited reduced diversity and dominance of pollution-tolerant taxa, indicating stress from industrial and domestic effluents. This study represents one of the first integrated assessments of epipelic and epipsammic biodiversity in the Tapi Estuary. The findings highlight the potential of benthic communities as sensitive indicators of water quality and ecosystem health, providing valuable baseline data for estuarine monitoring, management, and conservation under escalating anthropogenic influence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ananth Krishna Manoj Menon, Rajesh Patel, Komal antaliya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing neotectonic activity in the Ladhiya River basin, Eastern Kumaun Himalaya using Index of relative active tectonics (IRAT)
The Ladhiya River, flowing from west to east, drains the Lesser Himalayan zone and intersects several active faults, thrusts, and lithotectonic units before merging with the Kali River at Chuki Gaon. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of geomorphic indices in assessing neotectonic activity within the Ladhiya River Basin, located in the Eastern Kumaun region of the Himalayas. Utilizing Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) DEM data, the total 7 watershed were delineated at a 50,000 threshold and the drainage network at a 100 threshold for detailed processing and analysis. The study focused on determining the relative tectonic activity of the Ladhiya River Basin by employing the Index of Relative Active Tectonics (IRAT), which incorporates various geomorphic indices such as Drainage Density (Dd), Drainage Texture (Dt), Hypsometric Integral (HI), Bifurcation Ratio (Br), Asymmetry Factor (Af), Valley Floor Width to Height Ratio (Vf), Stream Length Gradient (SL), and Mean Stream Length (MSL). These indices were categorized into three classes to rank each sub-basin, ultimately deriving the IRAT. The sub-basins situated on the left bank of the Ladhiya River exhibited a pronounced influence of neotectonic activity. This was particularly evident in the stream length gradient values, wherein the Dholigaon, Bigrakot, and Khatoli sub-basins display relatively high magnitudes, indicating active tectonic adjustments within these areas. The IRAT results show that areas near the trunk stream experience strong denudation, while regions farther away exhibit tectonic uplift, providing a clear picture of neotectonic activity in the Ladhiya River Basin.
Index of relative active tectonics (IRAT)
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd. Nazish Khan, M. Suhail, Dilawez Ali, Mohammad Faizan, Samyayev Anvar Kadirovich, Egamberdiev Asamberdi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical profiling and therapeutic potential of Miliusa velutina var. deviyarina: Antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and α-amylase inhibitory activities
Miliusa velutina Hook. f. and Thomson var. deviyarina (Annonaceae) is a lesser-known medicinal tree traditionally used by tribal and local communities in Maharashtra, India. However, its pharmacological profile has not been systematically characterized. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant, α-amylase inhibition, antimicrobial, antibiofilm and anticancer activities of different extracts of this variety. Bark, leaf, fruit and flower powders were successively extracted with water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and alcohol–water mixtures. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, α-amylase inhibition by α-amylase inhibition, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities by agar well diffusion and biofilm inhibition assays, and anticancer activity by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. Methanol, ethanol and ethyl-acetate bark and leaf extracts showed strong DPPH scavenging with low IC₅₀ values comparable to quercetin and vitamin C. Green and ripe fruit extracts produced up to 89.57% α-amylase inhibition, while bark extracts showed moderate inhibition (37.50–61.25%). Bark extracts exhibited pronounced antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects, with maximum biofilm inhibition of 95.45% and zones of inhibition comparable to penicillin and streptomycin at 50 µg/mL. The ethyl-acetate bark extract displayed potent cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 cells (GI₅₀ < 10 µg/mL) with relatively lower effects on Vero cells, approaching the activity of Adriamycin. These in vitro findings highlight M. velutina var. deviyarina as a promising source of bioactive extracts and provide a multi-assay dataset to guide future phytochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation of this understudied medicinal plant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghugal Archana , Kejariwal Mona, Shende Mukund http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Carbon supported Fe₇₀Co₂₀Ni₁₀ trimetallic catalyst for enhanced cathode performance in Dual-chamber microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment
Scalable microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity generation require cost-effective, high-performance cathode catalysts that operate efficiently at neutral pH. Herein, the present study reports a trimetallic Fe₇₀Co₂₀Ni₁₀ alloy nanoparticle catalyst supported on carbon (Fe₇₀Co₂₀Ni₁₀/C) as a highly active and durable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalyst. The catalyst was synthesized via a facile thermal-activation route using sodium borohydride (NaBH4), yielding homogeneous alloy nanoparticles (8–12 nm) with pronounced electron transfer from Fe to Ni, thereby optimizing oxygen adsorption energy and enhancing ORR kinetics. When deployed as a cathode in a dual-chamber MFC at 1.0 mg cm⁻² loading, Fe₇₀Co₂₀Ni₁₀/C delivered a maximum power density of 1532 mW m⁻² and an open-circuit voltage of 0.936 V, and operational stability for over 1100 hours. This configuration also achieved high wastewater treatment efficiency, with 89.7% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and 9.7% coulombic efficiency. These findings highlight the superior catalytic and operational performance of Fe₇₀Co₂₀Ni₁₀/C compared with the synthesized mono- and bimetallic Fe, Co, and Ni-based catalysts, suggesting its potential as a cost-effective alternative to precious-metal catalysts for MFC applications for wastewater treatment
Dual-chamber microbial fuel cell reactor
Copyright (c) 2026 Pournan L, Sasikala S http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrated biotechnological and molecular strategies for conservation of endangered wild Brassica species toward climate-resilient agriculture
Agricultural sustainability is increasingly challenged by climate variability, habitat loss, and erosion of genetic diversity by narrowing the genetic base of cultivated crops. Wild relatives of crop species harbor valuable adaptive traits for climate resilience, yet many remain underexplored and endangered. The present study aimed to develop an integrated conservation framework combining biotechnological propagation, molecular characterization, and ecological reintroduction of endangered wild Brassica species. Field surveys were conducted in arid and semi-arid regions of northwestern India to collect ten wild and allied species. In vitro micropropagation protocols were optimized using Murashige and Skoog medium with different hormonal combinations, followed by acclimatization and field reintroduction. Molecular characterization was performed using DNA barcoding (matK, rbcL, and cox2) along with ISSR and SCoT markers to assess genetic identity and diversity. Brassica tournefortii exhibited a maximum shoot regeneration rate of 81.2% on medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L⁻¹ BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) and 0.5 mg L⁻¹ NAA (α-naphthaleneacetic acid), while B. insularis showed the highest callus induction (77.9%) at 2.0 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-D. Reintroduced plantlets demonstrated a field survival rate of 72%. Molecular analyses revealed 89% interspecific polymorphism and clear ecological clustering among species. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating micropropagation with molecular diagnostics and ecological restoration, highlighting endangered wild Brassica species as valuable genetic resources for climate-resilient agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amit Chhikara, Vikas Sharma, Vajinder Kumar, Shivika Sharma, Reenu Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A study on levels of cytokines and their regulators in the adrenal gland of scorpion-envenomed albino male rats
Scorpion envenomation is a major global health challenge, with the Leiurus genus being particularly hazardous. The venom of the newly described species, Leiurus macroctenus, remains poorly understood regarding its composition, organ-specific effects, and the ability to induce immune response in affected tissues. This study analyzed the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their regulators – transcription factors (NF-κB, HIF-1α) and heat shock proteins (HSP-60, HSP-70) – in the albino male rats adrenal gland following intramuscular injection of L. macroctenus venom. The results revealed a significant increase in the content of all studied proteins, peaking 24 h after venom administration (except for HSP-60, which peaked at 3 h). Among pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-8 showed the most prominent elevation, exceeding control value by 79% at 24 h (p < 0.001). Among anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 content increased to a greater extent, being 43% above control (p < 0.001). Similarly, NF-κB and HSP-70 exhibited the largest increases among their corresponding groups, with levels at 24 h being 31% and 17% higher, respectively, than those in the control (p < 0.001). By 72 h, the values of most parameters, except for HSP-60, remained significantly elevated despite a downward trend. Such findings may reflect the ability of L. macroctenus venom to induce an inflammation in the rat adrenal gland. These results contrast with data observed in the kidneys and lungs of rats exposed to the same venom, which may be attributed to the unique microenvironment of adrenal gland and the interplay between stress hormones and immune signals within this organ.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daria Kobzina-Didukh , Lyudmila Fomina, Olena Mostiuk, Maryna Karliychuk, Lyudmila Turbal, Tatyana Synelnyk, Kostiantyn Maievskyi, Oleksandra Kostiuk, Nataliia Raksha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tradescantia pallida-derived silver nanoparticles for the management of Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti is a cosmopolitan vector of arboviral diseases like dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. The management of these diseases requires effective mosquito control strategies due to the lack of suitable medications and vaccines. In addition, the inefficacy of insecticides due to multiple resistances and environmental safety concerns has raised interest in the use of botanicals for this purpose. Hence, the present study synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at 3 mM AgNO3 using varying volumes (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mL) of aqueous leaf extract of Tradescantia pallida (Tp-AgNPs) and estimated their efficacy against Ae. aegypti larvae. The results showed the highest larvicidal potential of Tp-AgNPs at 3 mM of silver nitrate, the efficacy increasing with exposure time. The larval mortality increased by 9.31–34.58% after 48 h of treatment as compared to 24 h, while a noticeable increase of 45.15–53.53% was observed after 72 h of treatment. The efficient Tp-AgNPs were characterized using various biophysical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). The results showed that they were synthesized at 312 nm. The nanoparticles were mostly spherical, with a solid face-centred cubic structure and were widespread, ranging in size from 15 to 40 nm. The FT-IR bands indicated that plant phytochemicals were involved in both breaking down and stabilizing AgNPs. Overall, the results show that T. pallida-mediated silver nanoparticles are cost-effective and efficient larvicidal agents against Ae. aegypti. The study recommends using Tp-AgNPs as an alternate to traditional chemical insecticides for controlling mosquito vectors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alishba Noor, Sarita Kumar, Aarti Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
First report on analysis of length-weight relationship and condition factors of Ganjampenaeopsis uncta (Alcock, 1905) from the Balasore coast, India
Length-weight relationship and condition factors are fundamental to stock assessment and growth analysis in fisheries science. However such biological data remain undocumented for Ganjampenaeopsis uncta from Indian waters. The present study aimed to eastablish the length-weight relationship and condition factors of G. uncta collected from Balasore coast, Odisha, India. A total of 224 fresh specimens were collected monthwise from commercial trawlers at Bhabalpur fishing harbour between July 2024 and February 2025. Ten morphometric character measured and statisctical analyses were conducted to determine sexual variation, growth structure and condition factors. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were observed between males and females morphometric traits, with high effect sizes (Cliff’s delta: 0.94–1.00), indicating minimal overlap between sexes. Females exhibited higher mean morphometric values with highest coefficient of variance (33.08%). The highest growth rate was observed in carapace length, followed by the abdominal length and carapace height. Total length-weight relationships were significant in both sexes (p < 0.05). Females displayed positive allometric growth, while males showed growth below the isometric expectation due to restricted size range. The carapace length-weight relationship was highly significant for both sexes (p < 0.001), with negative allometry. Most morphometric characters were significantly correlated. Condition factors was higher in females, while relative condition factors exhibit no significant sex differences. This research provide a baseline information on the length-weight relationship of G. uncta along the Balasore coast. These findings are crucial for conservation aspects, stock assessments, and formulation of minimum catch size regulation in the Indian fisheries .
Copyright (c) 2026 Jiban Kumar Behera, Suman Kumar Das, Bhaskar Behera, Manojit Bhattacharya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Leucaena leucocephala extract in inhibiting mycotoxins produced by the fungus Fusarium solani isolated from Al-Rashidiya/Mosul city
Fusarium solani is a significant plant pathogen causing wilt and root rot in <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Solanum+lycopersicum&rlz=1C1GCEA_enIQ1168IQ1168&oq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A9&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIICAEQABgNGB4yBwgCEAAY7wUyBwgDEAAY7wUyBwgEEAAY7wUyBwgFEAAY7wUyBwgGEAAY7wXSAQoxNDU4MGowajE1qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&mstk=AUtExfD4t5eTRksk0Mv6zKLKMBTKqqa7of5XD8B08HXwHgdTE7jtmoaUUJ7nHP_m3DDI6oQLznDw1VKtkXIaedYmO5f-tKAI8MsjXwvhaHNRyEdZx-2zVYmZfrmiFtPnOSKXbmSAbP4yue0epzj8Heo1PzoBkoaJyIJJCgnXQCeJsQ-tqAlEPyGJnmanhDsMiMiGSg8TNsPky8kis5KYHVqRvS_iVaNNaES_GIiVgE2wYjOuvXV_Bb4mMxrKnPfmcC1uNowZD9n-oiyuSqrWI0yTZ--U4M9V3RX0CVKqm-iyE1gVFA&csui=3&ved=2ahUKEwjRpp-juK6SAxXrhf0HHRuMGQAQgK4QegQIARAC">Solanum lycopersicum, leading to substantial yield losses. It also produces dangerous mycotoxins. Therefore, there is a pressing need for safe and natural alternatives to control its growth and toxin production. The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify F. solani from infected tomato plants and to evaluate the efficacy of an alcoholic extract of Leucaena leucocephala leaves in inhibiting its growth and reducing mycotoxin production. The fungus was isolated from The soil surrounding the roots of tomato plants and part of the roots from Al-Rashidiya/Mosul city and identified based on its morphological characteristics, its whitish-gray color, and the presence of microspores, macrospores, and chlamydospores. Various concentrations (up to 15%) of the alcoholic extract were used in liquid growth media, and dry weight of fungus was measured after 15 days. Mycotoxins were also determined using HPLC based on standard retention times. The results showed that the extract led to a gradual decrease in the dry weight of the fungus, with the lowest weight recorded at a concentration of 15% (5.0 g). HPLC revealed the presence of fumonisin, zearalenone, and fusaric acid at retention times of 3.08, 4.98, and 6.50 minutes, respectively. Toxin concentrations decreased with increasing extract concentration; fumonisin reached 14.5 mg/L and fusaric acid 19.20 mg/L at 15%, while zearalenone disappeared at concentrations of 10% and 15%. These results confirm the potential use of leucine extract as a safe and natural antifungal agent to inhibit the growth and reduce toxicity of F. solani thus promoting application of biological control in agricultural products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rasha Mohammed Salih, Badia Abdul Razzaq Malla Obaida, Amjad Abdul-Hadi Mohammed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Elucidating the cellulolytic potential of a locally Isolated common mould, Cladosporium tenuissimum, by optimizing its cellulase production
Cellulase is a complex of multiple enzymes that includes β-1,4 endoglucanase, β-1,4 exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase, all of which are recognized for breaking down cellulose into glucose monomers. Cellulolytic fungi play a crucial role in the biodegradation of cellulosic biomass by secreting extracellular cellulases. In the present study, soil samples were collected from various ecological niches of VNMKV Campus, Parbhani, Maharashtra (India). A total of 23 fungal isolates obtained after serial dilution were screened to assess their cellulolytic potentials. Qualitative screening using Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and esculin plate assays demonstrated weak cellulolytic activity in other isolates and a strong positive reaction in a single fungal isolate, which was considered the most potent and selected for optimization studies. Optimization studies clearly indicated that there is a significant impact of temperature, pH and incubation period on cellulase production as maximum amount of cellulase enzyme was obtained at 30°C temperature (endoglucanase 147.60±0.1 IU/ml, exoglucanase 74.24±0.02 IU/ml and β glucosidase 80.65±0.2IU/ml) at pH 7 (endoglucanase 140.35±0.07 IU/ml, exoglucanase 66.64±0.1 IU/ml and β glucosidase 80.40±0.06 IU/ml)and day 5 incubation period (endoglucanase 143.90±0.1 IU/ml, exoglucanase 68.13±0.06 IU/ml and β glucosidase76.22±0.01 IU/ml) respectively. The isolate exhibited 99.43% homology with the Cladosporium tenuissimum strain, and the sequence was deposited in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)GenBank under accession number PV687687. The identified fungal strain holds potential for cellulase enzyme production and may be applied in diverse biotechnological processes, such as lignocellulosic biomass degradation, bioremediation and bioethanol production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gajendra Jagtap, Vishwajeet Shinde, Livleen Shukla, Samsul Alam, Khizer Baig, Indra Mani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Novel Insights into the isolation and in vitro probiotic characterization of Weissella confusa from Navara Rice in Kerala, India
Fermented foods are important reservoirs of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which confer health benefits by modulating gut microbiota. Navara, a medicinal rice from Kerala, India, valued in Ayurveda, is an underexplored source of these bacteria. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and conduct the first in-vitro probiotic characterization of LAB from fermented Navara rice. A bacterial isolate was obtained on MRS agar and identified via 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Weissella confusa strain PK18202456.1. Its probiotic potential was evaluated using standard in vitro assays. The isolate demonstrated strong antagonistic activity against enteric pathogens (e.g., 12 mm zone vs. MRSA), robust coaggregation (76.67% with E. coli), and high cell-surface hydrophobicity (93.92% at 4 h). It survived simulated gastrointestinal stress, tolerating pH 3.0 and 0.3% bile salts, and exhibited bile salt hydrolase activity (22.7 ± 2.5 mm zone). Antibiotic profiling showed susceptibility to ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin, with resistance to vancomycin and gentamicin. This work provides the first evidence for the isolation and comprehensive probiotic characterization of a Weissella confusa strain from Navara rice, establishing it as a promising candidate for future functional food applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 K.N. Sandhya , K.R. Beula Rani, Anjali Anne Jacob http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization of cytokinin-mediated in vitro shoot induction and multiplication in Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. using nodal explants
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., commonly known as Brahmi, is a valued medicinal plant in Ayurveda, recognized for its memory-enhancing and stress-relieving properties, largely due to its bioactive compounds, including bacosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics. The present study aimed to optimize in vitro shoot induction and multiplication from nodal explants of the species B. monnieri.Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with varying concentrations of cytokinins, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin, applied individually or in combination.BAP at 2.5 mg/L induced 58.3% regeneration with 7.0 ± 0.3 shoots per explant and 2.2 ± 0.9 cm shoot length, whereas kinetin at 2.0 mg/L yielded 50.0% regeneration with 6.0 ± 1.8 shoots and 2.1 ± 1.4 cm shoot length. The combined application of 1.0 mg/L BAP + 1.5 mg/L kinetin produced the highest shoot induction (66.6%), generating 8.0 ± 0.9 shoots per explant with 2.6 ± 1.9 cm shoot length, but post-hoc comparison revealed that shoot number did not differ significantly from the best individual BAP treatment (p > 0.05). Thus, the combination may be considered an effective alternative rather than statistically superior to BAP alone. Statistical analyses confirmed normality, homogeneity of variance, and significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05). A hormone-free MS medium (MS0) served as a negative control and failed to induce any shoot buds, confirming the essential role of cytokinins in axillary bud–mediated organogenesis.The present investigation was limited to the shoot induction and multiplication phase of in vitro culture. These results demonstrated that the optimized combination of BAP and kinetin enhances direct shoot organogenesis and multiplication in B. monnieri. However, it is recommended to examine root induction and acclimatization to establish a complete micropropagation protocol.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ravindra Kumar, Hitendra Kumar, Kamla Dhyani Jakhmola, Saurabh Guleri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Toxicological evaluation of histoarchitectural alterations in various tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations of atrazine
Environmental pollutants, primarily widely used herbicides such as atrazine, pose substantial risks to aquatic ecosystems. Atrazine is commonly detected in surface waters and has been shown to impair growth, physiological processes, and reproductive functions in aquatic organisms. The present study aimed to examine the sub-lethal toxicological effects of atrazine on Danio rerio (zebrafish), with particular attention to growth performance, enzymatic biomarkers, and organ-specific tissue damage. Juvenile zebrafish were exposed to atrazine at concentrations of 0.83, 1.25, and 2.5 ppm for 100 days. Growth parameters were measured, and biochemical assays were conducted to assess hepatic and cellular damage marker glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity. Histopathological analyses of liver, gill, and gonadal tissues were performed to identify structural and functional impairments. Atrazine exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in body weight and total length, indicating impaired somatic development. Significant increases in GOT and GPT levels were detected, which suggest hepatocellular damage and increased tissue stress. Histological analyses identified severe pathological changes, including hepatocyte degeneration, gill lamellar fusion, and testicular atrophy. Distinct male- and female-specific responses further supported the dose-dependent nature of atrazine-induced toxicity. The findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of atrazine induces significant physiological, biochemical, and histopathological disturbances in Danio rerio. These results highlight the detrimental impacts of atrazine on fish health and development and emphasize the need for strengthened regulatory controls and continuous monitoring of herbicide contamination in aquatic environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Sajar Ali , K. Chinnadurai, Balamurugan Pandiyan, Dineshbabu. J, Jeba Raj Y http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the multifaceted pharmaceutical and medicinal applications of Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL): Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and drug delivery potential
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is a renewable phenolic lipid mixture obtained from the cashew nut pericarp and composed primarily of anacardic acids, cardanols, and cardols. These constituents have attracted interest due to reported antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and drug-delivery properties; however, published evidence remains largely descriptive, heterogeneous, and predominantly preclinical. The present review aims to provide a critical, quantitative evaluation of the pharmaceutical potential of CNSL by distinguishing natural and synthetic CNSL chemotypes, benchmarking bioactivity against standard drugs, reconciling safety with dose-dependent toxicity, and assessing translational and standardisation barriers. A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2000 - 2025) using predefined keywords and inclusion criteria. Eligible studies were analysed for experimental model, concentration, comparator, and quantitative outcomes (MIC, IC50, selectivity index, toxicity metrics). Reported antimicrobial activities of anacardic acid show MIC values typically in the range of 8-128 µg/mL against Gram-positive bacteria, compared with <2 µg/mL for standard antibiotics, indicating moderate potency. Anti-inflammatory effects occur at micromolar IC50 levels but often overlap with cytotoxic concentrations, suggesting a narrow therapeutic window. Considerable variability in extract composition and the absence of standardized formulations limit reproducibility. No completed human clinical trials were identified. CNSL should be regarded not as an established therapeutic alternative but as a promising bioactive scaffold for formulation and medicinal chemistry optimization. This review provides methodological transparency, quantitative benchmarking, and critical appraisal to guide rational development of CNSL-based pharmaceutical systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kumaresan Marappan, Shanmugasundaram P, Sridhar R, Madhumita G, Kamalakkannan S http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Plant growth and nutrient uptake enhancement in thai dragon plant inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and actinomycetes
Soil-borne diseases pose a major threat to chili pepper production. This study investigated the synergistic effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae and the actinomycete Streptomyces indiansis on the growth, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance of Thai Dragon pepper plants challenged with Fusarium oxysporum. A pot experiment was conducted with (8 treatments), including individual and combined inoculations. Results showed that dual inoculation significantly enhanced plant morphology and nutrient uptake (N, P, K) compared to the control. To further understand the chemical changes associated with these treatments, a GC-MS analysis was performed using a SHIMADZU QP5050A system with an injection volume of (8.000 µL).Chemical analysis revealed that plants inoculated with symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi exhibited a distinct metabolic signature. In the group not treated with symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi, difluorodimethylsilane (DFMS) was detected at a retention time of 2.425 minutes, with a similarity index of 86 and a basal peak at 81.05 m/z. In contrast, the mycorrhizal-treated group showed cyclobutane (1-methylethylenediamine) at a retention time of 2.267 minutes, with a similarity index of 73. Most notably, chloroxylenol was detected at a retention time of 29.983 minutes, with a basal peak at 121.30 m/z, a high similarity index of 81, and a total ion intensity of 550,000 counts.The combined treatment effectively reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt, likely due to the identified bioactive compounds and hydrolytic enzymes. These results demonstrate that the three-part interaction among the eight treatments supports a sustainable biological control strategy, as evidenced by significant improvements in plant biomass and the presence of prominent metabolic markers identified by GC-MS.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Copyright (c) 2026 Anfal Muayad Jalaluldeen , Israa Muneeb Agwan, Abeer Ahmed Mahmood, Kamaruzaman Sijam, Maha Akram Al-rejaboo, Bilal Ahmed Mohammed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical analysis and larvicidal bio-efficacy of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze leaf ethanol extracts against Aedes aegypti L.
The increasing resistance of Aedes aegypti to conventional chemical insecticides has intensified the search for eco-friendly alternatives in mosquito control. This study explores the larvicidal and developmental effects of Camellia sinensis (green tea) leaf extracts on Ae. aegypti, a major vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Early 4th instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were treated with C. sinensis leaf ethanol extract (Cs-LEE) under controlled laboratory conditions. Key parameters, including larval and pupal mortality, developmental period, and adult emergence, were recorded. Results revealed a dose-dependent increase in larval and pupal mortality, significant delays in development, and reduced adult emergence in treated groups. Larval and pupal mortality was observed to be highest at 400 mg/L, 24.8% and 36.8% respectively. Development period of larvae and pupae increased to 5.57 days and 5.34 days at 400 mg/L. Similarly, adult emergence reduced to approximately 38% at 400 mg/L. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of bioactive substances such as catechins, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which are known to disrupt hormonal balance and interfere with enzymatic processes in insects. These findings highlight the potential of Cs-LEE as natural larvicidal agents. Their biodegradability, low toxicity to non-target organisms, and availability make them promising candidates for Integrated vector management (IVM) programs. Further research and field validation are necessary to develop safe, cost-effective botanical formulations for large-scale mosquito control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pavitra Sharma, Neera Kapoor, Kamal Kumar Gupta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A pilot study of circulating miR‑361-5p and miR-3125 in active tuberculosis patients in Babylon Province, Iraq
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge and is closely linked to host immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key post-transcriptional regulators of immune and inflammatory pathways and may serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers.This pilot study aimed to explore the diagnostic potential of serum miR-361-5p and miR-3125 in active pulmonary tuberculosis included 150 clinically suspected TB cases, of which 35 were laboratory-confirmed, along with 25 healthy controls. Diagnosis was performed using Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy (20.6% detection), Löwenstein–Jensen culture, and the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay (23.3% detection). Serum levels of miR-361-5p and miR-3125 were measured by RT-qPCR and normalized using the 2^−ΔΔCt method. Both miRNAs were significant level upregulated in TB patients compared to controls. miR-361-5p levels were 6.73 ± 13.21 vs. 1.57 ± 1.7 (p = 0.0487), while miR-3125 levels were 3.48 ± 1.87 vs. 1.24 ± 0.62 (p < 0.0001). Median (IQR) values further supported these findings, particularly for miR-3125, which showed more consistent upregulation. ROC analysis demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for miR-3125 (AUC = 0.92, sensitivity = 89%, specificity=79%), whereas miR-361-5p showed limited performance (AUC = 0.547). Additionally, miR-3125 levels were significantly higher in rifampicin-resistant patients than in sensitive cases (4.92 ± 2.1 vs. 3.12 ± 1.7; p = 0.007), where miR-361-5p showed no significant association. This pilot study shows that serum miR-361-5p and miR-3125 are elevated in active TB, with miR-3125 potentially serving as a biomarker for rifampicin resistance, indicating it could be useful as a non-invasive tool for early TB detection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mareen Esmail Hassan , Noor Salman Kadhim Al-Khafaji, Azhar Omran Lateef Althahab http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biochars produced by slow carbonisation of three agricultural biomasses: physicochemical properties and potential for sustainable agro-environmental applications
Agricultural by-products, such as cashew nut shells (CNS), sorghum stems (SS), and corn stems (CS), constitute unutilized waste. However, these by-products can be used to produce biochar, which improves soil structure and fertility while contributing to water retention and carbon stability. The objectives of this research were to produce biochars from these three biomasses and to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of the biochars obtained [yield, pH, macro and micronutrient content, electrical conductivity (EC), infrared analysis (FTIR), specific surface area (SBET), morphology (SEM), and CHNS/O content]. A total of eighteen biochar samples were obtained by varying the carbonisation temperature (350 and 400 °C) and residence time (30, 60, and 120 min) in a muffle furnace. At a fixed temperature, yield decreases with increasing residence time, surface area, pH, and electrical conductivity. Among the eighteen types of biochar, the one derived from corn stalks had an apparent specific surface area of (35.07 m²/g). , followed by sorghum stalks (32.45 m²/g) and cashew nut shells (0.14 m²/g). The pH of the biochars is in the basic range (7.6–10.3). Furthermore, Krevelen's diagram reveals that biochars made from cashew nut shells are more stable in the long term, with the potential to persist for several centuries. These properties suggest that different types of biochar can be produced by adjusting production conditions and selecting biomass based on the soil characteristics in which it can be applied.
Copyright (c) 2026 Komi Jean-Marcel AMEWOUAME, Taba To’ora KAGA, SEGBEAYA Kwamivi N. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical profiling and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicum is a potential medicinal plant which possess distinct herbal properties with diverse phytochemical composition and in vitro biological activities. In the present study leaves, stems, and seeds of O. basilicum were collected, dried, powdered, and extracted using the Soxhlet method in methanol (15 cycles at 40°C) and stored after the lypholization. the extract were subjected to phytochemical screening along with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), radical scavenging, Protein denaturation assay and α-Amylase inhibition for comparative assessment of biological potential of prepared extracts. Methanolic extracts from leaves, stems, and seeds observed with the phytochemical compounds including alpha-amyrin, tau-cadinol, and gamma-sitosterol. DPPH radical scavenging activity found to be highest in seed extract (63.65 ± 0.66%) followed by Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT). Protein denaturation assay of leaf extract depicted superior inhibition of the protein (68.32 ± 1.41%) compared to seed and stem. α-Amylase inhibition assay also resulted in higher activity in seed extract compared to leaves and stem, however the activity of all three extract was comparable to acarbose. One-way ANOVA confirmed significant concentration-dependent effects across all assays (p < 0.05). The findings of the study, i.e. biological activities of the leaves, seeds, and stems of O. basilicum, which supports further exploration and utilization of the plant in healthcare and allied industries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nishesh Sharma, Jerin James, Pallavi Priya, Anupama Sharma, Himani Badoni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phenotypic characterization and Multivariate analysis of Bali cattle in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) are well known for their high adaptive capacity to harsh environmental conditions, and low-input management ystems. Despite these adaptive advantages, its productivity is relatively low and varies between areas largely due to seasonal drought. In such a conditons, phenotypic characteristics can be used for developing appropriate improvement strategies for smallholder production systems in the region. This study aimed to characterize phenotypic variations of Bali cattle in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia, by integrating quantitative and qualitative traits using multivariate statistical approaches. Phenotypic data were collected from cattle raised under traditional management systems across several districts. Quantitative measurements included body weight, shoulder height, body length, chest circumference, chest width, and tail length, while qualitative traits encompassed coat color and horn shape. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation analysis were employed to assess relationships among traits, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Factor Analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis to explore the underlying structure of phenotypic variation. The results revealed a strong positive correlation between body weight and chest circumference (r = 0.81), indicating that chest girth is a reliable proxy for overall body size. PCA demonstrated that the first principal component accounted for the majority of phenotypic variability, primarily influenced by body weight, body length, and chest circumference. Cluster analysis grouped cattle populations by regional origin, suggesting phenotypic differentiation potentially shaped by environmental conditions and management practices. This study provides baseline phenotypic information to support selection strategies and sustainable breeding programs for Bali cattle in tropical environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gustaf Oematan, Marthen L. Mullik, Edwin J.L. Lazarus, Revolson Alexius Mege, Mokosuli Yermia Semuel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Emerging biotechnological and eco-remediation strategies for the biodegradation and removal of micro/nanoplastics from the environment: A comprehensive review
The proliferation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems have proven to be a major menace to biodiversity, ecosystems, and environmental sustainability. The sources of these intractable contaminants are the fragmentation of macroplastic waste, primary particles like tire wear, synthetic fibers, personal care products, and discharges of industries. The minuscule size of MPs and NPs, their great mobility as well as resistance to degradation make them avoid traditional filtration and wastewater treatment systems. This enables them to be concentrated along food webs and causes great threats to the human health and the wildlife. Concentrating on the most innovative biotechnological and eco-remediation methods, this paper gathers the latest advances in the method of the biodegradation and elimination of MPs and NPs. The connection between environmental adaptability and microbial degradation of polymer-specific processes and microalgae, as well as synthetic microbial consortia, is explored. It also brings to the forefront progresses in enzyme mediated depolymerization, including the discovery of oxidative enzymes, and hydrolases that degrade plastic. Moreover, the biosorption, phytoremediation, and bio-based or green nanomaterials potential is evaluated as the promising, environment-friendly, approaches to capture and transformation of pollutants. The technical and analytical challenges of determining, quantifying, and predicting the movement, aging, and ecological fate of MPs and NPs in complex environmental matrices are also discussed in the paper, and how metabolic engineering, systems biology, omics technologies and nanobioremediation could enhance the effectiveness, selectivity and field implementation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Himanshu, Ankit, Deepika Saxena http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibacterial potential of bacterial cellulose composite with levofloxacin against pathogens from wounds and burns infections in Basrah, Iraq
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has attracted attention as a drug delivery platform due to its structural strength and biocompatibility. In the present study, BC produced by Bacillus licheniformis was tested against bacteria isolated from wound and burn infections. BC was fabricated in situ with gellan and whey Bacterial cellulose/gellan gum (BC/GW) and ex situ with sodium alginate and levofloxacin at different concentrations Bacterial cellulose/gellan gum/ levofloxacin (BC/GW/SA/LEV) to improve its antibacterial efficacy. Molecular detection using the 16S rRNA gene was employed to identify 31 bacterial isolates. The BC films were characterized by measuring water-holding capacity (WHC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that the most prevalent genera were Staphylococcus sp. 13 (52%) and Escherichia sp. 4 (16%). In terms of frequency, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common species, found in 6 isolates (20%). The isolate of Bacillus licheniformis demonstrated a high BC yield of 188 g/l, which increased to 289 g/l after in situ fabrication. The BC/GW film exhibited the highest WHC improvement at 96.03%, compared to the BC film at 93.93%. FTIR confirmed successful bonding between the BC/GW/SA/LEV film and levofloxacin. TGA analysis showed moderate thermal stability for the BC film and BC/GW, whereas BC/GW/SA exhibited significantly enhanced thermal stability. SEM revealed a three-dimensional porous fibrous network of BC. The BC/GW film appeared denser and more compact. The BC/GW/SA film appeared more homogeneous, with filled voids, and the BC/GW/SA/LEV surface exhibited branched crystalline domains, indicating successful incorporation of levofloxacin. The composites exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with a maximum inhibition zone of 35 mm for Bacillus bacterium strain ZHCPRcN32 at a concentration of 7.5 mg, and the lowest was against Escherichia coli at 11 mm at the same concentration. The BC composite films may play a promising role in treating multidrug-resistant wound infections by serving as carriers for antibiotics targeting these bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Salem Al-halfi , Wijdan Hussein Al-Tamimi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of a MATLAB App designer for determining solar panel parameters using nonlinear optimization algorithm
The developed framework is focused on determining the intrinsic parameter values of a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel, which are unavailable in the data sheet and play a very essential role in determining the panel's performance. Comprehensive mathematical equations are derived for the Single diode model (SDM) based on three distinct operating points from the manufacturer’s data sheet for a solar PV panel. To determine the intrinsic parameter values of a solar PV panel, the Newton-Rhapson (NR)-algorithm is employed in MATLAB. To justify the robustness and validate the proposed NR-algorithm prototype, an experimental dataset of two different technologies, i.e., a Radiotechnique Compelec (RTC) France monocrystalline silicon solar cell and a polycrystalline SPR6-120/36 silicon solar panel, was considered and compared with the simulated data. The proposed Newton-Raphson-based framework showed excellent agreement with experimental data. In the case of monocrystalline module, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was 0.00086068 and NSE was 0.9999, whereas for polycrystalline panel, RMSE was 0.016907 and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) was 0.99979. These low RMSE and high NSE values show that the method's prediction accuracy and robustness are strong. This work presents a deterministic NR-based parameter estimation framework for a single-diode PV models, in which explicit nonlinear equations and physically meaningful constraints were used to ensure stable and reliable parameter extraction. A MATLAB App Designer-based implementation of the proposed methodology is also provided, which supports practical deployment and reproducibility. Accurate photovoltaic parameter estimation enables accurate prediction of solar panel energy production, enabling efficient system design and integration into the grid, increasing the share of renewable energy and reducing dependence on fossil fuels, thereby contributing to greenhouse gas emission and climate change mitigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abhishek Gupta, D. K. Palwalia, Annapurna Bharagava http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chemical composition and oil characterization of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) and Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) seeds from Rivers State, Nigeria
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) have faced several limitations in the past due to limited knowledge about their comparative chemical composition and nutritional properties. Accordingly, this research was designed to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritional profile of nutmeg and African nutmeg seeds, in addition to examining the physicochemical characteristics of the oils derived from them. Seed samples were obtained from a local market in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, and analysed using established standard methods to determine their nutritional constituents, chemical attributes, and oil quality parameters. Results showed that M. fragrans had a lower moisture content (7.770%) and a higher fat content (18.070%) than M. myristica (9.730% moisture; 14.100% fat). Phytochemical analysis revealed that seeds of M. myristica contained higher levels of saponins (8.183±0.099 mg/100g) and tannins (0.627±0.035 mg/100g), while those of M. fragrans were richer in flavonoids (7.510±0.086 mg/100g) and phytates (0.623±0.031 mg/100g), these compounds are associated with antioxidant activities. A higher seed oil yield was observed in M. fragrans (36.08%), while M. myristica yielded slightly less oil (32.47%). Chemical analyses indicated that the seed oil from M. myristica had higher iodine and peroxide values, whereas M. fragrans had a lower peroxide value and a relatively lower pH. Understanding these distinct profiles will support targeted applications in food and cosmetic industries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Effiom Eyo Ita, Peggy ObaseOjei Willie, Ayobami Daniel Abodunrin, Tovia Chibroma Samuel, Edak Aniedi Uyoh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determination of the role of Dermococcus nishinomiyaensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PT) biodegradation
Plastic pollution is a worldwide menace to the ecosystem and human health, and only less than 10 percent of the plastic waste has been recycled and its continued existence causes climate change. The purpose of the study was to test the potential of biodegradation of Dermococcus inshinomiyaensis on two common types of plastics (Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polyethylene (PE)) when compared to the established degrader, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, at conditions that simulated the natural environment. The biodegradation was evaluated in terms of biofilm biomass determination, relative weight loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Biofilm quantification showed that D. inshinomiyaensis formed stronger biofilms on PET bottles (absorbance 0.16) than on PE bags (0.10–0.12), with activity comparable to that of P. aeruginosa. The analysis of weight loss showed that PE was severely degraded by D. inshinomiyaensis (12.2%), P. aeruginosa (40%), and PET was not severely degraded (0.7%). FT-IR spectra of PE indicated new absorption bands beyond 400 cm-¹, confirming structural defects induced by microbial activity. Distinct peaks between 1600–2653 cm-¹, including 1639 and 1737 cm-¹ for P. aeruginosa and 1981–2325 cm-¹ for D. inshinomiyaensis, suggested the formation of novel intermediates. SEM analysis also showed intense deformations in PE using D. inshinomiyaensis so that it generated a wide range of cracks, wrinkles, and grooves, which were much more effective compared to the action of P. aeruginosa.These results demonstrate the novelty of D. inshinomiyaensis as a potential biodegrader of PE, as it provided potential use in the management of plastic waste in a sustainable environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghada A. Mohammad, Amina G.O. Al-Ani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrating plant growth regulators (PGRs) and nano-nutrients to alleviate fruit drop and enhance reproductive efficiency in ber cv. apple ber
Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) is a significant fruit crop grown in dry and semi arid areas. However, low fruit retention and significant fruit drop frequently limit production, thereby lowering output in field settings. Therefore, increasing ber output requires the development of efficient agronomic techniques to enhance reproductive performance.The current study set out to assess how melatonin and nano-calcium nitrate together affected apple ber yield, flowering behavior, fruit retention, and fruit drop. The experiment was designed using a Factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three repetitions, each consisting of 25 combinations of treatments with plant growth regulators (PGRs) and nano-nutrients applied as foliar sprays. The data were recorded as days to flowering, fruit set, fruit drop, fruit retention, number of fruits per plant, and yield. Their interaction [melatonin (A5) 15 ppm + nano calcium nitrate (B5) 0.05%] resulted in the highest fruit retention (29.0%), highest fruit set (87.99%), average number of fruits (1561.0), and average fruit yield (54.23 kg) compared to the control. These interactions (A5B5) also have the earliest days to start flowering (18 days) and the lowest fruit drop (71.0 %) compared to the control. These results highlight the potential of melatonin and nano-calcium nitrate as an effective agronomic strategy to enhance reproductive performance and yield in ber cultivation, contributing to sustainable horticultural practices and future research on nano-enabled PGRs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Himanshu, Khan Jabroot Jahirbhai, Deepika Saxena http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation of plastic-degrading Gram-positive bacteria from Mosul Environment-Iraq
Plastic accumulation cause ecological problems effect on health, due to non-solubility of plastic in water, bacteria play role in degradation polymer, This study aimed to isolate and identify bacterial species which possessed capability in degrading polyethylene terephthalate (PET) represented by water bottle and low density polyethylene(LDPE) represented by shopping black bags, eleven soil samples were collected from soil polluted . After 4 months of incubation, 11 samples showed bacterial growth and were capable of using LDPE and PET as carbon sources, identified using the 16S rRNA sequencing technique. Six of them degraded PET were Cytobacillus firmus ZE14.iq , Bacillus thaonhiensis ZE17.iq , Bacillus subtilis ZE15.iq , Micrococcus yunnanensis ZE81.iq , Ectobacillus funiculus ZE19.iq, and Peribacillus frigoritolerans ZE20.iq , while the other five isolates degraded LDPE were Peribacillus frigoritolerans ZE13.iq , Priestia megaterium ZEV6.iq , Paenibacillus lautus ZE11.iq , Bacillus subtilis ZE16.iq , and Bacillus subtilis ZE12.iq. The degradation was detected using FTIR, GC-MS, weight loss, and SEM techniques; the FTIR spectrum showed variations in the intensity of functional groups. It formed a new chemical bond in the polymer , and the most potent ability to degrade (PET) was achieved by Cytobacillus firmus at 56%. In contrast, the highest percentage of weight loss for LDPE was 48% by Bacillus subtilis. GC-MS analysis revealed the formation of fatty acids, alcohols, Aldehydes, and other new compounds. SEM showed alterations in the physical properties of the PET surface, which degraded with bacterial treatment compared with the control plastic that was untreated with bacteria.
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR)
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhara Tareq Abdul Hameed, Essra Ghanim Hazim Alsammak http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0