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Influence of liquid Zinc foliar application on growth and yield of transplanted kharif rice (Oryza sativa L.) under lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops after wheat produced and consumed more than 90% in Asia. Zinc fertilisation has become a high-priority research topic for addressing Zn-related nutritional diseases in humans and plants. Therefore, the influence of different doses of liquid zinc foliar application in conjunction with the recommended dose of chemical fertiliser (RDF) was evaluated, along with one control (RDF only) on wet season rice cv. Surochi (S-36) during the wet season of 2023 and 2024 at Instructional Farm under Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya's Instructional Farm in West Bengal.The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with six treatment combinations replicated four times. The results revealed that the tallest plants with the highest dry matter accumulation were observed in RDF + foliar application of Zinatra@ 700 (Liquid Zinc 39.5%) at 750 ml/ha. The same treatment increased panicle number per hill, panicle length, grains per panicle, and grain and straw yields, being statistically comparable to RDF + foliar application of Zinatra@ 700 (Liquid Zinc 39.5%) at 500 ml/ha. The yield increase ranged between 16.67% and 46.79%. There was a significant and positive correlation between grain yield and plant height, dry matter accumulation, effective tillers/hill, panicle length, and grains/panicle. In grain and straw, foliar application of Zinatra@ 700 (Liquid Zinc 39.5%) at 750 ml/ha in combination with RDF led to a marked increase in N, P2O5, and K2O uptake. Hence, it is suggested a blended application of recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (RDF) with foliar application of Zinatra@ 700 (Liquid Zinc 39.5%) @ 750 ml /ha at tillering and panicle initiation stage exploit not just rice growth and yield but also grain nutritional content to increase rice production in West Bengal's Gangetic alluvial soil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kalyan Jana, Arup Sarkar, Antara Pramanik, Ramyajit Mondal, Munmun Nesha, Nidhi Verma, Subhajit Banerjee http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Modulating the immune response in Swiss albino mice using Arabic gum (Acacia)
Arabic Gum is a soluble dietary fiber with important biological properties and is effectively used to improve the immune system. It promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut (probiotics), is considered a digestive enhancer, and is also known to help strengthen the immune system. Some research has indicated its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This study investigated the effects of Arabic gum extract on the immune response and weight variation in Swiss albino mice. The Swiss albino rats were divided into five groups as follows: the group one was considered control (T0, untreated), the group two (T1) was given 30 mg/kg arabic gum + ovalbumin (0.1 ml), the group three (T2) was given 60 mg/kg arabic gum + ovalbumin (0.1 ml), the fourth group (T3) was given 90 mg/kg arabic gum + ovalbumin (0.1 ml), and finally the fifth group (T4, standard) was given ovalbumin (0.1 ml) alone. The maximum concentration (90mg/kg) led to consistent gain of weight implying a potential positive immunomodulatory effect or metabolic increase. Arabic gum extract showed potent neutrophil count in a dose dependent fashion, implying that Arabic gum extract caused an improved innate immune response, Arabic gum extract portrayed potent immunomodulatory effect, whereby it reduced oedema volume dose dependently, indicating anti-inflammatory effects . This study suggests that Arabic gum extract has the potential to modulate the immune response and exert anti-inflammatory effects in Swiss albino mice. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms of action and potential clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Riyadh Abdul Kareem Al-Hetty, Rana Salim Farhan , Fatimah Abdulazeez Awad, Eman Naji Saleh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles on bioethanol production from hydrolysate of defatted Neodesmus pupukensis DMA5 biomass under optimized fermentation conditions
Bioethanol, a sustainable fossil fuel alternative, is produced by microbial fermentation of carbohydrate-rich biomass, requiring cost-effective production strategies. This study investigates a comprehensive approach to sustainable bioethanol production by utilizing the defatted biomass (DB) of the double mutant green alga Neodesmus pupukensis DMA5 (Accession number-PQ084675.1), isolated from the ancient temple pond, and cultivated in ultrasonically pretreated municipal wastewater, as a renewable feedstock. Microwave-assisted alkaline pretreatment (MAAPT) enhanced carbohydrate recovery from the DB, with 500 W identified as the optimal power level, yielding 37.47 ± 0.21% (w/w) total carbohydrates-over twice that of the untreated control. Sugar profiling of the hydrolysate showed glucose as the major component (76.11%), followed by xylose, rhamnose, and fucose, confirming efficient disruption of cellulose and hemicellulose. The resulting hydrolysate served as a substrate for bioethanol production using immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae NITTS1(Accession Number-MG255132.1). Process parameters including pH, temperature, agitation speed, and fermentation time were optimized via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Central Composite Design (CCD). The highest ethanol yield (193.09 mgg-1DB) was achieved at pH 5.0, 35 °C, 150 rpm, and 48 h. Supplementation with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) further enhanced ethanol production, with 150 mg L-1 ZnO NPs yielding 198.34 ± 0.11 mg g-1 DB, attributed to zinc’s role as a metabolic cofactor in S. cerevisiae. Higher ZnO NPs concentrations, however, were inhibitory due to potential oxidative stress. This study demonstrates that the synergistic integration of MAAPT, optimized fermentation, and nanoparticle supplementation provides an effective strategy for maximizing bioethanol production from DB, thereby advancing economically viable and eco-friendly biofuel technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Narayanan Tamilselvi , Krishnan Dhandayuthapani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Potassium sulfate inducing antioxidant system to alleviate salinity stress in Mung bean (Vigna radiata L) cuttings: A biochemical and physiological study
Salinity stress has a detrimental effect on plant growth and yield. Assessing abnormalities in physiological and biochemical pathways is crucial for accurately estimating the situation. The present study aimed to verify the potential of potassium sulfate in alleviating oxidative stress, as measured by rooting and enzymatic antioxidant responses, in Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) cuttings, using this experimental system. Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) was used at an optimal concentration (15 mM L-1) to alleviate sodium chloride (NaCl) toxicity 50 mM L-1 in terms of rooting response. K2SO4 was supplied in pre-, post- and simultaneous treatment with NaCl. The simultaneous treatment was found to be the best for alleviating sodium toxicity. Toxicant sodium and K2SO4 on enzymatic and non-enzymatic were studied. The results showed that toxic concentrations of NaCl caused a decline in rooting response and root dry biomass, as well as, nonenzymetic antioxidants: glutathione (GSH) (24.81%) and ascorbic acid (ASA) (52.03%), whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) leave contents, were increased (138.18%). Meanwhile, enzymetic antioxident: superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased at level of 119.83%, 30.25% and 154.67%, respectively compared to d/H2O. However, indole acetic acid oxidase (IAA) increased at level of 94.99% compared to d/H2O. While treatment of mung bean cuttings with K2SO4 (2 mM/L) as a therapeutic way resulted in a contrasting trend, that caused an increase of rooting response and dry weight. The GSH and ASA increased, whereas MDA decreased at a reduction 90.17%. In addition to decrease of SOD, CAT, APX and IAA-oxidase activities at a reduction 148.09%, 12.24%, 92.39% and 126.13%, respectively. Thus, K2SO4 is a promising therapeutic management for improving the tolerance of plants under NaCl stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jawad K.O. AL-HUJAYRI, Hamid G. ABD OUN, Sind S. ALDOURI, Khalid A. HUSSEIN http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physiological and floral responses of mango (Mangifera indica) cv. Banganapalli to pre-flowering chemical treatments
A field experiment was conducted in a mango orchard to investigate the effects of pre-flowering chemical treatments on the physiological and yield attributes of mango cultivar Banganapalli. The research used a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. There were ten different treatments: 1% Urea + 20 ppm NAA (T1), 1% Urea + 200 ppm Salicylic Acid (T2), 2% Urea + 20 ppm NAA (T3), 2% Urea + 200 ppm Salicylic Acid (T4), 1% KNO3 + 20 ppm NAA (T5), 1% KNO3 + 200 ppm Salicylic Acid (T6), 2% KNO3 + 20 ppm NAA (T7), 2% KNO3 + 200 ppm Salicylic Acid (T8), water spray (T9), and an untreated control (T10). Among the various treatments, the application of 2% KNO3 combined with 20 ppm NAA (T7) resulted in the highest physiological indices, including chlorophyll index (42.61, 40.78 and 37.78 SPAD), carbohydrate accumulation (18.86, 26.85 and 24.68 mg 100g-1), leaf nitrogen assimilation (1.35, 1.75 and 1.67%), and C/N ratio (13.97, 15.34 and 14.78). Furthermore, this treatment exhibited superior flowering characteristics, such as increased total flower count per panicle (791.82), enhanced hermaphrodite flower formation (239.40), higher fruit set percentage (0.48 %), improved fruit retention (13.71), greater fruit number (129.22), and higher fruit yield per tree (50.04kg), highlighting its efficacy in promoting reproductive success and yield enhancement in mango cv. Banganapalli.
Copyright (c) 2025 Magizhnan Thiruezhirselvan, Prakash Kasilingam, Gopu Balraj, Nagajothi Rajasekaran http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Macro-ecology and biogeography of soil nematodes in Pir Panjal range of Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya, India
The Himalayan region holds significant ecological importance and plays a crucial role in biomonitoring ecosystems. The present study to investigate the Effects of various factors, including latitude, climate, and vegetation, on the diversity and geographic distribution patterns of soil-inhabiting nematodes in the Pir Panjal range of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalayas, India. Soil Samples were collected from forests, agricultural fields, and grasslands in temperate and subtropical regions, along an altitude gradient (1000 to 2300m) and a latitudinal gradient (33º 32 'N to 33º 48' N). A Significant variation among different vegetation types and number of genera and abundance of nematodes was determined by Regression Analysis and A one-way ANOVA followed by T test. A Correlation Coefficient Analysis between various ecological indices like Maturity Index (MI), Diversity Indices (Shannon-Weaver, Simpson, Hills N1 and N2), Trophic structure Indices (Enrichment Index, Structure Index) and latitude were performed. The Maturity Index decreased (r= -0.645) in higher latitudes, accompanied by an increase in microbial activity, indicating a less disturbed environment. The higher values of the Enrichment Index (EI) and Structure Index (SI) at lower latitudes indicated higher opportunists and an indicator of food web state, respectively. The Linear regression model showed a significant relationship between soil nematode trophic guilds and latitude and precipitation. It reflects higher nutrient mineralization and productivity in areas with higher precipitation. The highest mean value of nematode abundance in temperate region and genera in subtropical areas explains the trophic guild status.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahnaz Anjam, Nazia Kouser, Ali Asghar Shah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unlocking the green revolution CRISPR-cas9 and the future of sustainable plant breeding: A review
Agriculture underwent significant changes with the Green Revolution, which substantially increased food production; however, with the global population projected to reach 11.2 billion by 2050, the demand for food is expected to continue rising. Researchers are employing novel technologies, such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) genome editing, to address this issue. The information is gathered using keywords such as "green revolution," "CRISPR-Cas9," "sustainable agriculture," "gene editing," and "crop improvement" from authenticated sources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and NCBI. This review explores the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 to unlock new possibilities for crop improvement, with a focus on enhancing resistance to pests and diseases. Creating crops with inbuilt defenses could reduce chemical pesticide use, improving environmental and human health. Increased stress tolerance can be achieved by genetically altering crops to resist heat, salt, drought, and other environmental challenges, thereby ensuring food security. CRISPR-Cas9 also enables biofortification, enhancing crops with essential vitamins and minerals, thereby addressing dietary inadequacies and malnutrition. Introducing genes that enable nitrogen fixation within crops may reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, promoting environmentally friendly farming. The application of CRISPR-Cas9 in agriculture is also subject to regulatory frameworks, potential unexpected consequences, and ethical considerations, all of which require careful evaluation. This review highlights these aspects, emphasizing that responsible research and development are essential for the ethical and long-term use of this technology. It attempts to illustrate the transformative capability of this technology for creating a more sustainable and food-secure future by critically assessing its possibilities and challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhishek Gunna, Harshal Avinashe, Kanchan Sharma, K.J.S. Chary, Smita Tiwari, Nidhi Dubey http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing rice yield potential on cadmium contaminated soils through sorghum and mycorrhiza integration
Remediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil is a critical challenge for sustainable agricultural productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating sorghum varieties, planting systems (non-ratoon vs. ratoon), and mycorrhizal inoculation for improving the subsequent yield of rice. The experiment was conducted in a paddy field in Sleman, Indonesia, with an initial soil Cd concentration of 2.91 mg kg-¹, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replicates. Results showed that remediation treatments had a significant effect on rice yield. The treatment using the Kawali sorghum variety, combined with mycorrhiza and planted using the non-ratoon system, yielded the highest milled rice yield of 2.99 t ha-¹, far exceeding the control, which reached only 0.17 t ha-¹. The highest 1,000-grain weight was obtained from the Super 1-mycorrhiza treatment (39.13 g), while the highest percentage of filled grains (above 90%) was achieved in the Samurai 1-mycorrhiza treatment with the ratoon system. The planting system also had an effect, with the ratoon system improving grain quality, while the non-ratoon system was superior in total yield. These findings confirm that a tailored combination of sorghum varieties, mycorrhiza, and cultivation strategies is crucial for restoring rice productivity on contaminated soil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Puji Harsono, Nur Azizah Uswatun Hasanah, Edi Purwanto, Samanhudi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of gram-negative bacteria isolated from selected hot springs in Laguna, Philippines
Geothermally heated hot springs often serve as reservoirs for diverse microorganisms, including pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and potential carriers of antimicrobial resistance (AR). Thus, this study determined the microbial concentration and AR profiles of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from selected recreational hot springs in Calamba, Laguna, Philippines. The physicochemical parameters of the water were also analyzed to determine their correlations with the bacterial AR profiles. From 80 water samples collected over two months (March and April) in 2025 from four hot springs, the estimated average concentrations of Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and non-coliforms (in CFU/100 mL) were 93, 246, and 1,490, respectively. Two sampling sites failed to meet the Class B standards for primary contact recreation, as specified in the 2015 Guidelines for Recreational Waters Monitoring Program of the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Moreover, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 80 isolates against 21 antibiotics revealed low resistance rates, with key correlations identified between AR and environmental variables such as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity. These findings suggest potential environmental influences on AR dynamics. However, the study's limited geographic scope and temporal coverage highlights the need for future longitudinal and broader geographic investigations. Nevertheless, the study provided baseline data for monitoring AR in recreational hot springs. It contributed to the understanding of AR ecology, offering insights for policymakers and researchers to design evidence-based strategies that mitigate the potential risk of contamination from runoff, maintain water quality standards, and safeguard public health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pamela Beatrice Carreon , Hannah Patricia Bombeo, Trisha Jocel Castillo, Jonah Micah Closa, Jessa Mae Damaso, Hannah Mikhaela Deananeas, Micaella Nicole Esmas, Francisco Gellecanao, Aaron Jan Palmares http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Characterization and quantitative assessment of lactic acid bacteria in fermented finger millet (Eleusine coracana) Variety-ML365
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), a nutrient-rich cereal, is traditionally consumed in India and Africa, particularly among low-income populations. It is a great source of proteins, fibres, carbohydrates, and minerals, including calcium, making it a viable substrate for the development of functional meals. The aim was to separate and molecularly characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the fermented flour of the Indian finger millet variety ML365. Twelve bacterial isolates were isolated on MRS (de Man Rogosa and Sharpe) agar after fermentation. Based on morphological, biochemical, and preliminary probiotic screening tests, five isolates (EC01–EC05) were selected for detailed study. Biochemical characterization revealed traits typical of LAB, including positive lactose utilization, starch hydrolysis, and negative catalase and oxidase activities. For molecular identification, the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis using BLAST revealed that the isolates were similar to species belonging to the Bacillus and Brevibacterium genera. In particular, isolates closely resembled Brevibacterium sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus pumilus. Their genetic ties were further validated by phylogenetic analysis. The accession numbers for the nucleotide sequences that were put into the GenBank database were PQ606366.1, PQ606365.1, PQ606371.1, PQ606367.1, and PQ606372.1. The study found that fermented finger millet flour is a good source of LAB and may possess probiotic qualities. Isolates like these may be utilized in the development of innovative probiotic formulations and functional foods. It is recommended that further in vivo research be conducted to investigate their safety profiles, potential technical applications in the food industry, and health-promoting properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heena Choudhary, Dipjyoti Chakraborty, Chhaya Singh, Kuldeep Kumar, Atul Sharma, Tapan Kumar Mukherjee, Raj Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fabrication and characterization of eco-friendly bioplastics from potato peel starch and sugarcane bagasse cellulose
Environmental pollution due to the overuse of synthetic plastics has become a global concern. A sustainable alternative to tackle the rising plastic pollution is biodegradable plastic. Food processing and agricultural residues can be utilized to produce bioplastic (BP). In the present study, sugarcane bagasse was used to extract cellulose, and starch was isolated from potato peel to prepare bioplastic films using the solvent casting method. The cellulose concentration was varied to evaluate the effect on bioplastic properties. The prepared bioplastics were analyzed for their physicochemical properties, including thickness, water absorption capacity, and sensory properties. The chemical characterization was done using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the soil burial method was used for biodegradability analysis. Potato peel bioplastic (PPB) appeared transparent, while bioplastics incorporated with cellulose were found to be white to beige cream in color. FTIR results showed significant peaks confirming the successful formation of bioplastic. PPB showed a thickness of 0.18±0.01 mm, while cellulose-based bioplastic’s thickness ranged from 0.29±0.01 mm to 0.44±0.03 mm. The water absorption capacity was 91.5% for PPB and decreased progressively from 86.9±0.05% (SCB1) to 46.3±0.01% (SCB5) with increasing cellulose concentration. All the bioplastic films were completely degradable within 28 to 40 days. Bioplastics derived from these eco-friendly and renewable resources alleviate environmental degradation and dependence on synthetic plastics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shikha Kumari, Alka Rao, Manjeet Kaur, Geeta Dhania http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A report on rubratoxin production by a novel strain of Talaromyces viridis isolated from contaminated chick pea (Cicer arietinum) samples
Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight poisonous (toxic) secondary metabolites produced by Ascomycetous fungi. Contamination of food by mycotoxins is a global issue that poses a significant challenge to food safety. The present investigation primarily focused on isolating, screening, and identifying fungal contaminants in chickpea samples. Additionally, qualitative analysis and identification of the purified mycotoxin were performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. Samples of chickpeas were used to isolate and identify the fungi that produce mycotoxin. Morphological characterization indicated the presence of Penicillium in Chickpea. Subsequently, molecular characterization using the 18S RNA sequencing method confirmed the presence of Talaromyces viridis. The contaminated samples and pure fungal cultures were used to extract mycotoxins. Both the contaminated food sample and crude mycotoxin extract were analyzed by HPLC and FTIR to confirm the presence of Rubratoxin. The presence of rubratoxin in chickpea has not been reported till now. The present study is the first of its kind to report the isolation of Talaromyces viridis from contaminated chickpea samples and to identify it as a producer of rubratoxin, to the best of our knowledge. However, further research is needed to undertake quantitative analysis and assess the effects of these specific mycotoxins on human health.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Copyright (c) 2025 Arpita Mishra, Sangeetha Menon, Rhea Arun, Rosmi Sara Philip, Shivapriya Pushparaj http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of microbial quality of bottled water from street vendors and sundry stores in Metro Manila, Philippines
The consumption of bottled drinking water sold by street vendors and sundry stores in Metro Manila has increased because it is expected to be microbiologically safe and is readily available for purchase by commuters, especially in a tropical country with warm and humid weather. Thus, this study investigated the microbial quality of bottled water sold within Metro Manila. Eighty samples representing sixteen brands of bottled water were purchased and analyzed for heterotrophic plate count bacteria (HPC), total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli and yeast/moulds (YM). The percentage of bottled water samples that did not meet the microbial quality standard was 15%, 24%, and 6% for HPC, YM, and TC, respectively in accordance to the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of 2017. HPC bacteria and coliform concentrations were positively correlated with each other (p < 0.01), whereas HPC and YM concentrations were positively correlated with the bottled water's chloride levels (p < 0.05). Coliform isolates from five samples were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, with four exhibiting resistance to ampicillin but remaining susceptible to the other 20 tested antibiotics. These findings highlight potential health risks associated with generic bottled water and emphasize the need for stricter quality control to prevent waterborne diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Czarinah Fraulein Estabillo, Jae Dela Cruz , Mikaela Hingpit , Michael Deinel Estomata, Eloy Mark Ilaga , Oliver John Ross Lacambra , Christian Cuyugan, Francisco Gellecanao, Aaron Jan Palmares http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of ready-mix herbicides on weeds and yield of drip-irrigated aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. CO 51
The present study aimed to check the efficacy of different herbicides on weed management in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. CO 51. A field study was conducted at the College Farm of SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu during summer, 2024. The trial was exercised using randomized block design with eight treatment combinations and replicated thrice. The treatments consists of T1: Pendimethalin at 1000g ai/ha on 3 DAS (PE) fb hand weeding on 40 DAS, T2:Bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor at 660g ai/ha on 3 DAS (PE) fb hand weeding on 40 DAS, T3:Bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor at 660g ai/ha on 3 DAS (PE) fb bispyribac sodium at 25g ai/ha on 25 DAS (PoE), T4:Triafamone + ethoxysulfuron at 67.5g ai/ha on 10 DAS (EPoE) fb hand weeding on 40 DAS, T5:Triafamone + ethoxysulfuron at 67.5g ai/ha on 10 DAS (EPoE) fb bispyribac sodium at 25g ai/ha on 25 DAS (PoE), T6: Bispyribac sodium at 25g ai/ha on 25 DAS (PoE), T7: Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS, T8:Weedy check. Superior control over weeds and increased grain yield were observed in manual weeding two times at 20 and 40 days after sowing (T7). Among the herbicide treatment combinations, T4 exhibited the best performance in reducing weed density (12.5 No./m2), weed intensity (20.1 per cent), dry weight (11.29 g/m2), and weed index (2.68 per cent) to the lowest levels while higher weed control efficiency (93.6 per cent), plant height (72.3 cm), No. of tillers (513 No./m2), dry matter production (9252 kg/ha), grain yield (5244 kg/ha) and straw yield (7920 kg/ha).This was comparable to the combination of triafamone + ethoxysulfuron followed by bispyribac sodium (T5). In contrast, the unweeded control plots recorded the lowest grain yield, which was accompanied by poor weed control and substantial weed growth parameters.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ramadass S, Svarna H, Rajeshkumar A, Chandrasekaran P http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Multicriteria geolocation for new urban areas: A case study in three cities of Peru
Urbanization, driven by the population's basic needs and regional geography, can lead to uncontrolled expansion. Therefore, multicriteria geolocation is proposed as an effective tool to identify areas that promote sustainable urban development. The objective of the research was to propose sustainable urban soils based on multicriteria soil types, focusing on the selection of three cities in Junín (Chanchamayo, Tarma and Jauja), Peru. A multicriteria analysis was employed, integrating eight edaphological criteria and the Fuzzy Logit method to manage the uncertainties inherent in geospatial data and calculate fuzzy weights to estimate the probability of urban areas. The results indicated that predominant areas, such as alluvial cones, intrusive rock hills, and extensive vegetation cover, were considered possible zones for urbanization, suggesting that the weights assigned to urbanization varied according to the edaphological criteria and their sub-criteria. The city of Tarma demonstrated notable suitability for urbanization, with 14.54% of its territory showing a probability of urbanization of 0.9; in comparison, Chanchamayo achieved a suitability of 89.22% of its territory, with a probability of urbanization of 0.75, while Jauja stood out as the city with the lowest suitability for urbanization. The application of Fuzzy logistics revealed that the probability of suitability for urbanization in Tarma, Chanchamayo, and Jauja was related to the size of the areas, showing that larger zones had a higher probability of being suitable for urban development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Solano-Acuña, Vreni Renán , Solano-Velarde, Zosimo, Révolo-Acevedo, Ronald Héctor, Quispe Reymundo Bimael Justo, Castro-Blancas, Medaly C., Bonilla-Mancilla, Humberto D., Quispe-Quezada, Uriel Rigoberto, Quispe-Quezada Luthgardo Pastor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of dryness on antioxidant enzyme activities in Gastropod Pomacea canaliculata from Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq
It is well known that humidity affects the fertility and reproductive activity of gastropods, inducing an imbalance in oxidative stress that can lead to cell damage and restricted normal activities. The present study investigated the effects of dryness on antioxidant enzymes as a marker in the Gastropod Pomacea canaliculata collected from the Shatt Al-Arab River. The experiment was conducted in three successive sets, in addition to the control (Set I). Set II, animal kept for 6 days in constant high humidity (HH). Set III, animal kept for 3 days in low humidity, followed by 3 days in high humidity (DH), Set IV, animal kept for 6 days in low humidity (DD). After 6 days, the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the digestive gland were assessed. Moreover, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactants (TBARS) was also assessed as an indicator of oxidative damage. The results showed that the activity of SOD, CAT, and GST did not change throughout the period (HH). While in the periods of DH and DD, the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes increased. And the highest increasing of SOD (31 U/mg), CAT (383 U/mg) and GST (1812 mU/mg) showed in the period of DD. The same harmonic increase in oxidative damage was also observed during the periods of DH and DD, with the highest TBARS level (24 nmol/g) found at DD. In conclusion, the dryness induced oxidative stress in the digestive gland of Pomacea canaliculata. This study is the first to investigate the effect of dryness on this snail from the Shatt Al-Arab River.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafid M. Karim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of nitrogen and potassium nutrition on physiological traits and yield of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Vaishak and Aiswarya under heat stress during the flowering stage
Rising atmospheric temperatures due to global warming are expected to negatively affect crop growth and yield, particularly in tropical regions. A field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 2022 and 2023 at the College farm, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, to evaluate the response of rice varieties (Vaishak and Aiswarya) to heat stress (2–3°C above ambient) during the flowering stage under aerobic conditions with varying nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) levels. The study employed a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The Vaishak and Aiswarya varieties were each tested with three N-K levels (60:30, 90:45, and 120:60 kg/ha) under heat stress, and a control was maintained under ambient temperature. Results showed that Vaishak receiving 120 kg N and 60 kg K2O under stress recorded the highest physiological performance in both years: photosynthetic rate (11.09 and 9.30 µmol/m²/s), stomatal conductance (0.778 and 0.653 mol H2O/m²/s), relative water content (96.68 and 81.14%), soluble protein (23.45 and 19.68 mg/g), proline (95.69 and 80.31 µmol/g), and SOD activity (0.329 and 0.276 g/min). Grain yield was also highest under this treatment, reaching 3602 and 3256 kg/ha in 2022 and 2023, respectively. These results indicated that application of 120 kg N and 60 kg K2O in the variety Vaishak enhanced physiological resilience and yield of aerobic rice under heat stress, and can be recommended as a suitable nutrient management strategy for aerobic rice under changing climate conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saravana Kumar Murugesan, Prameela Prabhakaran, Rajeshkumar Arumugam, Ramadass Sivalingam, Indhushree Arunagirinathan, Chandrasekaran Perumal, Rajasekar Manivelu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Utilizing Gardenia leaves extracts to control Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and in vivo
Vigna angularis (red bean), an important legume crop in Iraq and many Asian countries, suffers major yield losses due to fungal pathogens causing root rot, wilting, and damping-off diseases. The impact of Gardenia jasminoides leaf aqueous and alcoholic extracts was investigated in this study against the fungi that cause damping off of Adzuki beans, namely Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani, using concentrations of 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/ml. In vitro study indicated that the alcoholic extract successfully inhibited both fungi by 100% at a concentration of 25 mg/ml and by 85.67% at a concentration of 20 mg/ml against R. solani. The aqueous extract exhibited significant activity against F. solani, with inhibition reaching 88.9% and 78.91% at concentrations of 25 and 20 mg/mL, respectively. The in vivo greenhouse experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of alcoholic and aqueous extracts, as well as leaf powder, in reducing the severity of disease caused by R. solani. The disease severity was 1.17, and it decreased to 0.47, 0.49, and 0.65 when the seeds were treated with leaf powder, aqueous extract, and alcoholic extract, respectively. Additionally, the leaf powder demonstrated significant efficacy in treating the soil with both fungi, as disease severity decreased from 0.87 to 0.38. The phytochemical screening of aqueous extracts of G. jasminoides showed bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides.The leaf powder also showed a clear superiority over the alcoholic and aqueous extracts when estimating the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT).
Copyright (c) 2025 Abeer Ahmed Mahmood, Sara Nazar Ghanem, Fulla Kaydar mohmad Salih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comprehending local reliance on subsistence farming for protected area management: A case of Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi State Nigeria
Protected areas are, crucial in global biodiversity conservation; however, their success is uncertain when adjacent rural settlements depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. Subsistence farming, which is important for community income, can also jeopardize the long-term viability of protected areas. The present study evaluates household dependence on subsistence farming in the vicinity of Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Primary data for this research were gathered through a household survey in the participating villages, utilizing questionnaires. An Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression was performed using SPSS to estimate the reliance of farm products. The study revealed that the dependence of rural communities on subsistence farming is strongly linked to household socioeconomic factors including age, household income, and farm income. The observed negative relationship between household reliance on farm products and age (t =-2.883, p < .004), suggests that elderly villagers tend to participate less in farming activities. The positive correlation between household reliance on farm products and household income (t = 6.622, p < .001) suggests that as households earn higher incomes, they tend to invest more in farming activities. Conversely, the negative relationship between farm products and forest income (t =-10.347, p < .001) indicated that respondents with higher farm incomes have a reduced reliance on natural forest products. Thus, effective conservation policies and initiatives should adopt a holistic approach, addressing not only the reduction of biodiversity loss, especially for endangered species, but also the influence of local livelihoods and resource use, which are key drivers of ecosystem degradation and environmental change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Audu Habu, Nik Fadzly N Rosely http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors influencing the adoption of climate change adaptation measures in the agricultural sector of Dang district of Nepal
The agricultural sector of Nepal is impacted by climate change. Farm households have adopted different adaptation practices at varying levels to mitigate adverse impacts. The present study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the farmers' adoption of adaptation practices. A total of 320 farm households from Dang District, as part of the National Climate Change Impact Survey, were considered. A Poisson regression model was used to identify factors influencing climate adaptation practices and intensity of adoption. It was revealed that most households have adopted practices such as using improved seeds, increasing the use of inorganic fertilizer, and investing in controlling livestock pests and diseases, cultivating new crop varieties, and providing supplemental irrigation. The adoption of agroforestry practice was very low. The results showed that 87 % of the household head were male, 47 % households receipt remittances, experience in agriculture was 26 years, about 61 % households were the members in cooperative organizations, and receipt of agricultural training were about 17 % households. All these variables were positive and significant influencing adoption of adaptation measures on climate change in agriculture. Socioeconomic, institutional, and environmental factors govern the adoption of such practices. To increase adoption, farmers’ skills and knowledge should be enhanced, their income increased by creating farm and off-farm employment opportunities, fostering cooperation at the local level, and providing access to affordable practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Binaya Joshi, Kedar Prasad Rijal, Ramesh Prasad Sapkota http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of ectoparasite Pediculus humanus (head lice) in Mosul city
Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are among the most common parasites infecting school-age children worldwide, including in Iraq. Despite their medical and social importance, molecular data on genetic variation among head lice populations in Mosul are scarce. The present study aimed to explore the molecular characteristics and potential genetic diversity of the head louse parasite, as analyzed from samples collected from children in Mosul, Iraq. The focus of this study was on 65 head lice specimens gathered from 6- to 13-year-old children in certain areas of Mosul, Iraq, between December 2024 and March 2025. The molecular analysis utilized the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of DNA and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Based on the evidence, the isolates appeared to differ in strains of the human head louse, Pediculus humanus. The molecular data were submitted for further investigation to the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Six of them were newly identified isolates designated MG73, with accession code OQ319012.1. Those isolated sequences completely matched already stored sequences in the NCBI database. Additional scrutiny of the genetically based divergence among isolated strains revealed that all isolates could be primarily grouped into a single, fundamental core cluster. These results support the findings of the molecular identification and cross-sampling, which confirm the assertion of the close relationship between the strains. The observed genetic uniformity is indicative of diverse and thorough scientific attempts directed toward a single hypothesis, drawing conclusions grounded in different approaches.
National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahda A. Kharofa, Sahar T. Fadhil , Bushra H. Alniaeemi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sub-lethal effects of a binary mixture of urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP) on earthworm, Eisenia fetida biomass accumulation and body wall histology
Chemical fertilizers have increased agricultural yields and fed thousands of people for over 60 years. Synthetic additives (Urea and diammonium phosphate) increase yield but also increase soil contamination, residual chemical bioaccumulation, and impacts on soil fauna. Additionally, earthworms and other soil-dwelling microorganisms are at risk due to the use of chemical fertilizers. Urea and diammonium phosphate are commonly used fertilizers for cash crops (wheat, rice, maize, and soyabean) in managed agro-ecosystems. The present experiment aimed to study the impact of using chemical fertilizers in agricultural practices on soil-inhabiting earthworms, Eisenia fetida and the imposition of significant risks to farmers' friends. The present study was designed to raise earthworms, E. fetida, in laboratory conditions according to OECD guidelines (1984) number 207, using artificial soil treated with a binary combination mixture of urea and DAP (LC10Urea+LC10DAP) for 60 days. Results showed that the presence of chemical fertilizers (LC10Urea+LC10DAP-a binary mixture) in the treatment exerted a sublethal toxicological effect on earthworms' E. fetida capacity for biomass accumulation. On days 15 and 60, histological observation were also noted in the body wall of the earthworm, E. fetida. The number of galandular cells in the epithelial layer increases on day 15 to 60. On day 60 of E. fetida treatment group, a slight rupture in the epithelial layer is observed. The present study demonstrated that the detrimental effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on earthworms can have significant ecological repercussions for the entire terrestrial ecosystem, in addition to harming important soil fauna.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mamta Passi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adsorption capacity study of isolated cellulose and its nanocomposite for Safranine T dye in aqueous solutions
Synthetic dyes are widely used in textiles, paper, plastic, and other industries, which are toxic and harmful to the environment and humans. Adsorption is an efficient method to control wastewater. Cellulose is an abundant, renewable, and eco-friendly polymer produced by plants and trees. This study examined the possibility of using extracted free cellulose from corrugated cardboard (CC), cellulose composite with AgNPs of Myrtus communis L. extract (CAgM) and cellulose composite with AgNPs of banana peel extract (CAgB) for the removal of the cationic dyes, Safranine-T (ST), from aqueous solutions. The scope of this research included the characterization of sorbents using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy, determination of time contact, adsorbent mass, pH and temperature effect on the effectiveness of dye sorption using 50 mL of solution. The use of waste paper materials as sorbents was found not to pose any severe risk of aquatic environment contamination. Safranine-T (ST) sorption intensities were the highest at pH 8 and pH 10. The waste paper sorbents proved particularly effective in removing cationic dyes, like in the case of CC and CAgM, which had a sorption capacity that reached 89.16% and 84.22 %, respectively, and 84.04% towards CAgM. An adsorption isotherm study showed that the best equation used to describe the adsorption system is the Freundlich equation, with excellent correlation R2 > 0.9707.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hawraa Kadhim Abdul-hussein, Munther Abduljaleel Muhammad-Ali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing forecast accuracy in Tangier, Morocco: A comparative analysis of regression models using meteorological data
The Mediterranean region, characterized by its unique climatic and ecological conditions, is experiencing significant impacts from climate change. Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns are exacerbating environmental stresses, this exploratory study aimed to investigate the potential of machine learning to improve the accuracy of temperature forecasts for Tangier, Morocco, using a comprehensive meteorological dataset from Visual Crossing, we assessed the performance of seven regression models: Decision Tree, Extra Trees, Random Forest, AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, and LightGBM over a 13-year period from January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2022. The models were trained and validated on separate time periods after rigorous data preprocessing, which addressed missing values, outliers, extracted temporal features, and normalization. The results indicated that the Random Forest MSE = 0.0404, XGBoost MSE = 0.2515, and LightGBM MSE = 0.3708 models achieved superior accuracy, demonstrated by favourable Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) (MAE = 0.0377, MAE = 0.1484, MAE = 0.2276) respectively, and R² scores (R² = 0.9987, R² = 0.9918, R²= 0.9879). This study demonstrates that machine learning models, particularly tree-based regressors, improve temperature forecasting accuracy by capturing complex, nonlinear patterns in historical weather data. It highlights how sophisticated algorithms, such as ensemble methods and deep learning architectures, are increasingly capable of capturing complex atmospheric patterns and improving predictive performance. Additionally, it emphasizes the critical importance of meticulous data preprocessing, an essential step that involves cleaning, normalizing, and augmenting meteorological data.
Copyright (c) 2025 EL BARRAA Ayoub, BEN HSAIEN Nezha, BOUGRINE Omar, EL AZHARI Hamza, MOUNIR Manal, BEN ALLAL Laïla , AMMARI Mohammed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibiofilm activity of honey against growth and biofilm formation ability of Aerococcus viridans
Honey is a potent antimicrobial agent. This study aimed to focus on the effect of two types of local honey (mountain and garden honey) on bacterial growth and its ability to produce biofilms. Six concentrations from each type of honey (1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.50, 25, and 50 % weight/volume w/v) were tested for this study. Using the microtiter plate method, six pathogenic strains, including Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter baumanni, Burkholderia cepacia, Klebsiella oxytoca, Aerococcus viridans, and Staphylococcus aureus, were first examined for their ability to form biofilms. The Aerococcus viridans demonstrated the highest ability to form biofilms; therefore, it was chosen for further experiments. To obtain additional information, the isolate was identified using the 16S rRNA sequence, which produced 100% similarity with the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of Aerococcus viridans strain MT502756. The isolate was submitted in National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI under the accession number PQ416042. The phylogenetic tree analysis of the strain revealed that it was most closely related to the Aerococcus viridans strain Rizhao 5111 (MN240427). The antibiotic susceptibility results, obtained using the disk diffusion method, showed that A. viridans was resistant to tetracycline, gentamicin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime. Both of honey showed an effect on the growth of A. viridans at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50%. Finally, the ability to shape biofilms was prevented at a 50% concentration when treated with mountain honey, while when using garden honey, it had stopped forming a biofilm at the 12.50%, 25%, and 50% concentrations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aisha W. Al-Omari, Amina G.O. Al-Ani , Alaa Hussein Almola http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles formulation via Iphiona mucronata aqueous extracts: characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity on human prostate cancer cell line (PC3)
Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. Iphiona mucronata, a desert plant rich in bioactive metabolites, represents a promising candidate for nanoparticle fabrication with potential biomedical applications. The study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles from I. mucronata shoots and to characterize their properties and assess their economic feasibility. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by treating a zinc sulfate solution with the plant extract. Characterization using UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, and zeta potential analysis confirmed the formation of ZnO nanoparticles less than 100 nm in size. The GC-MS analysis of the I. mucronata methanolic extract revealed 31 chemical compounds, including palmitic acid (17.95%) and stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3α,22E)- (13.52%). Moreover, GC-MS analysis identified various compounds, including fatty acids, esters, terpenes, steroids, and hydrocarbons, in the plant's methanol extract. The plant extract and ZnO nanoparticles showed antioxidant activity, with IC50 (mg/ml) values of 25.54 and 47.03, respectively. The study found that the zinc nanoparticle solution was significantly cytotoxic to prostate cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 19.01 µg/mL compared to the plant extract (IC50 = 73.81 µg/mL). Plant extracts and metal nanoparticles did not impede WI-38 cell growth, as indicated by IC50 values exceeding 100 µg/mL. The green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have potential applications in biomedicine due to their antioxidant and anticancer properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Ali Hussein, Hanan Ali Kareem http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation of Bacillus spp. with multi-enzyme activity for enhanced degradation of kitchen organic waste and PLA/PBAT bioplastics
The increasing accumulation of municipal organic waste along with bioplastics presents a pressing environmental challenge. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize multi-enzyme-producing bacteria from wood-feeding termites and mangrove soil, with a focus on their potential applications in the degradation of organic waste and bioplastics. Bacterial isolates were collected from termites and mangrove soil samples, and subjected to preliminary screening. Cellulolytic activity was assessed using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar plates and quantitative CMCase assays. Multi-enzyme production was evaluated through specific enzymatic assays for amylase, protease, lipase, gelatinase, and ligninase activities. Bacterial identification was performed using biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Kitchen waste degradation studies were conducted over 90 days under controlled conditions, while bioplastic Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT] degradation was monitored for 45 days. Structural changes in bioplastics were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Among nineteen bacterial isolates (Eleven from mangrove soil (M) and eight from termites (T)), isolates M9 and T3 exhibited the highest cellulase activity. Further screening revealed their ability to produce a suite of enzymes, including amylase, protease, lipase, gelatinase, and ligninase. Biochemical and molecular analyses identified both isolates as Bacillus spp.. These strains demonstrated effective degradation of kitchen waste over 90 days, producing a paste-like residue compared to control samples. However, only partial degradation of bioplastics (PLA/PBAT) was observed after 45 days, as confirmed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), indicating limited structural changes. The findings underscore the potential of Bacillus spp. from natural ecosystems as bioresource candidates for multi-enzyme production and organic waste bioconversion. However, the limited bioplastic degradation observed also raises concerns about the environmental persistence of commercially marketed bioplastics. This study emphasizes the significance of examining microbial diversity for sustainable waste management solutions and challenges the degradability claims associated with certain bioplastic products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayisha Nahala PT, Fathima Nishana, Smitha KV, Athira S Vijayan, Servin P Wesley, Anjana M, Abdul Irshad Mangettukara, Deepa K http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biocontrol potential of Flemingia wightiana: A natural weapon against Culex quinquefasciatus
Globally, mosquito-borne diseases, particlulalry those transmitted by Culex quincquefasciatus pose a significant public health challenge. Traditional methods of eradication using synthetic insecticides pose environmental concerns and a risk of developing insecticide-resistant varieties. Here, the use of plant-based biopesticides offers a safer and sustainable alternative. The study aimed to investigate the insecticidal properties of Flemingia wightiana (FW) leaves by synthesising leaf extracts and silver nanoparticles. The toxicity of the test samples was tested on Oreochromis niloticus at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L. Furthermore, the test samples were subjected to lethality assay on C. quinquefasciatus. Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of crude extract and silver nanoparticles of F. wightiana at varying concentrations, specifically 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L. Ovicidal, emergency and larvicidal activity were studied. The results indicated significant larvicidal activity and exhibited better potential for toxicity against Culex larvae treated with AgNPs. FW-AgNPs have substantial effect in delaying the hatching of mosquito eggs. Moulting of larvae from one instar to the next was also delayed by treatment with AgNPs. The findings demonstrated that FW-AgNPs play a significant role in controlling C. quinquefasciatus populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arvind George, Kuppusamy Alagesan Paari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Efficiency of algal based nanoparticles in biosorption of dye from textile effluent
The textile industry consumes large amounts of water and generates wastewater rich in dyes, toxic chemicals, and organic substances. This coloured effluent poses serious environmental concerns. The present study aimed to evaluate Azolla pinnata as a phytoremediator for decolourizing, detoxifying, and degrading textile effluent and to consider its use for agricultural production. The size and shape of the silver nanoparticles were determined by characterizing their morphology using both a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) after they were manufactured using the Sol-gel process. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in the 4000-400 cm-1 range, the presence of different functional groups on the samples were ascertained. Azolla pinnata-based silver nanoparticles for decolourization, biodegradation of dye in textile industries. Experiments were designed to observe the growth of A. pinnata culture at various dilutions of textile effluent (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) and to assess the efficiency of synthesizing nanoparticles that act as adsorbents for pigments in textile effluent. As the incubation time increased the algae achieved greater efficiency in degrading the dyes, reaching 27% after 15 days using 25% filtered effluent wastewater inoculated with 2 g of the algal species Azolla pinnata. At the highest dye concentration (75%), the decolourization efficiency was higher at a 50% dilution of the effluent (84% degradation after 30 days of culture growth). The nanoparticles have been adopted to either remove or reduce less toxic algal biomass, acting as adsorbents due to their increased surface area. Phyco-remediation could prove to be a very effective strategy for tackling pollution of significant environmental concern.
Copyright (c) 2025 R. Sharmila , G. Renuga http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ichthyofaunal diversity and conservation status of the Tsurang and Milak Rivers of Mokokchung District, Nagaland
Nagaland, located in northeast India, is rich in biodiversity and boasts numerous rivers that support a diverse array of fish species. However, the fish populations in the Tsurang and Milak rivers of the Mokokchung district remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to document the fish diversity in these rivers and assess their conservation status. Seasonal sampling was conducted from 2020 to 2023 using various fishing gear, and species identification was performed using standard taxonomic keys. A total of 37 fish species were recorded, belonging to 4 orders, 13 families, and 25 genera. The Milak river demonstrated greater species richness, with 32 species compared to 22 species in the Tsurang river. The families Cyprinidae and Danionidae were the most dominant, each comprising 10 species. The conservation assessment revealed that one species, Tor putitora, is listed as endangered, four species as vulnerable, and four as near threatened, according to the IUCN Red List. Significant anthropogenic threats, such as habitat degradation, open coal mining, and overfishing, pose serious risks to these freshwater ecosystems. The findings highlight the urgent need for sustainable management and conservation strategies to protect the ichthyofaunal diversity of the Tsurang and Milak rivers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Veselu Khesoh, Zeviepe Pulo, Pranay Punj Pankaj http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Traditional therapeutic practices of antidiabetic herbs in certain districts of Assam and their validation based on the Glycemic index (GI) evaluation of commonly used herbs
Traditional medicinal plants have been widely used for managing diabetes, especially in rural and indigenous communities. However, scientific validation of these practices remains limited. This study aims to document the ethnobotanical knowledge of plant-based approaches to diabetes management and to assess the Glycemic index (GI) of the most commonly used herbs to validate their potential efficacy. A structured survey was conducted across several districts to collect data on the traditional use of medicinal herbs for diabetes management. The most frequently reported plant species were chosen for further analysis. Their glycemic index was determined in a murine in vivo model to assess their impact on blood glucose levels. The survey revealed a strong reliance on plant-based remedies for diabetes management. Several plant species demonstrated significant potential to regulate glucose levels, as indicated by their glycemic index values, including Dioscorea villosa, Setaria italica, Tinospora cordifolia, Neolamarckia cadamba, Alternanthera sessilis, and Moringa oleifera. The findings suggest a scientific basis for the continued use of these herbs in traditional medicine. This study reinforces the importance of traditional knowledge in diabetes management and highlights the need for further pharmacological validation of these plant species. The results provide a foundation for developing plant-based interventions as complementary therapeutic options for diabetes care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sonali Dey, Uma Dutta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A review on new horizons in biopesticide development highlighting microbial advances for Climate-smart agriculture
Sustainable plant protection is vital for continuing improved agricultural productivity and safeguarding global food security. Reliance on synthetic pesticides to mitigate pest outbreaks has led to unintended environmental and health-related concerns, including soil degradation, water pollution, and bioaccumulation within ecosystems. These challenges have accelerated the push for eco-friendly, sustainable pest management alternatives. Biopesticides derived from natural sources offer a promising solution due to their target specificity, environmental safety, and high compatibility with integrated pest management principles. Biopesticides include viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, predators, and pheromones, each with distinct mechanisms of action. Despite these advantages, limitations exist in registration, regulation and social acceptance of biopesticides. This review provides a comprehensive overview of biopesticide categories -microbial, phytochemical, and nanobiopesticides and their mechanisms of action, advantages, and limitations. Moreover, the emphasis is placed on microbial pesticides, which differ from their chemical counterparts in their ability to multiply in situ and exhibit long-lasting effects. This review further underscores the significance of biopesticides in fostering climate-smart agriculture, advancing public health, and achieving Sustainable Development Goal targets. This review also underscores the need for ongoing research, innovation, and public involvement to promote the acceptance and commercial success of biopesticide-based solutions in global agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shreya Brohma , Anshu Guleria, Sabyasachi Banerjee, Sonika Kalia, Rekha Sharma , Kinjal Mondal , Gurpreet Kaur http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Metagenomic insights of antibiotic resistance genes in Laguna Lake, Phillipines through nanopore sequencing
Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments pose a significant threat to public health and ecological balance. This study investigates the diversity of ARGs in Laguna Lake, Philippines, using nanopore-based metagenomics and specialized bioinformatics tools. Water samples were collected in September 2023 and March 2024 from various locations within the lake. These samples underwent DNA extraction, library preparation, and sequencing with the Oxford Nanopore MinION device. Reads were processed to remove low-quality sequences and subjected to taxonomic and ARG classification using various bioinformatic tools. Taxonomic analysis revealed that Proteobacteria [September (46.87%) and March (42.02%)], Actinobacteria (17.18 to 24.44%), and Firmicutes (3.93 to 8.94%) were the dominant Phyla, showing seasonal variations in their relative abundances. ARG analysis revealed multiple antibiotic types and subtypes in the lake, with multidrug resistance genes most prevalent. Notable differences in ARG types and read counts were observed between the two sampling periods. The occurrence of these genes per phylum was also identified. The study provides insights into the impact of environmental factors, including temperature and human activities, on the microbial community and ARG dissemination within the lake, warranting further investigation. Lastly, these findings underscore the need for advanced genomic techniques and bioinformatic tools to understand and mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance in aquatic ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marco Cristopher D.P Lopez, Pierangeli G. Vital http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative performance of nonparametric methods for detecting rainfall trends in West Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India
Rainfall variability in Meghalaya’s West Garo Hills significantly impacts agriculture, water resources, and ecological stability, necessitating robust trend analysis for effective climate adaptation. This study examines long-term trends in annual and seasonal rainfall using advanced nonparametric techniques. Rainfall data (1984–2023) were analyzed using Mann-Kendall and its modified variants (MMKY, PWMK, TFPWMK, SMK, CSMK), supported by normality and randomness tests. Statistical diagnostics confirmed non-normality, non-randomness, and autocorrelation in the dataset.The MK test revealed a significant negative trend (Z = -2.697, p = 0.007; slope = -0.0738 mm/year), corroborated by TFPWMK (Z = -2.782, p = 0.0054) and CSMK (Z = -4.0468, p = 5.19e-05). Seasonal MK detected strong seasonal effects (Z = -5.9655, p = 2.44e-09), while autocorrelation-adjusted methods confirmed trend persistence.The novelty lies in a comparative scoring framework that identifies CSMK as the most robust method, offering high statistical power, interpretability, and resilience to autocorrelation and seasonality. These findings support the adoption of climate-resilient agriculture, water conservation, and effective policy planning in Northeast India.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shonahar Ali, Manash Pratim Kashyap, Irom Tomba Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of tillage and green manuring on soil moisture content cultivating maize (Zea mays L.)
Amid increasing climate variability and soil degradation, the need for soil and water conservation has become of utmost importance for India’s future, supporting sustainable agricultural production and the conservation of natural resources. Keeping this as a focal point, the present study conducted a two years’ field study on the effect of tillage and green manuring on soil moisture content cultivating maize (Zea mays L.) during the kharif (May-September) seasons of 2022 and 2023 in the experimental farm of the Department of Soil and Water Conservation, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus. The field was laid out in a split-plot design with two factors: tillage and green manuring. The study revealed that in the main plot, the implementation of minimum tillage (TM) was found to be superior to conventional tillage (TC) in conserving soil moisture content by 0.73% at 30 DAS, 0.35% at 60 DAS, 1.37% at 90 DAS, and 0.92% at 120 DAS. In subplot G4, i.e., Green manuring with cowpea at 4 tonnes ha-1, the soil moisture content increased by 18.32%, 21.86%, 21.18%, and 25.07% at 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAS, respectively, compared to the control plots G0. In the interaction between tillage and green manuring, TMG4 i.e. minimum tillage + cowpea @ 4 tonnes ha-1 was found to be superior over all the other treatment combination resulting in an increase of 19.94%, 23.47%, 23.38% and 27.19% in 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAS respectively as compared to TCG0 i.e. conventional tillage + control, which exhibited the worst performing treatment combination to maintain and increase soil moisture content.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manoj Dutta, Hapemo Ngullie K, Sewak Ram, Y. K. Sharma, Lanunola Tzudir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sustainable approach to optimize flowering and yield in acid lime (Citrus aurantiifolia Cv. Balaji) using pre-harvest elicitors
Acid lime cultivation faces seasonal yield fluctuations with alternating peak and lean periods. Growth regulators enhance fruit set by promoting ovary growth and reducing abscission. Their application during full bloom improves fruit set and overall productivity. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the role of pre-harvest elicitors in enhancing the flowering and yield of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) Cv. Balaji. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eleven treatments and three replications viz., T1 - 25mM of Glycine betaine, T2 - 50mM of Glycine betaine, T3 - 75mM of Glycine betaine, T4–0.2 per cent of Potassium silicate, T5 - 0.4 per cent of Potassium silicate, T6 - 0.6 per cent of Potassium silicate, T7 - 50 ppm of Salicylic acid, T8 - 100 ppm of Salicylic acid, T9 - 150 ppm of Salicylic acid, T10 - Water, T11 – Control (No Spray). Trees treated with 0.4% potassium silicate showed the lowest number of days to first bud emergence (26.56) and 50% flowering (36.82), total flowers per shoot (22.69), staminate flowers per shoot (6.95), and hermaphrodite flowers per shoot (16.05). This treatment also resulted in the best yield-related traits, recording the highest fruit set percentage (55.62), the minimum days from flowering to harvest (140), the greatest number of fruits per tree (125.44), fruit weight (82.35g), and yield per tree (10.33 kg). Therefore, application of 0.4% potassium silicate is recommended to induce greater flowering and achieve higher yield during the lean season.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sathiyanarayanan Venkatachalam, Prakash Kasilingam, Gopu Balraj, Chandrasekaran Perumal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A study on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for polygalacturonase production by four fungal strains from mangrove soils Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh
Mangrove ecosystems are rich sources of diverse microbial communities, including fungi capable of producing industrially significant enzymes such as polygalacturonase. Identifying potent fungal strains with high enzymatic activity is crucial for biotechnological applications. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize fungal strains from mangrove soils in Gilakaladhindi and Malakayalanka, Krishna District, with a focus on their polygalacturonase production potential. A total of 57 fungal strains were isolated from soil samples using serial dilution and pectin agar plating. The strain exhibiting the highest polygalacturonase activity was selected for further study. Identification of the potent strains was performed through 18S rRNA sequencing, and the sequences were deposited in the NCBI GenBank with accession numbers MK192017, MG271916, KU613360, and KU613362. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was conducted to analyze the structural composition of the enzyme, identifying functional groups responsible for its activity. Four fungal strains Aspergillus nomius, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium griseofulvum were confirmed as potent polygalacturonase producers. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis detected hydroxyl, carboxyl, acetyl, and pyruvyl groups, indicating the presence of essential biochemical components. The chemical composition of polygalacturonase consisted primarily of neutral sugars, uronic acids, and proteins. These findings provide valuable insights into fungal polygalacturonase production and its potential applications in various industrial processes.
Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Copyright (c) 2025 Ravi Ketipally, Darsi Eswar Tony, P Venkata Suresh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bridging the skies and space: A comparative analysis of satellite and aerial data for urban waterlogging assessment – A case study of Sector 28 corridor between Dwarka and Khaira, New Delhi, India
Urban waterlogging is a serious problem in fast urbanizing regions, exacerbated by climatic variations and poor drainage facilities. This paper situates Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing methods as viable tools for assessing waterlogging in the Dwarka-Khaira corridor, New Delhi, India. Conventional terrestrial field monitoring is restricted by resource constraints and scale, whereas high-resolution aerial methods provide detailed hydrological information. UAV and LiDAR deliver excellent spatial resolution and vertical accuracy necessary for the identification of microtopographic features critical for detecting hydrological restrictions. The RMSE of the UAV-derived DEMs was highly reduced to 4.6 m through post processing, with an increased accuracy of 83.66% and was conducive for a good performance in hydrological modeling. UAV data, which had ground sample distance less than 5 cm, facilitated urban feature classiﬁcation with an accuracy of 98%) and helped to mitigate spectral confusion and misclassiﬁ cation observed from Landsat (30 m) data. High-resolution aerial data therefore minimized false-positives and enhanced network extraction quality as compared to their satellite based counterparts. But while satellite imagery is not well matched for development level analysis, it continues to offer useful potential for regional assessment of vulnerability. Combining data from both sources is consistent with evidence from similar research, in support of models based on Sustainable Development Goal resilience targets. The application of these enhanced methods ed to a 30-40% decrease in identified waterlogged areas. So, the study offers a scientific basis for urban water management policies and planning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monika Tiwari, Smriti Shukla, Varun Narayan Mishra, Kishan Singh Rawat, Sudhir Kumar Singh, Kartikeya Shukla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Harnessing spectral reflectance as novel approach to estimate photosynthetic capacity in nutrient-deficient immature rubber saplings
Measuring photosynthetic capacity using gas exchange systems such as the LI-COR 6400XT is time-consuming and limited by stomatal dynamics, particularly in large-scale field applications. Spectral reflectance-based tools, such as the PolyPen 400 UV-VIS, offer a rapid and non-destructive alternative. The present study aimed to develop predictive models for estimating photosynthetic parameters from spectral reflectance data, using immature rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) grown under nutrient omission treatments. Five treatments Treatment A: NPK (5.29-8.01-5.34 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment B: -K (5.29-8.01-0 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment C: -P (5.29-0-5.34 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment D: -N (0-8.01-5.34 g plants-1 month-1); Treatment E: Control (-NPK 0-0-0 g plants-1) were applied in a completely randomized design with five replications. Photosynthetic parameters—maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmₐₓ), maximum electron transport rate (Jmₐₓ), and triose phosphate utilization (TPU)—were measured using the LI-COR 6400XT, while spectral reflectance was recorded using the PolyPen 400 UV-VIS during the second and third leaf flushes. Multiple linear regression models were developed and validated using root mean square error (RMSE). Key wavelengths for estimating photosynthetic parameters were identified in the ultraviolet and near-infrared regions: Vcmₐₓ (R324, R329, R334, R349, R379, R384, R394), Jmₐₓ (R339, R785), and TPU (R324, R339, R404, R785). Model accuracies under self-validation were 90% (Vcmₐₓ), 55% (Jmₐₓ), and 75% (TPU), and under cross-validation were 84%, 47%, and 64%, respectively. These results demonstrated the potential of reflectance-based models as efficient tools for estimating photosynthetic capacity in immature rubber trees, particularly in resource-limited environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anasrullah, Wutthida Rattanapichai, Kannika Sajjaphan, Poonpipope Kasemsap, Yann Nouvellon, Dokkeaw Chura, Chompunut Chayawat, Fajrin Pramana Putra, Albertus Fajar Irawan, Nani Kitti Sihaloho, Bagus Herwibawa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hepatoprotective, antioxidant and amylase-inhibitory activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extract of Pedilanthus (Euphorbia) tithymaloides
During the past one or two decades, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles especially the silver nanoparticles, using plant extracts, and their diverse biomedical applications, including antioxidant and hepatoprotective, has gained the attention of researchers. The present work includes the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the aqueous leaf extract of Pedilanthus (Euphorbia) tithymaloides. The biosynthesis employed a bottom-up approach, in which the secondary metabolites of the leaf extract served as reducing, stabilizing and capping agents. The characterization was performed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Zeta potential analysis. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were further evaluated for their in-vitro antioxidant and amylase-inhibitory properties, as well as their in-vivo hepatoprotective efficacy in albino Wistar rats. The findings demonstrated that the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit strong antioxidant and amylase-inhibitory properties, and significantly reduce the oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity, reflected by improved liver function parameters, such as serum levels of bilirubin (from 2.86±0.38 mg/dL in hepatotoxic to 1.34±0.18 mg/dL in treated rats), total protein (from 7.44±0.96 to 12.63±2.14 g/dL), albumin (from 2.22±0.57 g/dL to 3.14±0.46 g/dL), key enzymes like alanine aminotransferase [ALT] (from 172.38±14.97 IU/L to 85.19±11.63 IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase [AST] (from 144.29±8.93 IU/L to 61.57±11.26 IU/L), serum alkaline phosphatase [ALP] (from 154.78±16.92 IU/L to 114±13.57 IU/L), and key antioxidant enzymes in hepatic tissues, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and oxidative stress parameter like malondialdehyde (MDA).
Copyright (c) 2025 Aparna Mahato, Amar Kumar, Shalu Priya, Shovit Ranjan, Nitish Kumar Mahato http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of different level of poultry manure and seaweed extract on growth, yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Nutrients are required to maintain the quality and quantity of rice. The use of poultry manure and seaweed extract as organic fertilisers has gained attention due to their potential to improve rice growth, yield, and quality. This field experiment was carried out to check the different levels of poultry manure and seaweed extract on rice’s growth, yield and quality during the Kharif season of 2023 at the Research Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University in Phagwara, Punjab. The experimental design was a Randomised Blocks Design (RBD) with 13 treatments T1 to T13), and each treatment had three replications. The results revealed that among the 13 treatments, the crop raised with poultry manure at 15 t ha-1 + 3 times seaweed extract (T13) significantly impacted rice growth, yield, and quality at 5% levels of significance . The highest plant parameters of height (110.8 cm), dry weight hill-1 (54.20 g), crop growth rate (CGR) of 21.09 g m-1 day-1 and relative growth rate (RGR) of 0.0062430 g g-1day-1 were all recorded in T13 (poultry manure @ 15 t ha-1 + 3 times seaweed extract). The treatment T13 also influence on improving panicle length (28.13 cm), number of effective tillers hill-1 (15.99), number of grain panicles-1 (132.24), test weight (24.68 g), grain yield (6.70 t ha-1), straw yield (9.64 t ha-1) and harvest Index (40.99%). The same treatment also recorded maximum protein content (8.74%) and carbohydrate content (72.91%). Thus, the production of rice can be significantly increased by using poultry manure at 15 t ha-1 + 3 times seaweed extract application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Teresa Thaimei, Kangujam Bokado, Barkha, Thounaojam Thomas Meetei, Rowndel Khwairakpam, Bidyabhusan Bera http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An eco-friendly adsorption process for the removal lead ions [Pb (II)] from aqueous solutions using wetland macrophytes Nymphaea pubescens as natural adsorbent
Heavy metal pollution is acknowledged as a major issue at hazardous waste sites. Lead, like other heavy metals, is particularly dangerous at low quantities. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential of Nymphaea pubescens leaves (NPL) as a biosorbent for the removal of lead ions (Pb (II)) from aqueous solutions. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), zeta potential, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to evaluate the adsorbent. The batch experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of several variables, including initial metal ion concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature. The nonlinear isotherm models of Toth, Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich were implemented to analyze the equilibrium adsorption data. The batch results indicated that NPL can remove 99.58% Pb (II) from an aqueous solution. With the highest correlation coefficient, (R2 = 0.994), lowest error function (χ2 = 2.18), and the highest adsorption capacity (qm = 50.09 mg g-¹), Langmuir was determined to be the most suitable model for the experimental data. According to kinetic studies, the Elovich model effectively described the adsorption kinetics (R2= 0.995 and χ2= 0.111). With a positive value for ΔH0 (5.72 kJ mol-¹) and a negative value for ΔG0 (-11.44 to -12.57 kJ mol-¹), the adsorption is an endothermic and a spontaneous process. This study offers a sustainable approach with practical potential, providing useful insights to enhance strategies to counteract lead pollution in water resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karishma Talukdar, Suprakash Rabha, Bhaswati Devi, Manisha Goswami, Nimisha Sarma, Arundhuti Devi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Distribution of soil fertility under various management systems of paddy fields of organic, semi-organic, and inorganic using clay content as a modified indicator
The amount of chemical inputs influences long-term soil nutrient balance. Therefore, different management practices will determine the sustainability of land use. This study aimed to determine the effects of paddy field management systems on the Soil Fertility Index (SFI), identify the characteristics of clay content and its effects on SFI, and identify the determinants of SFI. The originality of this research lies in identifying the determinants of soil fertility based on soil characteristics, enabling more focused, effective, and efficient land management recommendations. Soil sampling was carried out at 24 points, comprising 8 LMUs, across 3 types of rice field management and slope gradients (8-15%) in Purwantoro District, Wonogiri Regency. Parameters observed included pH, organic carbon (organic C), Total Nitrogen (N), available Phosphorus (P), available Potassium (K), base saturation, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Aluminium (Al) saturation, and clay content. The SFI class was generated by matching data with classification, while the influence of rice field management type on SFI was analyzed using ANOVA and the determining factors of SFI were analyzed using correlation test. The study found that the soil fertility index ranged from 0.33 (low) to 0.50 (moderate). The soil fertility of each type of rice field management varied, with organic rice fields having the highest soil fertility (0.48c), semi-organic rice fields (0.42c), and conventional rice fields (0.36a). Soil fertility was also related to the proportion of clay (r2=0.2112). The strongest factors determining soil fertility were Organic Carbon (0.905) and CEC (0.805).
Copyright (c) 2025 Hery Widijanto, Mujiyo, Jauhari Syamsiyah, Fadhila Diah Ratnasari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Monitoring adaptation and productivity of teak plantations in the Guinean Zone of Togo: A comparative study of historical and newly introduced provenances
Teak (Tectona grandis), introduced to Togo in 1905, remains the main species for reforestation. However, the low productivity and poor wood quality of existing plantations, largely due to limited genetic diversity, have prompted the establishment of provenance trials at the Zogbépimé forest station in Togo. This study evaluated the growth performance of seven teak provenances (Avétonou, Indian, Tanzanian, Ivorian, and three Malaysian sources: Luasong, Perlis, and Taliwas) planted in a 3 × 3 m grid in the Guinean zone. Dendrometric parameters including total height, dominant height, diameter at breast height, basal area, and spacing factors were measured. ANOVA and Weibull distribution modelling, were used to assess growth differences and diameter structures. Productivity was estimated using a site index based on dominant height and stand age. Monitoring in 2022 (pre-thinning) and 2024 (post-thinning) showed that the Indian provenance had the best overall performance, with mean diameter increasing from 12.87 ± 3.85 cm to 17.91 ± 2.51 cm. Luasong exhibited superior height growth (16.85 ± 2.88 m) and high basal area (18.94 ± 0.13 m²/ha), while Tanzanian provenance reached the highest basal area (22.27 ± 0.14 m²/ha) and responded strongly to thinning. Avétonou maintained a large diameter (17.22 ± 2.92 cm) but lower height growth. Luasong achieved the highest site index (44.28), followed by Tanzanian and Indian provenances.The study emphasizes the importance of selecting high-performing provenances and implementing timely thinning to minimize competition and enhance resource utilization. Further research will assess the influence of wood quality and site on provenance performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adzo Dzifa KOKUTSE, Kossi Novinyo SEGLA, Kossi ADJONOU, Katche Komlanvi AKOETE, Kossi HOUNKPATI, Pyoabalo ALABA, Gilles CHAIX, Kouami KOKOU http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of using Hevea seed meal at different levels on Isa brown laying hen performance and egg quality
Egg consumption remains high in developing countries, yet the cost of poultry feed poses a significant challenge for farmers, limiting their ability to use commercial options. To address this, alternative feed sources for egg-laying hens need to be explored. In Côte d'Ivoire, Hevea brasiliensis trees’ seeds are abundant but largely underutilized. These seeds have potential as dietary supplements in layer feed. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of incorporating H. brasiliensis seed meal into a white corn-based diet on laying performance, egg quality, yolk color, and composition. A total of 300 hens, 32 weeks of age, were randomly assigned to 30 pens with 10 hens per pen, and distributed across six dietary treatments with 5 replicates each over a period of 13 weeks. Two control groups received diets based on either yellow corn (Ye) or white corn (Wh). The remaining groups were fed on white corn diets supplemented with H. brasiliensis seed meal at inclusion rates of 2.5% (He2.5), 5% (He5), 7.5% (He7.5), and 10% (He10). The He2.5 diet led to improved egg production. Additionally, increasing levels of Hevea seed meal were associated with a decrease in yolk total cholesterol. However, higher inclusion rates also led to progressively yellow yolk colour compared to white corn-based diets. But, it did not fully restore the deep yellow pigmentation typically achieved with yellow corn. In conclusion, incorporating H. brasiliensis seed meal into white corn-based diets may be a cost-effective strategy to enhance egg production and reduce cholesterol content in eggs, though it may affect yolk pigmentation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gningnini Alain KONÉ, Tagouèlbè Tiho, Faustin Parfait Koutouan, Konan Raphaël N’Guessan, Kakou Irené Body, Nabo Jean Marius Doh, Margaret Good, Maryline Kouba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative study of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lodge cultivation in two different seasons of Jammu region, India
Mushrooms are large fungi characterized by their visible basidiocarps. Macrocybe gigantea, commonly known as “Boro dhoodh chattu” for its odour of dehydrated milk. It is a tropical species capable of growing on diverse untreated plant wastes, making it a highly economical crop. However, a very few research has been conducted on its cultivation and nutritional value. In view of the favourable environmental conditions and the availability of agricultural waste in Jammu division, cultivation of Macrocybe gigantea was undertaken. Studies on the cultivation of M. gigantea were conducted from 2019 to 2021. Experiments growing this fungus were carried out in summer (April-June) and monsoon (July-September) using two different agrowastes (wheat and paddy straw) and testing the impacts of farmyard manure, vermicompost and a mixture of the two as casing material. It was observed that the July to September cropping period demonstrated superior performance, yielded maximum output and biological efficiency. Notably, the cropping cycle was shorter during July to September than that recorded during April to June. These findings imply that specific environmental conditions during July to September are conducive to achieving maximum yield of M. gigantea.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sapna Devi, Geeta Sumbali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ethnobotanical insights into clove (Syzygium aromaticum) usage in Morocco: Perceptions, practices, and knowledge
Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is widely used in Morocco for medicinal, culinary, and cosmetic purposes. This study evaluated knowledge, practices, and perceptions regarding clove across the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region, accounting for socio-demographic influences. A mixed-methods approach involved semi-structured questionnaires administered to 100 participants, combined with ethnobotanical indices (Family Use Value, Relative Usage Index) and statistical analyses (Chi-square tests, Multiple Correspondence Analysis). Significant differences in clove use were associated with education and occupation, with herbalists and farmers exhibiting the highest engagement. Most users had limited formal education. Whole cloves and powder were the predominant forms, primarily used for treating toothache, pain, and infections. Culinary applications were most frequent, followed by medicinal and cosmetic uses, the latter more common among younger participants. Positive perceptions prevailed: 80% recommended clove and 70% recognized its potential role in modern healthcare. Health awareness (45%) and biomedical influences (20%) were the major drivers of changes in clove usage patterns. Multiple Correspondence Analysis revealed that middle-aged individual respondents with lower formal education were strongly associated with whole clove and powder for culinary and traditional medicinal uses, consistent with familial knowledge transmission. In contrast, younger demographic groups with higher levels of education were positioned with more processed forms (clove oil and infusions) and cosmetic applications. These findings underscore the enduring cultural and therapeutic significance of clove in Moroccan households and suggest promising avenues for its integration into public health and phytotherapeutic strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Ezzahrae El Aich, Chadia Ouazzani, Salah-Eddine Laasli, Amal Hari, Azzeddine Er-ramly, Elhoussaine Ballouch http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In Silico analysis, ADMET profiling, and pharmacokinetic predictions of bioactive compounds from Abutilon indicum fruit targeting human TGF-β Receptor 1
Abutilon indicum (AI), a medicinal plant traditionally used in Siddha System of Medicine. The main objective of the study was to identify antioxidant and bioactive compounds by Gas chromatography -mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis and to predict the pharmacokinetics of active compounds through Computational Analysis. The antioxidant assay and the phytochemicals in the MeOH extract of AI were assessed by GC-MS analysis. From the chromatogram, 14 compounds were selected for further study. Molecular docking was performed using Maestro 11.4 from the Schrödinger suite to assess the interactions of these compounds with the TGFβR1 receptor. The pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness were evaluated using Swiss ADME, and the toxicity profile of the selected compound was analysed with Protox II. The result revealed the highest radical scavenging activity of 59.12% at a concentration of 1000 µg. The molecular docking study showed that Benzyl-beta-D-glucoside exhibited a significant binding affinity of -10.15 kcal/mol for TGFβR1, suggesting potential inhibitory activity that warrants further experimental validation. The pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that the compound possesses favourable drug-like properties, while the toxicity profile showed that it is relatively safe for further studies. This research highlights the computational analysis of therapeutic potential of AI fruit in treating inflammation related disorders and this in-silico approach may differ from actual biological behavior due to factors such as, cellular uptake, and systemic bioavailability, metabolic stability. Therefore, the results of this study should bring about postulates forming a rational basis for following experimental validation rather than definitive evidence of in vivo efficacy or safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nirmaladevi Panneerselvam , Prathambigai Sankaravadivelu Subbaiah, Sathya Marimuthu, Rathi Muthaiyan Ahalliya , Gopalakrishnan Velliyur Kanniappan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identification and quantification of bioactive compounds from locally Isolated Candolleomyces candolleanus basidio fungus using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity
The continuous growth in antimicrobial resistance demands the identification of new antimicrobial substances, particularly those of natural origin, such as those derived from fungi. The Basidiomycetes are a significant source of bioactive secondary metabolites with high therapeutic potential. The study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Candolleomyces candolleanus, a basidiomycete fungus isolated from natural sources in Mosul, Iraq. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis detected three prime bioactive compounds: Trihexadecyl Borate, Cyclohexyl Propyl Phosphonofluoridate, and Borane Diethyl(decyloxy). High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis verified which the fungal extract of C. candolleanus contained a very high content of bioactive compounds, specifically Cyclohexyl Propyl Phosphonofluoridate, Borane Diethyl(decyloxy), and Trihexadecyl Borate. The antimicrobial efficacy of like compounds was determined using a microplate assay against a variety of clinically important pathogens: Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Pseudomonas fluorescens(ATCC 13525) , Escherichia coli(ATCC 25922) , Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 29213) ,and fungal strains, Candida albicans( ATCC 10231) , and Aspergillus niger ( ATCC 6275). Cyclohexyl Propyl Phosphonofluoridate showed the highest potency among distinct metabolites, with considerable microbial growth inhibition for both bacterial and fungal test species. The broad-spectrum activity means high drug-like potential. Whereas Borane Diethyl(decyloxy) and Trihexadecyl Borate had moderate antimicrobial activity, with observable but less intense inhibition, compared to Cyclohexyl Propyl Phosphonofluoridate. Their effectiveness against different pathogens varied, but was consistent across them, indicating that they may act as supporting or synergistic antimicrobial agents. The combination of biochemical characterization and antimicrobial screening provides a sound basis for ongoing research to explore new medicines with activity against drug-resistant microbes.
Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Shifaa Tayyar Jaafar AL-Assaf, Faten Noori Mula Abed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Colour variations and distribution of quinones in samples of teak wood from various regions of Kerala
Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.) exhibits notable colour and chemical variability across Kerala’s diverse ecological regions, yet the links between heartwood colour parameters and quinonoid composition remain insufficiently understood. This study aims to examine the colour variation and distribution of quinones and relative extractives in teak heartwood collected from seven localities of Kerala. Heartwood samples from 40-42 year old trees were analyzed using the CIE Lab and Munsell colour systems, while GC-MS was used to identify and quantify key quinones (including tectoquinone, tectol, lapachol, and isodesoxylapachol) and sualene. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA and Pearson’s correlations, were performed to determine inter-regional differences and metabolic relationships. Nilambur showed the lowest lightness values (L = 49.39±2.86) and the highest quinone concentrations, particularly tectoquinone (0.29%), whereas Kanjiramkulam exhibited higher lightness (L = 56.33±2.93) and lower extractives levels. Strong correlations were observed between hue angle and chroma (r = 0.91, p < 0.001), indicating a coordinated biosynthetic pattern influencing colour development. The work is novel in integrating colourimetric data with quantitative extractive profiling across multiple localities, revealing how eco-physiological conditions drive metabolic variability in teak. The findings provide practical value for locality-based grading, durability prediction, and future breeding strategies targeting superior-quality teak. This work is novel in integrating colourimetric data with quantitative extractive profiling across multiple provenances, revealing how eco-physiological conditions drive metabolic variability in teak. The findings provide practical value for provenance-based grading, durability prediction, and future breeding strategies targeting superior-quality teak.
Copyright (c) 2025 Varughese P M, Sushama Raj R V http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0