Journal of Applied and Natural Science is indexed in Scopus (CiteScore 1.2, SNIP 0.332, SJR 0.2), a part of UGC-CARE List Group II (Journals indexed in globally recognised databases.) and has a NAAS score 5.42. Please see the listing on the Scopus website: https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21101016916 Focus & Scope Publish scientific research views in the field of agriculture, biological and environmental sciences to promote speedy propagation of quality research information. Publication Frequency 4 issues/year: March | June | September | December Experience Our team has over 10 years of research publication experience. We have published more than 1000 research publications. Peer Review Policy Double-Blind: The identity of authors is not known to the reviewers and vice-versa. Learn more Open Access Policy All content is available for free under Open Access and is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International. Learn what you can do with the content: Content License & Usage. Green Policy As part of our Go Green initiative, we print very limited hard copies. This helps us fulfill our commitment to care of the earth for ourselves and generations to come. ISSN Online ISSN: 2231-5209 | Print ISSN: 0974-9411 Subject Areas For Submission of Research Papers Agricultural Science | Animal Sciences | Bioinformatics | Biochemistry | Biophysics | Bio-mathematics | Biotechnology | Computational Biology | Environmental Science | Microbiology | Plant Sciences Indexed/Abstracted/Enlisted* Scopus (CiteScore 1.2, SNIP 0.332, SJR 0.2), Netherlands | ProQuest (Part of Clarivate), USA | UGC-CARE List Group II, India | Google Scholar | NAAS Rating: 5.42 | Chemical Abstract Services (CAS), USA | J Gate, India | Indian Science Abstracts | Ulrichs - Web Serial Solutions, USA | EBSCO: Academic Research Ultimate Database, USA | Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI) Abstracts/Global Health, UK | Open Archives: OAI-PMH Registered Data Provider, USA | PKP Index, Canada | WorldCat, USA | Microsoft Academic | Dimensions- Digitial Science, UK | CORE, UK | BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine), Germany | AGRIS Database, FAO (United Nations) | Scilit, Switzerland| Researcher.Life, Cactus Communications | Journalspedia, Asian Council of Science Editors | Cabell's Journalytics, USA *DISCLAIMER: Though we try our best to get indexed/abstracted/enlisted in the above repositories, we cannot guarantee the inclusion of every published paper in the journal on respective websites. It is the author/institute/subscriber's responsibility to check and verify with the respective databases for the latest inclusion status and their policies before submission. Thank you for your understanding. Applied and Natural Science Foundation is a registered not-for-profit organization
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A review on aquatic ecotoxicity of profenofos with reference to environmental fate and impact on fish
Profenofos (PFF), a widely used organophosphorus insecticide in agriculture, has raised serious environmental concerns due to its persistence and toxicity in aquatic ecosystems. This review critically examines the environmental fate, transformation pathways, and ecotoxicological effects of PFF, with a particular focus on fish. PFF enters aquatic environments through runoff, leaching, and direct application, where it undergoes hydrolysis and microbial degradation, producing metabolites such as 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol and dichlorvos. These compounds exhibit bioaccumulative and toxic properties, affecting key physiological systems in aquatic organisms. As sensitive bioindicators, fish experience a range of toxic effects, including oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, impaired respiration, reproductive dysfunction, and behavioral anomalies, even at sublethal concentrations. The compound’s potential for biomagnification poses risks to higher trophic levels, including piscivorous birds and humans. This review identifies neurotoxicity, reproductive failure, and metabolic disruption in fish as the most prominent adverse outcomes of PFF exposure. However, limited data on chronic low-dose exposure, trophic transfer dynamics, and endocrine disruption mechanisms represent key knowledge gaps that require further investigation. Despite existing regulations, gaps persist in long-term monitoring, risk assessment, and identifying safe alternatives. This review emphasises the urgent need for integrated pest management (IPM), enhanced pesticide formulations, and stricter environmental policies to mitigate the ecological impacts of PFF and protect aquatic biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anshu Chauhan, Smita Jyoti, Surya Prakash Pandey, Pradeep Kumar Maurya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A study on morphological observations and biochemical parameters of wild olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume) grown in Manipur
The wild olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume) is an underutilized fruit species that belongs to the Elaeocarpaceae family and is locally known as Chorphon in Manipur. The present study aimed to study morphological observations on fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, stone weight, stone length, stone diameter, pulp weight, pulp weight: stone weight ratio and biochemical parameters i.e. total soluble solids (TSS), total sugar %, total carbohydrate, protein, ascorbic acid, total phenol, total flavonoid and oil for wild olive (E.floribundus Blume). Accordingly, the fruit samples were collected from 14 locations/places (S1 to S14) of Manipur varying in altitude from 292-1459m i.e. Minou, Longmai-3, Lilong, Yarou Bamdiar, Kakching, Khongman, Patsoi, Thoubal Ningombam, Komlathabi, Yaripok, Molnoi, Tokpaching, Tengnoupal and Chingai. The study showed that sample S4 (Yarou Bamdiar), having an altitude of 777m was found to be the best among all samples studied with the highest pulp weight: stone weight ratio (6.79), second highest fruit width (32.26mm) and stone length (28.57 mm), least stone weight of 2.06 g among morphological observations and highest protein (0.65%), total carbohydrate, (2.38 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (5.51 mg/100g), total phenol (55.21 mg/100g) and oil content (14.26%) among biochemical parameters. There was a negative correlation observed between the altitude of locations of sample collection and the majority of morphological observations (-0.132 to -0.543), whereas a positive correlation was observed between altitude and the majority of biochemical parameters (0.042 to 0.293). This study emphasizes that wild olive morphotypes found in Manipur, India, are comparable in their morphological and biochemical parameters to commercial olive cultivars, and their production technology should be strengthened.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kshetrimayum Ishwarani Devi, Sujata Upadhyay, Karma Diki Bhutia, Laxuman Sharma, Obadiya Rai http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of zinc fortification on yield and quality of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in the Western ghat region of Coimbatore District under irrigated conditions
Pearl millet is recognized for its resilience to harsh climates and high nutritional value, making it a key crop for climate-resilient and low-input agricultural systems. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of zinc fertilization in Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) hybrids in conjunction with nitrogen fertilizer. During the Kharif seasons of 2022 and 2023, the study was conducted in the field at South Farm, Karunya Institute of Technology & Sciences (KITS) campus, Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Six sub-plot treatments were examined in the main plots for two hybrids, M1 (non-biofortified) and M2 (biofortified), as well as their corresponding foliar applications supplemented with ZnO (S4, S5, and S6) and soil nitrogen applications at 40 kg ha-1 (S1), 60 kg ha-1 (S2), and 80 kg ha-1 (S3). Zinc fortification using 80 kg ha-1 N and ZnO foliar spray (S6) significantly improved pearl millet growth, yield, and quality in the western ghat zone of Tamil Nadu, India. Application of Zinc oxide @ 0.5% foliar spray at 25 and 50 days after sowing with 80 kg ha-1 of N fertilizer (S6) had shown significant higher plant height (194.01 cm), grain yield (3.62 t ha-1), crude protein (10.85%), iron (79.33 mg kg-1) and zinc (42.32 mg kg-1). This study offers novel insights into optimizing nutrient management for pearl millet, a crucial crop for food and nutritional security within climate-resilient farming systems. These findings not only contribute to the development of low-input, nutrient-rich crop production models but also support the broader goals of sustainable agriculture and biofortification to combat hidden hunger in marginal environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 T. Dhivyalakshmi, R. Augustine, R. Santhosh Anto Kumar, A. Visuvasa Anto Shiny http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Storage and shelf-life evaluation of Indian spinach beet (Beta vulgaris cv. Pusa Bharati) employing various packaging materials
Leafy vegetables are a common source of vitamins and minerals in the human diet; however, they have a short shelf life due to their high metabolic activity and poor storage conditions. Considering this point, the storage and shelf-life studies of Indian spinach beet (Beta vulgaris cv. Pusa Bharati) were executed under three storage conditions, i.e. ambient temperature (S0), Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) (S1) and Cold Room (S3) in combination with packaging material [Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) perforated (P1) and non-perforated (P2); Biodegradable perforated (P3) and non-perforated (P4); banana leaf (P5)]. The interaction between storage and packaging was studied by examining the effect on physicochemical characteristics, such as physiological loss in weight (PLW), ascorbic acid content (AA), spoilage, and overall acceptability, to evaluate quality and shelf life. It was observed that PLW% increased rapidly and AA decreased rapidly in ambient conditions across all treatments. In Cold room conditions, a minimum increase in PLW% and a minimum decrease in AA were recorded, with the highest mean coupled with LDPE. S2P2 obtained the highest overall acceptability score, extending the shelf life of produce up to 8 days. S1P0 recorded the minimum increase in PLW and the minimum decrease in firmness, and AA extended shelf life by up to 4 days. However, in terms of overall profit in storing vegetables in different systems, S1P0 showed a higher Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratio than the other conditions. Furthermore, S1P5 and S2P5 showed similar results to S1P2 and S2P2, acting as a barrier to minimize metabolic activity for a shorter duration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Srishti Chitranshi, Anamika Verma, Pradyumna Raj Agrahari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of adding different concentrations of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L) extract to preserve the quality of chilled Awassi ram semen
Chamomile extract has numerous compounds that act as antioxidants, enhancing semen characteristics during cooling for 72 h. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L) extract to sperm extenders during cooling storage on semen quality parameters. Three rams were taken, semen was pooled and distributed into four parts and diluted with a Tris-based extender. Therefore, the control group was C0, without chamomile extract; the second group was C1 (0.30 mg chamomile extract); the third group was C2 (0.60 mg chamomile extract); and the fourth group was C3 (0.90 mg chamomile extract). Samples were stored at 4 °C for 72 h. The individual motility, live sperm, membrane integrity, total, and types of abnormalities (head, middle, and tail) of sperm were evaluated. Results showed that individual motility, live sperm, and sperm membrane integrity in the C1 group were significantly increased (P<0.05) throughout storage. The C2 group showed significant improvements (P<0.05) in individual motility and sperm membrane integrity for 72 h. Sperm abnormalities decreased significantly (P<0.05) in groups C1 and C2 at 48 and 72 h compared to the C0 and C3 groups. Abnormal tail sperm decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the C1, C2, and C3 groups compared to the C0 group at 72 h. The study indicated that adding 0.30 mg and then 0.60 mg of chamomile extract to semen extender enhances sperm motility, sperm membrane integrity, and live sperm, while also reducing total abnormal sperm and abnormal sperm (head, middle, and tail) compared to 0.90 mg.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maad Hasani Al-Ameri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Thuthi Keerai Abutilon indicum on Dotted molly, Poecilia sphenops
Recently, nanoparticles have been widely used in various sectors, including agriculture, which can lead to environmental toxicity. Copper is a crucial trace element for fish, playing essential roles in various metabolic processes. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Thuthi Keerai (Abutilon indicum) on the haematological and biochemical characteristics of Dotted Molly (Poecilia sphenops). Copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Thuthi Keerai and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Various concentrations of CuO NPs, including 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm, were used at 96 hours for sublethal analysis on Dotted Molly. The concentration at which 50% fish mortality occurred was taken as the median lethal concentration. In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the CuO NPs were measured at a wavelength of 340 nm. SEM image was observed at the wavelength range of 5µm. The EDAX spectrum recorded three peaks located between 1 and 8 keV. In XRD, the different peaks were indexed as 59.94 (110), 31.9 (202), and 24.14 (311). The FTIR spectrum was analyzed in the range between 400 and 4000-1. White blood corpuscles, haemoglobin, and red blood corpuscles were higher (7200 cells/cumm, 1 gm/dl, and 0.4 million/cumm) in fish exposed to 1 ppm of CuO NPs. Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels were decreased by 1 ppm. The results confirmed that CuO nanoparticles enhance blood parameters and affect the biochemical parameters of the Dotted Molly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Venkidusamy Keerthika, Nagaraj Vaseekaran , Muthuswami Ruby Rajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Environmental and health risks of potentially toxic element concentrations in soil and foodstuffs from Abuakwa South Municipality, Ghana
Bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements in soil and foodstuffs from mining areas contaminates foods and threatens public health. Understanding the distribution of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) concentrations is necessary for monitoring environmental and human health risks. The present study assessed the concentrations of PTEs in soil and foodstuffs from small-scale artisanal mining (SAM) communities and their environmental and health risks in the Abuakwa South Municipality (ASM) of Ghana. Soil, plantain, and cocoyam leaves were sampled for PTEs analysis in 11 communities. Soil samples were collected using a 30 x 30-meter quadrat, with three samples taken at a depth of 0-20 cm within four quadrats per community. Environmental pollution indices of the PTEs, including contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index (Igeo), as well as human health hazard index (HI), were calculated. The CF, EF and Igeo indices of the PTEs decreased in the order Hg> Mn> Cu> As> Ni> Co> Fe> Cr (34.94 to 0.09), Hg> Mn> Ni> Cu> As> Co (649.76 to 1.30) and Hg> Mn> As> Cu> Ni> Co> Fe (5.30 to 4.09), respectively with an overall pollution load index of 0.11 for the soil samples. The concentration of PTEs in plantain and cocoyam decreased in the order Ni> Fe> Co> Pb> Mn> Cu> Hg>As> Cr and Ni> Fe> Co> Pb> Mn> Cu> As> Hg> Cr, respectively, implying Ni, Fe and Co dominance in the foodstuffs. The HI recorded in plantain in all sampling locations exceeded the threshold value of >1 for both adults and children, indicating significant health risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Benedicta Yayra Fosu-Mensah, Nathaniel Annang Armah, Joseph O. Fening, Ted Y. Annang, Michael Mensah, Eric K. Doe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of psyllium husk in metabolic disease management: A review
The carbohydrate-rich plant-based dietary fibres, commonly known as roughage, are indigestible in the human intestine. Fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and legumes are the most common sources of dietary fibers. An adequate intake of natural dietary fibre is linked to improved intestinal health and reduced metabolic conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Psyllium husk is a plant-based dietary fibre source with potential health benefits. It is a derivative of seeds of Plantago ovata from Plantaginaceae family. This review examines the botanical origin, biochemical properties, health benefits, role in managing various diseases, safety, and recommended dosages. Psyllium enhances gastrointestinal health by alleviating constipation, regulating bowel movements, controlling diarrhoea, and promoting a balanced gut microbiota through its excellent gelling properties. As a prebiotic, it stimulates digestion and reduces inflammation by promoting the growth of gut-beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. It is a valued dietary supplement that helps manage metabolic syndrome, including obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Psyllium increases satiety, decreases hunger, and reduces caloric intake, all of which are beneficial in weight management. It contributes to reducing postprandial peaks by enhancing insulin sensitivity and regulating blood glucose levels. It binds bile acids in the intestine and minimizes the levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), thus favouring cardiovascular health while eliminating the possibility of atherosclerosis. Psyllium’s efficacy in addressing kidney diseases, cognitive issues, and skin inflammation, based on the gut-brain axis association, is an emerging area of research. The diverse health benefits profile of psyllium husk provides an opportunity to explore its innovative applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals, offering a promising solution to modern dietary and health issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kavita Mane, Atharva Mhasalkar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
fimH adhesin-related gene and biofilm formation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from AL-Hillah/ Iraq
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main causative agent of urinary tract infection and their ability to build biofilms leads to increases its severity and makes its removal difficult: The objective was to validate the species- specific primers designed to amplify the target sequence in E. coli genes (uidA encoding β-D-glucuronidase, yiaO encoding outer membrane protein and 16SrRNA) in contrast to clinical isolates previously identified as Shigella dysenteriae and Klebsiella pneumoniae and to investigate the possible relationship between the prevalence and sequence variations of fimH gene and the intensity of biofilm formation. Primers were designed based on the database available for E. coli in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) for uidA, yaiO and 16SrRNA genes sequences. fimH virulence genes were investigated in fifty E. coli isolates of UTI patients by using PCR assay followed by sequence analysis of fimH among isolates with different degree of biofilm strength. Gel electrophoresis presented bands for uidA, yaiO, and 16SrRNA genes in all E. coli isolates. However, no bands were detected among isolates of Shigella dysenteriae and Klebsiella pneumoniae species. DNA sequence analysis for fimH gene revealed three positions of variations were repeatedly detected among strong biofilm former isolates leading to changes in their amino acid types. The uidA, yaiO, and 16SrRNA genes represented an ideal target for the identification of E. coli since all primers achieved exclusively related fragments. Variations of amino acid types among three biofilm phenotypic categories might be responsible for structural and functional heterogenicity of type 1 fimbria D-mannose specific adhesion protein.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dina Hassan Abed Abbood, Zeena Hadi Obaid Alwan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Genetic diversity analysis of some Coriandrum sativum cultivars exposed to laser using some molecular indicators
Coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. is an herbal crop from the family Apiaceae, It has a wide range of uses, including as a flavouring agent and in medical applications. Therefore, physical factors have recently been given attention, including laser radiation applications used in agriculture for biostimulating seeds and seedlings, thereby leading to changes in the DNA sequence. The present study aimed to identify genetic changes in Coriander plants exposed to laser radiation.Coriander seeds were obtained from local markets in Mosul city in different varieties (local, Syrian, Italian). The study found that there were differences at the molecular level between the three types of coriander used in the study, the difference in the total number of bands/variety of coriander for the total of the five primers used (OPA1, OPA2, OPD1 OPK, POD3) according to the difference in the period of exposure to laser radiation three different times 5 ,10,20 minutes. Depending on the results of the RAPD-PCS analysis, the total number of amplification bands was 182, comprising 180 polymorphic bands and 2 unique bands, which accounted for 98.9% and 1.10%, respectively. There were differences at the molecular level between the three types of coriandrum according to the different treatments with laser radiation and this primer. Genetic similarity was calculated, with a maximum similarity value of 0.9 and a minimum similarity value of 0.2. The cluster tree analysis showed that genotypes that are close to each other are more similar than those that are far apart. This study used diversity genetic information and different types of coriander seeds with different primers compared with other study .
Copyright (c) 2025 Hiba Hadi Taha, Amjad Abdul-Hadi Mohammed, Hussein Saber Mohammed Ali Al-Rashedy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physiological and biochemical evaluation of Vitamin H7 in Rabbits stressed by Triton
Vitamin H7 (biotin) is essential for fatty acid synthesis and glucose metabolism. Under stress conditions, such as those induced by Triton (a nonionic surfactant that increases oxidative stress markers and induces hyperlipidemia), the body may require more biotin to manage oxidative stress and maintain metabolic balance. Studying its effects in Triton-stressed rabbits can reveal its potential protective benefits. The aim was to understand how Triton affects the vital functions of rabbits and whether Vitamin H7 plays a role in protecting these functions from negative impacts. Forty male rabbits were divided into four groups and treated daily for eight weeks. The control received no treatment. The Triton group was given water with Triton 300 mg/kg. The Vitamin H7 group received 200 µg/kg, and the Triton and Vitamin H7 group received both treatments. The treatment continued for eight consecutive weeks. The Triton group showed the highest activity of aryl esterase and bilirubin, as well as the lowest activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholinesterase (Ach), while the Vitamin H7 group showed low activity of aryl esterase and Total Bilirubin, Along with high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The Triton with Vitamin H7 group showed mitigation of the negative effect of triton and improvement in total Bilirubin levels. Triton induces toxic effects, such as oxidative stress, and impacts cell membranes, leading to an increase in aryl esterase activity and a decrease in Ach and SOD. In contrast, Vitamin H7 helps mitigate these toxic effects by supporting cellular metabolism and improving enzyme function, reducing total bilirubin levels, and enhancing liver function.
Copyright (c) 2025 , Amina Jasim Al-Hayani, Muntaha Mahmoud Al-Kattan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neuroprotective potential of optimized Lactobacillus fermentum extracts against Acetylcholinesterase activity in Zebrafish model and cytotoxicity studies in PC12 cell line
Alzheimer’s disease is linked with reduced levels of acetylcholine due to elevated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Antioxidants and natural AChE inhibitors (AChEIs) are becoming more popular due to their potential neuroprotective benefits. The present work aimed to enhance the production of AChE inhibitors by Lactobacillus fermentum using phytogenic substrates and evaluate their neuroprotective effects in a zebrafish model. Media optimization was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) with Cinnamomum cassia (0.5 mg/mL), Syzygium aromaticum (1 mg/mL), and Phoenix dactylifera seed (1 mg/mL) as substrates. AChE inhibition was predicted using a quadratic model (R2 = 97.61%), and the maximal inhibition of 28.69% closely matched the expected value of 28.56% (Run no 11). The optimized L. fermentum chloroform extract (OLFCE) exhibited a strong antioxidant potential, with 75.09% DPPH scavenging activity. OLFCE exhibited minimal cytotoxicity on H2O2-induced PC12 cell line, maintaining 95–99% cell viability across all tested concentrations. Treatment of zebrafish with 2.5–10 mg/mL OLFCE significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and decreased AChE levels in brain, liver, and plasma. GC-MS analysis of OLFCE revealed high levels of potential AChEIs i.e. 3,4-dimethyl benzaldehyde (66.81%) and phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (16.84%). This study demonstrates, for the first time, that substrate-optimized L. fermentum can produce potent AChEIs and antioxidant compounds, as validated through in vivo zebrafish assays. The findings suggest that OLFCE has promising Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor activity, which can be used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Thanga Balaji Srinivasan, Vani Chandrapragasam, Anu Jacob http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Morphological and physico-chemical profiling of Sapota genotypes
Sapota (Manilkara zapota), a tropical evergreen fruit tree, holds substantial economic and nutritional importance in many regions, particularly in South and Southeast Asia. Its fruits are rich in sugars, vitamins, and minerals, making it a valuable addition to both local diets and commercial markets. The present study aimed to evaluate and characterize nineteen local Sapota germplasm conserved at the Germplasm Center of Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU), Bangladesh. The assessment was carried out using key morphological features and physico-chemical attributes of the ripe Sapota fruits to identify superior genotypes for breeding and cultivation. Parameters such as fruit weight, dimensions, yield, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, pH, and vitamin C content were meticulously recorded. Among the evaluated genotypes, Germplasm-3 emerged as notable for its superior fruit weight (83.62 g), length (5.22 cm), and width (4.95 cm), indicating its potential for high consumer acceptance. Germplasm-7 excelled in productivity, bearing the highest number of fruits (110) and yield (8.17 kg/germplasm). In terms of fruit quality, Germplasm-9 exhibited the highest TSS (25.85%), indicating greater sweetness, while Germplasm-5 showed promising nutritional content with the highest vitamin C (17 mg/100g) and pH (6.67). The highest titratable acidity (0.23%) was shared by Germplasm-8, -9, and -15. These results provide critical insights into the variability among local Sapota germplasm, facilitating targeted selection for genetic improvement. Germplasm-3, -7, and -9, in particular, offer considerable promise for future breeding programs aimed at enhancing fruit quality, yield potential, and commercial value in Sapota cultivation systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Habiba Zannat Meem, Mahbub Robbani, Mohammad Ali, Md. Fakhrul Hasan, Shah Md. Asraful Islam, Tushar kanti Roy, Sushmita Baral, Moatasim Billah, Afrina Bilkis, Md. Nazmul Hasan Mehedi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of gene expression of Heat shock proteins HSP-70 and some physiological and immunological aspects of three types of heat-tolerant and non-tolerant insects
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly HSP-70, are critical to insect adaptation under extreme environmental stress. This study evaluated HSP-70 gene expression in three insect species-Apis mellifera (honeybee), Camponotus xerxes (ant), and Musca domestica (housefly)-subjected to heat stress (45°C, 50°C, 55°C) and extreme cold (liquid nitrogen, −96°C). Gene expression was measured using RT-PCR, and fold changes were calculated relative to the control groups. In A. mellifera, HSP-70 expression increased from a baseline of 1.54-fold in controls to 3.00-, 3.30-, and 6.09-fold at 45°C, 50°C, and 55°C, respectively; exposure to liquid nitrogen induced a 4.41-fold increase. In C. xerxes, expression rose from 1.03-fold (control) to 3.07-fold, 3.67, and 7.69-fold with increasing temperatures, while nitrogen exposure led to a 5.61-fold rise. M. domestica exhibited the highest expression at 55°C (5.62-fold) and after nitrogen exposure (4.94-fold), compared to 1.01-fold in controls, although expression at 45°C and 50°C was lower (2.04- and 1.91-fold, respectively).The results indicated that all three species upregulate HSP-70 in response to thermal and cold stress, with the greatest expression observed at 55°C and upon exposure to liquid nitrogen. Notably, C. xerxes showed the strongest heat-induced response, while M. domestica exhibited pronounced expression under both heat and cold, suggesting robust thermal adaptation. These findings underscore the species-specific dynamics of HSP-70 regulation and its pivotal role in cellular protection and survival under extreme environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oqbah Abdul Halim, Mutaman Ali A. Kehall, Khalid ehussein M. Idris, Thaer Abdulqader Salih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Borassus aethiopum (Arecaceae, Mart.) ripe fruits' dried peels and pulps as fibre and energy source for locally growing rabbits
Industrial feeds for rabbits are expensive in Cote d’Ivoire because the fibre sources are imported. So, in the aim to promote rabbit farming and decrease their feed cost, Borassus aethiopum ripe fruits’ dried peels and fibrous pulp (B.a) were used as fibre sources in the local growing rabbits’ diet. The essay assumed that B.a could be accepted by growing rabbits, and could positively impact their growth and immune system. Then, obtained from nulliparous does, one hundred and twenty (120) local growing rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), weaned at week-5, were selected to form a homogeneous group regarding the weights. Following this, four diets were created, with a control without B.a (0%B.a), and three test diets named 20%B.a, 25%B.a and 30%B.a accordingly. The growing rabbits were randomly allotted in groups of 30 between the 4 diets. The experiment lasted 9 weeks. In week 14, 6 animals with homogeneous weights were slaughtered per diet, comprising 3 females and 3 males. Beginning with an overall mean weight of 775,2 g on the weaning day, at week-9, the overall weight reached 1,828.06 g. In detail, diet 20%B.a got the highest weight for 2,090.62 g while diet 0%B.a allowed 1,557.12 g (p<0.0001). Moreover, the corresponding consumption indexes were 5 and 7.74 for 20%B.a and 0%B.a diets, respectively. Following the red blood cells’ count was improved from 4.05*106/µL with diet 0%B.a to 4.8*106/µL (p=0.011) with diet 20%B.a. So, B.a ripe fruits’ dried peels and pulps can be used as fibre sources for local growing rabbits' feeding.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kan Adonise Yao, Tagouèlbè Tiho, Kisselmina Youssouf Koné http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Resilience in wetland conservation: A review on comparative study of high-altitude and low-altitude wetlands in India
India is home to a wide variety of natural and manmade wetlands. They are of utmost significance, providing multiple functions, including ecosystem services, which are essential for sustaining local communities. India has undertaken several efforts to conserve, protect, manage, and restore its wetlands. However, owing to anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic factors, India’s natural wetlands are under severe environmental stress and are declining steadily. This study undertakes a comparative assessment of the high-altitude and low-altitude wetlands of India, elucidating the similarities and differences they face in terms of threats and management challenges. Characterized by cold, dry alpine climate and extreme temperature variations, high-altitude wetlands are mostly comprised of Himalayan lakes situated 3,000 m above mean sea level. They are sensitive to climate change, possess unique biodiversity, and serve as water regulators of major Himalayan rivers. Low-altitude wetlands are typically located 1000 m below mean sea level and are found in the floodplains of major river systems, coasts, and in arid and semi-arid regions. These densely populated regions support the livelihoods of millions of people. Drawing lessons from this comparative study, the paper further emphasizes the relevance of an integrated social resilience perspective, suggesting the need to move beyond the nature-society divide. It aims to inform policy guidelines for efficient wetland management, arguing that conservation, which prioritises preservation, protection, and restoration alone, fails to achieve the objectives. A social resilience perspective recognizing the interconnectedness of nature and society, and their adaptive capacities can strengthen institutions managing natural resources. This approach ensures sustainability, representing the way forward.
Copyright (c) 2025 Padma Priyadarshini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An approach for analysis and selection of ideal natural coagulants for the treatment of synthetically prepared turbid water
The volume of research on natural coagulants has expanded significantly in recent years, driven by increased awareness of environmental sustainability and the excellent characteristics and efficiency that natural coagulants offer, thereby minimising environmental effects. The present study aimed to select the most suitable natural coagulants among banana peel, coconut fibre, groundnut shell, onion peel, sawdust, and lemon peel, necessitating a systematic approach, such as a screening test. The experimental runs were conducted using a standard jar test apparatus having synthetic turbid water to assess the efficiency of coagulants. The physicochemical properties were examined using the standard methods recommended by APHA (2017). Color, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total solids, and sludge dewaterability were chosen as the primary indicators for this study. The results revealed encouraging insights into the efficacy of the tested natural coagulants, with rice husk removing the least amount of turbidity (83.3%) at 1gm/500ml and onion peel removing the most at 96.4%. The sludge formed after treatment with natural coagulants demonstrated outstanding dewaterability, with tamarind seeds having the lowest dewaterability at 29.17% and coconut fibre having the highest at 90.2% at a dosage of 1 gm/500 ml. The findings suggest that tested natural coagulants are effective for water treatment. Furthermore, sludge dewaterability, another critical measure in analysing feasibility and sustainability, was reported to be the greatest by coconut fibre (90.2%) and the least by onion peel at 46.71%.The screening strategy used in the study appears to be quite effective in expediting the selection process by systematically examining the influence of coagulant type and dose. The study not only identified the most effective coagulants but also saved time and effort by eliminating less effective choices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aman Raj, Swathi Dash, Saritha Vara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Liver protective effect of Indonesian bay leaf on liver injury in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats
Prolonged hyperglycemia can cause microvascular damage and lead to various microvascular complications. One of these complications is liver injury. Various natural products have been investigated for the treatment and prevention of this condition. One of these natural products is Indonesia bay leaf. Due to this reason, this study was conducted to investigate the liver-protective effect of Indonesian bay leaf extract against liver injury in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This experimental study used thirty-two diabetic male Wistar rats that were grouped into four groups: Group I as control (distilled water), II as normal (non-diabetic), III as Indonesia bay leaf -1 (100 mg/ kg BW), and IV as Indonesia bay leaf -2 (200 mg/ kg BW). The diabetic condition was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/ kg BW 5% Alloxan solution. This study evaluated some parameters, including blood glucose levels on the 7th and 14th days, as well as liver tissue histology. Administration of Indonesia bay leaf extract significantly decreased blood glucose levels on the 7th and 14th days (P-Value < 0.05). On the other hand, the histological study of liver tissue showed that the increase in Indonesian bay leaf significantly improved diabetic-induced liver injury, as demonstrated by the improvement in hepatocyte structure and size, a decrease in necrosis, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Thus, it can be concluded that both Indonesian bay leaf extract doses can significantly improve liver tissue injury by keeping the blood glucose level within the normal range.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meldawati, Winny Angela Tionando, Sri Wulandari, Gloria Elsi Doloksaribu, Suhartomi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of pollination on fruit set and quality of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) in Kashmir Valley, India
Pollinators play a crucial role in the reproduction of cherries, ensuring successful fruit set and enhancing the quality and yield of cherries. The study aimed to highlight the crucial role of insect pollinators in enhancing the fruit set and quality of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) in orchards of the Kashmir Valley, with significant implications for sustainable horticultural practices. Utilizing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with six treatments and three replications, the contributions of three key pollinators Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, and Eristalis tenax were systematically evaluated. While all pollination treatments resulted in 100% fruit set, notable differences in fruit quality were observed based on pollinator species and visit frequency. A. mellifera emerged as the most effective pollinator, attributed to its high foraging rate (1.65 flowers per second) and strong fidelity. It produced the largest fruits (18.00 mm), highest fruit weight (8.82 g), lowest acidity (1.12% citric acid), and highest TSS (17.90°Brix). A. cerana also contributed significantly, particularly under multiple visit scenarios, yielding fruit size of 17.10 mm, weight of 7.22 g, acidity of 1.44%, and total soluble solids (TSS) of 16.57°Brix. Though E. tenax exhibited lower efficiency, it still played a supplemental role, improving fruit characteristics moderately with repeated visits. Foraging efficiency, measured as time spent per flower, further reinforced the dominance of A. mellifera (8.34 seconds/minute/flower) over A. cerana (9.38 seconds/minute/flower) and E. tenax (11.34 seconds/flower).
Copyright (c) 2025 Arjumand John, Sajad A. Ganie, Kaisar A. Bhat, Amaninder Kaur http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sensory attributes and acceptability of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) root Kropeck
Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a nutrient-dense root crop rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it beneficial for digestive health and immune support. Despite taro’s nutritional benefits and abundance in tropical regions, its potential for value-added snack production remains underexplored, creating a significant research gap. The present study assessed the sensory attributes and acceptability of taro root kropeck. A quantitative experimental design was employed, incorporating five treatment formulations with varying ratios of all-purpose and taro flour: T1 (control-100% all-purpose flour), T2 (100% taro flour), T3 (50:50 all-purpose flour to taro flour), T4 (60:40 taro to all-purpose flour), and T5 (40:60 taro to all-purpose flour). Each formulation contained constant amounts of ground chicken and seasonings. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a structured questionnaire to assess color, crispiness, and flavor. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and mean comparison techniques. Key findings revealed that higher taro flour content significantly influenced the color, making it darker, with consumer preference leaning towards slightly brown and brown hues. Crispiness ratings across treatments remained within the "Liked Moderately" category, indicating that taro flour substitution did not negatively affect the texture. However, flavor acceptability varied, with formulations containing moderate taro flour levels (50% and 75%) receiving higher ratings. These findings imply that taro root kropeck is a viable snack alternative with potential commercial appeal. Further research may explore optimization techniques to enhance flavor while maintaining its nutritional benefits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mary Grace Nuñez, Gladies Mae C. Olivar, Catherine C. Terana, Romel C. Mutya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Interplay of climatic factors and forest biodiversity crafting adaptive strategies for Northern Thailand ecosystems
This study presents a comprehensive investigation into how key climatic parameters—namely, temperature, precipitation, and wind speed—influence the biodiversity of community forests in Northern Thailand. A total of 27 systematic plots (40 m × 40 m) were established across nine forest sites, representing three different community forest governance models. Quantitative data on vegetation (trees, shrubs, herbs) were collected alongside climatic parameters obtained from nearby meteorological stations. Statistical techniques, including Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis, were employed to explore relationships between environmental variables and forest attributes. The results reveal a significant positive correlation between wind speed and tree density (r = 0.336), as well as between tree density and basal area, indicating that forest structural complexity responds predictably to climatic variation. The species–area relationship (SAR) analysis further revealed a pronounced increase in species richness with area expansion, with a SAR exponent (z) of 0.68—substantially higher than typical for mainland ecosystems—suggesting exceptional biodiversity response patterns in the study areas. These findings underscore the heightened vulnerability of Northern Thailand’s community forests to ongoing climate change. Moreover, the study demonstrates the critical role of integrating indigenous knowledge systems with empirical science to enhance local conservation strategies. Such adaptive measures are crucial for mitigating anthropogenic impacts and enhancing ecosystem resilience. This research supports the promotion of collaborative governance, involving local communities, academic institutions, and policymakers in the formulation of sustainable forest management practices. Ultimately, the study contributes valuable evidence to inform biodiversity conservation under rapidly changing environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chattanong Prodong, Krissana Khamfong , Supawadee Noinamsai , Sukanya Mhon-ing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ethnobotanical survey, antioxidant activity of Pistacia lentiscus leaf extract from Honaïne region (Tlemcen, North-West Algeria) using in vitro and in silico methods
In recent decades, the study of traditional use of medicinal and aromatic plants has gained in importance. Among these plants, Pistacia lentiscus, a traditional medicinal species widespread in Algeria, belongs to the Anacardiaceae family and is characterized by its persistent leaves. It is known locally as "Darw" and is recognized for its several therapeutic virtues since antiquity. This study aimed to gain an understanding traditional use of P. lentiscus by the local population of the Honaïne region, through ethnobotanical surveys, antioxidant capacity evaluation using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) free radical scavenging method and docking simulation to predict and evaluate the effectiveness of ligand in binding to the active sites of the receptor glutathione (3R3E). The work showed that this medicinal plant was the most used species in this area, particularly for its therapeutic properties in treating respiratory problems (20%), rheumatism (16%), stomach and intestinal inflammation (14%), and dermatological affections (12%). Its leaves were the most widely used part of the plant (40%), with decoction being the main mode of preparation (35%). The spectrophotometric analyses revealed that this organ had a high total phenolic compounds content (80 mg GAE/g DW) and exhibited satisfactory antioxidant activity (IC50: 0.37 mg/ml), confirming its traditional uses. The molecular docking simulations identified 3,4,5-tri-O-galloylquinic acid as a promising compound with a high docking score against the glutathione 3R3E enzyme (-8.24 kcal/mol). This study highlights the potential for promoting the production of natural antioxidants from P. lentiscus as a replacement for synthetic products and the contribution to the knowledge of medicinal flora in Algeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kheira Errouane, Keltoum Dermeche , Yousra Haggoug , Riad El Houari Mezemaze http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Vitex negundo: Pesticidal efficacy against Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera with a safety assessment
Plant-based metallic nanoparticles hold promise for agricultural applications. This study investigated the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Vitex negundo leaf extract. It assessed their pesticidal properties and safety. AgNPs were synthesized via aqueous extract and characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Characterization revealed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 435 nm, an average particle size of 236.4 nm, and a stable zeta potential. SEM confirmed spherical morphology, XRD indicated a face-centred cubic (fcc) structure, and FTIR confirmed biomolecule-mediated capping and stabilization. Larvicidal bioassays showed that 5 mg/L AgNPs caused 78-89% mortality in Spodoptera litura and 83-100% in Helicoverpa armigera. In both pests, oxidative stress was triggered. Catalase (CAT) activity increased by over 80% in S.litura and moderately in H. armigera. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity declined post-treatment, from 9.4 to 5.0 mM/min/mg protein in H. armigera and from 1.0 to 0.7 mM/min/mg protein in S. litura, indicating impaired detoxification. In Oreochromis urolepis, AgNPs (5, 10, and 25 mg/L) induced oxidative stress without mortality. CAT activity decreased within 24 hours (72.4% at 5 mg/L) and remained suppressed by day 5 (36.7% at 25 mg/L). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at 5 mg/L (19.8%) and 25 mg/L (54.8%), while GST initially declined but rebounded at higher concentrations. Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels increased by 24.3% at 25 mg/L, indicating adaptation. This study highlights that V. negundo-derived AgNPs are effective, eco-friendly biopesticides with minimal non-target toxicity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yingying Jiang, Paari Kuppusamy Alagesan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Breeding and selection of elite lines combining high oil and seed characteristics in nontoxic background of Jatropha curcas
To develop high-yielding, nontoxic Jatropha cultivars suitable for biodiesel production, a study was conducted at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, India. The background involved interspecific hybridization between Jatropha integerrima and elite lines of J. curcas, followed by backcrossing to eliminate seed toxicity while enhancing yield potential. The material under study comprised four provenances (NBJ-1, JC11, MP55-1, and MP55-2); three spontaneous mutants, Dwarf (Dw), Green foliage (Gf), and Small leaf (Sl); and population crosses, viz., five single crosses (52-2, 52-3, NT-1, 61-3, and B1-11); eight three-way crosses (14-22, 9-1, 12-19, 13-11, 13-17, 13-28, 14-24, and 17-21); four four-way crosses (14-16, 21-8, 34-6, and 34-23); and one multiple cross (A9-1). Plants with a sufficient seed yield (>500 g) were analyzed for oil content and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) content. The PMA was analyzed in different seed parts to understand the genetics of its nontoxic nature, which revealed its maternal inheritance. The four-way crosses indicated better assembly of genes with three-trait combinations; three-way crosses with three- and two-trait combinations; and single crosses with two combinations of traits. The plants derived from single crosses 52-3×34-6 and 61-3×52-2, as well as a four-way cross (52-2×13-11) × (61-3×52-2), emerged as the most promising through hybridization and require further evaluation in small-scale plantations for development and utilization in future breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hausila Prasad Singh, Vijay Kumar Gour, Swati Singh, Sonika kalia, Gurpreet Kaur, Kalpna Thakur, Aparajita Dwivedi, Ruchi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Computational identification of microbial metabolites as potential inhibitors of mosquito juvenile hormone binding protein for vector control
A group of acyclic sesquiterpenoids, that form the Juvenile hormone is crucial in the developmental physiology of insects. Aedes aegypti is crucial in spreading fatal diseases such as dengue, and dengue hemorrhagic fever. The mosquito undergoes several stages of development, from the egg to the adult stage, utilizing its innate immunity system and juvenile hormone proteins. Thus, targeting the juvenile hormone-binding proteins can potentially inhibit the developmental stages of the mosquito. The mosquito juvenile hormone binding protein (mJHBP) of Aedes aegypti was obtained from the RCSB (PDB). The study identified that Talaromyces islandicus and Bacillus velezensis produced secondary metabolites that act as efficient ligand complexes. The secondary metabolites were procured from PubChem and docked to the binding sites of mJHBP. Among the 26 listed ligand compounds, oxalic acid, decyl 3,5-difluorophenyl ester, oxalic acid 3,5-difluorophenyl undecyl ester, and p-octylacetophenone were found to have higher binding affinity, marking their efficiency in inhibiting the protein. Normal mode analysis studies were performed using iMODs to analyze the B-factor, variance, covariance, and Eigenvalues of the docked protein-ligand complexes. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) properties of the efficient ligand molecules were analyzed using the Swiss ADME tool to segregate potential drug candidates. Targeting the mJHBP complex using the microbial metabolite ligand molecules can inhibit the development of the mosquitoes. The work enlightens the futuristic development of potential candidates in the production of insecticides. The literature confirms it is the first of its type to utilize microbial bio compounds as ligands targeting the mJHB protein complex.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jincy A. George, Febin Antony, Upasana Sridharan, Paari kuppusamy Alagesan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation and identification of bacteria from air coolers in Mosul city, Iraq and study its ability for calcite formation
Evaporative coolers (ECs) are devices used to cool air. They are considered energy-saving and eco-friendly technologies, but eventually precipitate calcite. The present study aimed to isolate calcite-producing bacteria from environmental samples (ECs) and then investigate the influence of environmental parameters, such as pH and temperature, on calcite production. Twenty samples were obtained from sediments on the (ECs) in Mosul city, Iraq. The samples were inoculated on tryptic soy agar. Eleven bacterial isolates were obtained. One of the bacterial isolates exhibited a bush-like growth (complex colony) on tryptic soy agar and was identified using traditional methods. The diagnosis was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing to be Paenibacillus dendritiformis. The ability of the isolate to synthesize calcite was examined by cultivating it on Luria Bertani acetate agar. The effect of environmental parameters on calcite production was studied by culturing the isolate in Luria-Bertani acetate broth at pH 8, 9, and temperatures of 20°C and 30°C. The strain P. denditiformis demonstrated the capacity to produce calcite crystals in higher rate at pH 8 and 30ºC. Paenibacillus dendritiformis strain NFH1 was submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Bank database, and was shown to be the first strain isolated from air coolers in Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2025 Najwa Mohammed Al-Hadidi, Hiba Khalid Mahmood, Fulla Kaydar Mohamad Salih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fly ash induced lipid peroxidation in the fish Cirrhinus mrigala
Coal fly ash (CFA), is a byproduct of coal combustion in a thermal power plant, as well as industrial solid waste. Its improper disposal causes environmental, ecological, and human health risks. In aquatic systems, fly ash contamination leads to the bioaccumulation of metals, oxidative stress, tissue damage and threats to biodiversity. The consumption of contaminated food poses a hazard to the food chain. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate fly ash induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the fish Cirrhinus mrigala. To assess the toxicity of CFA, collected from the dumping station of Solapur Super Thermal Power Station, located at village Fatatewadi and Aherwadi, District: Solapur, fish were exposed to three concentrations (1 g/L, 3 g/L, and 5 g/L) for both acute (4 days) and chronic (30 days) durations, along with a control group. The MDA level was measured in the liver, gills, intestine, and muscles for both acute and chronic time. The MDA levels were increased significantly with increasing CFA concentrations. In all the organs, MDA level significantly increased in both acute and chronic durations. The highest MDA level was observed in the gills and the lowest activity was noticed in the intestine for both acute and chronic exposure. This concludes that CFA contamination induces oxidative stress and toxicity in freshwater fish, highlighting its potential impact on aquatic life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sheetal Mahadev Jaunjal , Tekchand Chetanlal Gaupale http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of heterosis and combining ability for yield and oil traits in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) contributing to the revival of India's cotton sector
Cotton is a major commercial crop with global importance, especially in the textile sector. Enhancing its yield and fibre quality through hybrid breeding is a key goal in crop improvement. This study was conducted during Kharif 2024 at Lovely Professional University, School of Agriculture, Genetics and Plant Breeding Research Farm in Phagwara, Punjab, to evaluate combining ability, gene action, and heterosis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). A total of 24 F1 hybrids were developed using 10 cotton genotypes (6 lines and 4 testers) along with a standard check (G. Cot. Hy 18) in a line × tester design. Analysis of variance revealed significant variability in seed yield, boll weight, and fibre quality traits, indicating potential for improvement. Non-additive gene action was observed for seed yield, boll production, and fiber quality, whereas additive gene action was prominent for earliness traits like flowering and boll bursting. The lines 761H20 and GJHV-510, along with the tester Sanjay (CJ-73), were identified as effective general combiners for seed yield, boll weight, and fiber quality. Among the hybrids, 761H20 × V-797, GJHV-503 × Guj. Cot.-15, and 761H20 × Deviraj stood out as the top performers, exhibiting strong performance, high SCA effects, and improved heterosis for yield and fiber traits. Additionally, the hybrid GJC-101 × V-797 showed excellent performance in boll production and weight. These hybrids have strong potential for commercial through heterosis breeding.. The variance ratio (σ²GCA/σ²SCA) being less than one confirmed the predominance of non-additive gene action. This study provides insights for developing superior cotton hybrids.
Copyright (c) 2025 J. D. Patel, N. Dubey, I. R. Delvadiya, H. Avinashe , Sai Keerthana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of sterilants on the establishment of in vitro regeneration protocol in Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.
Litsea cubeba holds significant commercial value due to its essential oils and pharmacological properties. Establishing an effective in vitro culture system is crucial for mass propagation and conservation of this species. However, microbial contaminants present a common challenge, often hindering the establishment of in vitro cultures. The present study was conducted to establish and maintain in vitro cultures of L. cubeba. The sterilants, viz., mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), were evaluated at different concentrations (0.1, 0.2%) and exposure times (3, 5, 7 minutes for HgCl2; 10, 15, 20 minutes for NaOCl) to assess their contamination and survival rates. Among all the treatments tested, treatment 11 (T11) with 0.2% NaOCl for 15 minutes was found to be the most effective , with a survival rate of 97.30% and a contamination rate of 6.76%. The study revealed that NaOCl when applied at optimized concentrations, effectively reduced microbial contamination while maintaining higher explant viability. In contrast, although HgCl2 demonstrated strong antimicrobial action, it resulted in increased tissue damage and lower survival due to its phytotoxic nature. Extended exposure and higher concentrations of both sterilants significantly affected explant viability and inhibited shoot regeneration. These findings suggest that NaOCl is a more suitable and environment friendly alternative for sterilization in L. cubeba culture establishment. The study contributes toward developing a standardized sterilization protocol for efficient micropropagation and conservation of this valuable species.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sukni Bui, Madhu Kamle, Pradeep Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Fusarium udum infection on the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in resistant and susceptible genotypes Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is India's second most important pulse crop after chickpea. It is susceptible to several pathogens, including Fusarium udum, which is considered the most important fungal pathogen, causing considerable economic loss in India and worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in pathogen-induced enzymes (PIE) in F. udum wilt-resistant (ICP-8863, BDN-1 and BDN-2) and susceptible genotypes (ICP-2376 and BAHAR) of pigeon pea after seven days of infection. Fifteen days old seedlings were inoculated with F. udum (10⁶ spores/ml) using the root-dip method. The wilt incidence was observed after seven days of infection; microscopic examination confirmed the presence of F. udum based on its characteristic mycelial pattern and conidial features. Biochemical response was recorded by estimating PIE viz., peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various pigeon pea genotypes after the manifestation of infection. The activity of PIE increased in resistant genotypes, particularly BDN-2, which showed the highest PO activity (1.57-fold), while BDN-1 recorded the highest PAL activity (1.55-fold). Overall, defense enzyme activity was lower in susceptible varieties. These results suggested that biochemical changes recorded in resistant genotypes help restrict the disease during infection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meet Padhiyar, Smita Singh, Anurag Yadav, Ramesh V, Kavin k. Soni, Mit Sathvara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Predictive analysis of cotton leaf curl disease using growth models in Haryana's Hisar Region
Cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuV) incidence has increased in the northern states of India (Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan) since 1993.CLCuVreducesthenumberofharvestablebollsby15-87 % and seed cotton yield by 11-92%, depending on the extent and timing of Infection.Cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuV) is among the most damaging cotton diseases.It was first found on Gossypium barbadense in Nigeria (Africa) in 1912. CLCuV was first reported in India in Sri Ganganagar (Rajasthan) in 1993 and in Punjab (India) in 1994. Various mathematical models have been employed to create models which describe epidemic dynamics.In this study, an attempt was made to compare three models —namely, the Monomolecular, Logistic, and Gompertz models —using secondary data from 2017 to 2022 for the prediction of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD).The studied models were evaluated using goodness-of-fit criteria, i.e., the Coefficient of determination and root mean square error.It was observed that the Coefficient of Determination (R²) was found to be in the range of 0.98 to 0.99 for all years,whereas the root mean square value was observed in the range of 2.06 to 16.25.The value of the Coefficient of determination (R²) was very high, and the mean square error was very low for the years 2017, 2019, 2020, and 2022, respectively, for the logistic model compared to other studied models. It was observed that 98 to 99 % the variation in disease intensity was explained by time, and an error was also observed to be minimal for all years.It was also concluded that, for the years 2017 to 2022, except for 2018 and 2021, the logistic model was found to be the best fit for predicting disease severity. In contrast, for 2018 and 2021, the Gompertz model was found to be the best. The analysis was performed using R and Excel software.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manoj Kumar, Anil Kumar Saini , Sunil Kumar , Anurag , Sarita Rani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy technique as a taxonomic indicator in the classification of Klanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. cultivars
Determining elemental mapping in living plant samples using the energy–dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy technique (SEM-EDS) can be used as an indicator to solve classification problems among closely related taxonomic ranks, such as cultivars and other intraspecific categories. Four cultivars of Klanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.: K. blossfeldiana Clandiva Monro ( white petals), K. blossfeldiana Clandiva Hayworth (red petals), K. blossfeldiana Clandiva Fonda ( yellow petals ), and K. blossfeldiana Clandiva Bardot (orange petals) were investigated by ( SEM – EDS ) to explain element distribution in relation to petals colour to find out similarities and differences among these cultivars. All the investigated elements were common in all studied cultivars' petals except ( Al3+) ; ( Si3+) ; ( Ni2+ ) were absent in some studied cultivars and present in the others . Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Microphotograph of four K. blossfeldiana Cultivars petals showed different patterns from layer composition of zigzag form and very fine structures in K. blossfeldiana Clandiva Monro to regular composition of circular grooves and chains of luminous white structures of irregular thickness in K. blossfeldiana Clandiva Hayworth, and white Y-shaped structures appeared higher than grey ones in K. blossfeldiana Clandiva Fonda and K. blossfeldiana Clandiva Bardot, which had orange petals showing slightly zigzag structures with light gray to white in color, and irregular-shaped small structures. This research highlights the possibility of using elemental mapping and linking it with petal colour traits in plant classification.
Copyright (c) 2025 May Taha Al - Wattar, Bassam Hussein Ayoub http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation of cis-2-methylpalmitolein-9 acid from the fungus Trichoderma asperellum Uz-A4 and its Spectroscopic analysis
Today, the use of natural and non-harmful substances is one of the main and a pressing issue in all industries. In this regard, most researchers are focused on extracting the necessary components from natural sources and raw materials. At the same time, the purpose of the present practical work is based on the extraction of biologically active substances from microbodies (fungi). In this exploratory study, the extraction of secondary metabolites from the strain Trichoderma asperellum Uz-A4 was performed. Fungal biomass was prepared and extracted using alcoholic extraction, and the resulting extract was fractionated by column chromatography using various solvents. In the chloroform: methanol 9:1 system step of the fractionation process, a high content of cis-2-methylpalmitolein-9 acid was formed, along with a number of secondary metabolites. For the first time, this unsaturated fatty acid was isolated from the strain of Trichodema asperellum Uz-A4. When the structure of this substance was isolated as a pure substance and its structure was studied by other spectroscopic assays, it turned out to be cis-2-methylpalmitoleic acid.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohigul Nomozova, Luqmon Kamolov, Marjona Shomurodova , Innat Nakhatov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of plant extracts as botanical insecticides for controlling Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
The increasing incidence of Spodoptera frugiperda resistance and the adverse effects of excessive synthetic insecticide use emphasize the need to develop safer and more environmentally sustainable alternative control strategies. One promising alternative is the use of botanical insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the bioactivity of five plant extracts, namely spiked pepper (Piper aduncum), African marigold (Tagetes erecta), Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), sugar apple (Annona squamosa), and soursop (Annona muricata), as candidates for botanical insecticide formulations against S. frugiperda. The experiments assessed toxicity, antifeedant, and ovicidal activities. Toxicity was tested using the leaf-dipping method with five concentration levels, equivalent to LC15, LC35, LC55, LC75, and LC95. Antifeedant activity was tested using the choice method with three concentration levels, equivalent to LC15, LC35, and LC55. Moreover, ovicidal activity was tested by spraying the extract on eggs with concentrations equivalent to LC95 and 2×LC95. The results showed a positive correlation between increasing test concentrations and higher larval mortality, antifeedant activity, and ovicidal activity. P. aduncum extract showed the highest toxicity, with LC50 and LC95 values of 0.11% and 0.70%, respectively. Among the tested extracts, T. diversifolia showed the highest antifeedant activity with moderate to strong effects, while the other showed very weak to moderate effects. In terms of ovicidal activity, all extracts showed strong inhibitory effects (>75%), particularly at a concentration of 2×LC95, with P. aduncum being the most effective extract due to its highest inhibition rate. These findings indicate that each extract exhibited bioactivity in at least one parameter, supporting its potential as a botanical insecticide. P. aduncum emerged as the most promising candidate, with strong toxicity and ovicidal effects despite relatively weak antifeedant activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamdan Maruli Siregar, Dadang, Dewi Sartiami, I Wayan Winasa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Soil nematode communities as indicators of forest ecosystem health: A study in Patnitop region of District Udhampur, UT, J&K, India
Nematodes are vital bioindicators of soil health, reflecting ecological conditions and anthropogenic disturbances, such as tourism. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of nematode diversity in the Patnitop forest (Jammu & Kashmir, India), evaluating their community structure and ecological significance. Soil samples were collected from multiple forest sites, with nematodes identified to genus level and classified by trophic groups and colonizer-persister (c-p) classes. Diversity indices (Shannon Index, Species Evenness, Maturity Index, Plant Parasitic Index) and ecological indices (Enrichment, Structure, Basal) were computed to assess soil food web conditions. Statistical analysis employed the Kruskal-Wallis test. We identified 37 nematode genera, with bacterivores dominating (58.7%), followed by omnivores (20.58%), herbivores (11%), predators (8.9%), and fungivores (2.7%). The c-p classification showed high proportions of opportunistic c-p 1 nematodes (39.0–48.1%) and stable c-p 4 (19.3–27.6%) and c-p 5 (5.8–15.3%) groups. Moderate diversity (Shannon Index: 1.93; Evenness: 0.73) and nutrient-rich conditions (Maturity Index: 2.50; Plant Parasitic Index: 3.20) were observed. High Enrichment (82.59) and Structure (92.48) indices, combined with a low Basal Index (4.17), indicated a stable food web under minimal stress. Trophic group differences were statistically significant (p = 0.00129). The predominance of bacterivores highlights bacterial-mediated decomposition, while nematode metrics demonstrated sensitivity to ecological gradients, underscoring their utility as bioindicators for tourism-linked disturbances. These findings advocate integrating nematode monitoring into forest management frameworks to guide soil conservation in this fragile ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anil Bhardwaj , Fozia Choudhary , Iqra Sayeed, Yasmeen Kouser , Nazia Kouser , Ali Asghar Shah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of photoperiodic alterations and binge eating on biochemical and metabolic parameters in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Altered sleep-wake cycles and irregular eating patterns are among the most prominent lifestyle changes observed due to the increasing trend of shift work worldwide. Though circadian rhythm disruptions and unhealthy eating practices are increasingly recognized as contributors to metabolic disorders in humans, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigated the combined effects of binge eating and altered photoperiods on the metabolic and biochemical profiles of zebrafish (Danio rerio), a well-established vertebrate model. Adult zebrafish were subjected to excessive feeding and altered photoperiod (20 h light: 4 h dark) for two weeks, while the age-matched control group were maintained in standard laboratory conditions. Important biochemical indicators, such as blood glucose, nitric oxide, and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were measured in addition to total protein. The present results showed that the blood glucose levels in the experimental group were significantly higher compared to the control group (76.2 ± 1.13 mg/dL vs. 52.9 ± 1.27 mg/dL). The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in the experimental group (56.02 ± 2.14 U/mg) compared to controls (3.18 ± 0.18 U/mg). The enzyme catalase also showed a slight but significant increase in its activity in the experimental group. However, Nitric oxide levels and total protein levels did not significantly change. These results showed that altering photoperiod in conjunction with altered feeding can lead to elevated glucose levels and increased oxidative stress, thereby affecting zebrafish metabolic homeostasis. This work provides a basic framework to understand the intricate relationship between circadian disruption and dietary excess in metabolic dysregulation, potentially impacting overall health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bhavani M Varma, Kowshik Kukkemane http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of different mycorrhizal species and leaf extracts on nutrient content, fruit yield, and quality of Satluj Purple plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.)
Mycorrhizal fungi are symbiotic associations between plants and fungi that are a wonderful advantage to horticulturists. They enhance nutrient assimilation and promote overall plant growth, evaluating the impact of combining different mycorrhizal species and leaf extracts on fruit nutrients and plum quality. The present study sought to evaluate the impact of various mycorrhizal species- Oidiodendron echinulatum (MTCC No. 1356) (Oe), Rhizophagus irregularis (Strain no. MUCL57021) (Ri) and Rhizophagus fasciculatus (Strain no. OR563927) (Rf) in combination with leaf extracts (LE) on nutrient composition and quality factors of Satluj Purple plum. The study design employed a Randomized Block Design factorial arrangement with eight treatments (Control, LE- custard apple, citrus and guava leaf extracts @0.5%, Oe, OeLE, Ri, RiLE, Rf, RfLE) that had three replications. Among eight various treatments, Rf with custard apple, citrus, and guava leaf extracts (RfLE) had a beneficial effect on nutritional parameters, fruiting traits, yield, and quality traits of Satluj purple plum. Additionally, Oe with custard apple, citrus, and guava leaf extracts (OeLE) was significant following RfLE for fruit nutrient, yield, and quality determination. These mycorrhizal fungi and leaf extracts (RfLE) combinations showed enhanced nitrogen (2.83%), phosphorus (0.45%), and potassium (3.26%) absorption, indicating superior quality and nutrient content. Pearson's correlation also quantified the strength and direction of single treatments and variables, which indicated the direct and indirect effects of variables. Thus, the dual use of RfLE and leaf extract is useful not just for alleviating the nutritional value but also for enhancing the calibre of fruit quality of plum fruit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joshi Thoudam, Amit Kotiyal, Aditi Thakur http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide in controlling bacterial biofilm formation
Biofilm is a virulence factor used by pathogenic bacteria to facilitate their attachment to the host, thereby facilitating infection. Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) is a large amphipathic molecule found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by chloroform-methanol method, lyophilized, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and found many chemical compounds like, (11,14-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester, cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, and 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride, (Z, Z), to determine their inhibitory effect at four concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/cm3) on biofilm formation in four species of bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Mesorhizobium cicero, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. It was found that the concentration of 100 mg/cm³ was effective in inhibiting the formation of biofilms in the three pathological species.Nevertheless, it had no inhibitory effect on the formation of biofilms by M.cicero. Some genes encoding proteins specific to the adhesion of bacteria to their host were also identified as part of the biofilm mechanism.The results showed that the studied bacteria retained some of these genes and lost others, as evidenced by the appearance of bundles on the agarose gel or not.In A. tumefaciens, the celA and celR genes were found to encode cellulose fibres that allow it to adhere to its plant host, M. cicero. M. cicero and S.aureus were found to possess both the NodC and eno genes, but they lost the Nod and ebps genes, respectively. Meanwhile, E. coli exhibited a loss of the FimH gene, which is responsible for its association with the pathogenicity.
Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Safaa Ismail Rashid AL-Obaidi, Rana Khalid Ahmed AL-Tareea, Dhuha Jasem Mohammed, Najwa Ibrahim Khaleel Al-Barhawee http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Characterization of newly recorded Pythium mamillatum AJA, causing cucumber root rot in Iraq: Implications for disease management in sustainable agriculture
Pythium mamillatum is an emerging pathogen responsible for root rot and wilt diseases in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), resulting in significant crop losses in Iraq. The present study examined the occurrence, distribution, pathogenicity, and genetic characterization of P. mamillatum strain AJA in Iraq, with broader implications for sustainable agricultural practices. Field surveys were conducted to collect symptomatic cucumber root samples from Al-Tahiria, Al-Azizia, and Al-Badah districts revealed disease incidences of 37%, 35%, and 21%, respectively. Infected plants exhibited symptoms of root rot and wilting. According to molecular research, the Iraqi strain, Pythium mamillatum AJA, accession No. MN460315.1 was 100% genetically related to strains from China, the USA, and Canada, indicating a shared evolutionary origin. Through inhibiting seed germination from 10% on the third day to 90% on the seventh day of inoculation, P. mamillatum (strain AJA) demonstrated significant losses to local Iraqi cucumber crops. The rapid spread of agriculture, its valuable genetic similarity with strains established in other regions worldwide, and its pathogenic viewpoint highlight its increasing threat. The study emphasizes the importance of employing effective disease control techniques within the framework of sustainable agriculture. Reducing the effect of this infection mostly depends on early identification, seed treatments, and constant pathogen monitoring. Maintaining crop health and guaranteeing long-term agricultural resilience also depend on sustainable farming methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides and advance integrated pest management (IPM).
Copyright (c) 2025 Jawad K. Abood Al-Janabi, Ali Nasir Hussein, Haider Jawad Al-Janabi, Ali R. Shakir Al-Shujairi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular diagnosis of the Ganoderma isolated from Mosul city, Iraq and isolation of some of its active compounds
Macrofungi are extremely important organisms in our lives because they produce numerous biologically active compounds, which have been utilized in various industrial applications, as well as in the medical field. They also produce antibiotics and anticancer pharmaceutical compounds, making them promising therapeutic agents.The present study aimed to discover the presence of macrofungi in different areas of Mosul city / Iraq, and identify bioactive secondary compounds from them. The survey trips lasted four months in the forests of Mosul and in separate areas of the left coast of Mosul city. These surveys demonstrated that 10 fruiting bodies belonged to the genus Agaricus sp. (Mo1-Mo2-Mo3) and Ganoderma sp. (Mo4), Polyporus sp. (Mo5), and Coprinellus sp. (Mo6). The isolate Mo7-Mo8 belongs to the genus Pluteus sp., and M10 belongs to the genus Ascomycetes Nigrospora sphaerica. As for the Ganoderma sp., its molecular diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Band separation was observed, with a size of 650 base pairs. When studying the sequence of the nitrogenous bases of the DNA, no sites of genetic variation were found compared to the ITS gene on the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), given the code PP534170.1. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to separate the active bioactive secondary compounds, such as Benzene, 1-isocyano-2-methyl-, 4-Formylbenzeneboronic acid, 9-Octadecenamide, (z)- and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, based on the retention time for each compound. The present study is the first of its kind to combine genetic and chemical analysis of Ganoderma in Mosul city . This leads to the development of environmentally friendly compounds in the treatment of many diseases.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS analysis)
Copyright (c) 2025 Faten Noori Mula Abed, Hiba Hadi Taha, Mustafa Jamal Shuker http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Modelling the spatial distribution of drought effects on land degradation in the Blue Nile Region, Sudan
Land degradation (LD) has a significant impact on Sudan's economy, society, and environment, driven by both climatic variations and human activities. Quantifying this degradation and its link to land use change (LUC) in Sudan's semiarid regions is crucial but often overlooked. The study provides precise spatiotemporal data to evaluate and model the impact of drought on land degradation in Sudan's Blue Nile Region. Four cloud-free Landsat images (1993, 2003, 2013, and 2023) were used and downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) repository. The study integrated vegetation indices (VIs) (NDVI, SARVI, SAVI, VHI) and soil indices (SIs) (BSI, TGSI) to assess LD. Change detection matrices estimated spatiotemporal land use and degradation shifts. Correlation and modeling (Kriging) determined relationships and causes of LD. Model validation was through the use of the coefficient of determination (R2), , Kappa coefficient, and principal component analysis. SIs and VIs effectively detected LD. Very severe and severe degradation increased by 15.8% and 23.3%. Conversely, non and non-light-degraded areas decreased to 27% and 16.2%, respectively. Moderately degraded areas increased by 2.5% and 1.7%. The study revealed positive correlations between (TGSI, NDVI, VHI), with R2 of 0.99, 0.98, respectively, and negative correlations between (BSI, NDVI, SAVI) with R2 of -0.92 and -0.89. The Kriging model showed reasonable performance with an R2 of 0.52, Kappa coefficients of 72%, and PC1 and PC2 capturing 78% of the variance. This work provides a robust, low-cost approach for predicting soil degradation via vegetation, especially valuable for semiarid regions. The integrated methodology and validation offer a reliable tool for environmental monitoring and management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faroug Jadalla, Kolapo. O Oluwasemire, Abd Elmagid Elmobarak http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bioactive seed oils of mangrove associates: Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity studies
Mangrove-associated plants are rich reservoirs of unique bioactive compounds, owing to their adaptation to harsh coastal environments, yet many remain underexplored for their therapeutic potential. Seed oils from such species offer a promising source of natural antioxidants and anticancer agents. The present study aimed to conduct phytochemical characterization, antioxidant assessment, and anticancer evaluation of seed oils extracted from selected mangrove-associated plants — Thespesia populnea, Canavalia cathartica, and Derris trifoliata — using n-hexane via Soxhlet extraction. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that T. populnea oil possessed the highest total phenolic (65.27 ± 0.25 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (233.57 ± 1.51 mg QE/g) contents. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profiling confirmed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, flavonoids, sterols, terpenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Antioxidant activity was assessed through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS·+) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) assays showed that oil of T. populnea exhibited the strongest radical scavenging ability, correlating with its rich flavonoid content. In contrast, D. trifoliata seed oil demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells (IC50 of 62.3 µg/mL) and moderate antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (EC50 of 80.50 µg/mL), supported by morphological evidence of apoptosis. These bioactivities are likely attributed to the presence of phytochemicals such as the triterpenoid C(14a)-Homo-27-norgammacer-14-ene, sterols like stigmasterol and γ-sitosterol, and flavonoids including rotenone. Overall, the findings suggest that these seed oils, especially those from T. populnea and D. trifoliata, offer promising prospects as sources of natural antioxidants and potential anticancer agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 James Baben George, Neethu Cyril, Sam John, Sylas V. P, Laigi Joseph, Saratchandran A. Divakaran, Pramod Kumar N http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determination of the ecological quality of Oued Nfifikh and Oued El Maleh (Morocco) using the generic diatomic index and the global normalized biological index
The quality of rivers and water reserves has now become a major concern due to the combined effects of climate change and human activities, which contribute to their degradation. This study assesses the water quality of four sites in Greater Casablanca, located upstream and downstream of two wadis: the Oued El Maleh dam (M1), its downstream in Mohammedia (M2), the Oued Nfifikh discharge area (N1), and its downstream (N2). The samples targeted diatoms and macroinvertebrates to calculate two biotic indices: the Generic Diatomic Index (GDI) and the Global Normalized Biological Index (GNBI), which were then compared to the Organic Pollution Index (OPI) determined by physicochemical analyses. The results revealed that the M1 site has a high diversity of diatoms (H' = 2.63), bio-indicators of good ecological quality (Achnanthidium, Cymbella, etc.), confirmed by a GDI of 13.01 (moderately eutrophic state) and an OPI of 4.3. On the other hand, the M2, N1, and N2 sites show low diatom diversity (H' = 1.46; 1.77; 0.94) and the presence of pollution-tolerant species (Bacillaria paradoxa, Nitzschia palea, etc.), with low GDIs (4.74; 7.59; 2.21) indicating pollution. The dominance of resistant taxa (gastropods at M2, hirudinae at N1, chironomidae at N2) and weak GNBI (4, 3, 2) confirm this degradation, as do OPIs (1.5; 2; 1.75). These results revealed that only M1 maintains a good ecological status, while M2, N1, and N2 are polluted, reflecting the impact of urban and industrial discharges. This deterioration highlights the need for effective management measures to protect these aquatic ecosystems, particularly in areas downstream of urban centers where anthropogenic pressures are increasing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nassur Said Ali HAIDAR, MESKINI Nadia , LAKHIARI Hamid, MESSAOURI Hafida http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular detection of toxA and lasB virulence genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Erbil, Iraq
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major cause of lower limb medical amputations and result in high healthcare expenses. In DFUs, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is significantly prevalent. The current study aims to determine the relationship between toxA and lasB virulence genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antibiotic resistance. Between September 2024 and February 2025, a total of 150 swabs were collected in this cross-sectional study from DFU patients of both sexes and varying ages who attended the American Medical Complex for treatment. The primary identification was performed using cultural characteristics and biochemical tests, and the definitive identification was achieved using the Vitek 2 compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done by the Disk diffusion method. Of 150 samples, 53 (35.33%) were identified as P. aeruginosa. Among these, the prevalence of the toxA and lasB genes was 90.56% (48/53) and 88.68% (47/53), respectively. Ceftazidime was the most effective antibiotic, followed by netilmicin, meropenem, and imipenem. Carbenicillin was the least effective (100% resistance), followed by levofloxacin, piperacillin, ciprofloxacin, and cefepime.P. aeruginosa was prevalent in DFUs, accounting for 35.33% of the total sample size. Ceftazidime is the most effective antibiotic for treating P. aeruginosa infected DFUs, followed by netilmicin, meropenem, and imipenem. Carbenicillin is less effective. The toxA and lasB virulence genes was highly prevalent in P. aeruginosa isolates, leading to increased antibiotic resistance. This study provides insights into the virulence and resistance of P. aeruginosa in diabetic foot ulcers, emphasizing the need for molecular monitoring and customized antibiotic therapies to improve clinical management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khader Abd Khader , Alaa Zanzal Raad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative analysis of vitamin E extraction methods in Cleome viscosa L. and the role of key biosynthesis genes
Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble, potent radical-scavenging antioxidant that inhibits lipid peroxidation, which damages cell membranes, proteins, and DNA in the human body. Currently, it is widely utilized in dietary supplements and cosmetic products and is primarily sourced from plant-derived oils. However, Cleome viscosa L. (Asian spider flower) an ethnobotanical species that is not as widely recognized, could provide a different natural source of tocopherols, especially in the early stages of seed development. The present study aimed to evaluate which extraction methods produced the highest vitamin E contents by comparing different extraction techniques. A method was developed in which different solvents and extraction durations were tested to analyze the vitamin E and antioxidant contents in Cleome viscosa L. seed from 2-5 weeks after fruit set (WAF). Two methods were used, the Soxhlet method and maceration. The highest amount of gamma-tocopherol was present at 5 WAF and a concentration of 1946.78 µg/100 g fresh weight with an IC50 value of 32.02 ± 2.02 µg/ml using the Soxhlet method with ethanol for 6 hours. To gain information on the relationship between vitamin E content and the expression of four genes (VTE1-4) involved in vitamin E biosynthesis was examined. The higher expression of the VTE1 and VTE4 genes from the early seed stage to the mature seed stage. Furthermore, the maximum amount of alpha-tocopherol, 898.44 µg/100 g fresh weight, with an IC50 value of 7.46 ± 2.20 µg/ml, was produced by the maceration method using ethanol solution at 3 WAF, and the VTE4 gene was more highly expressed compared to other tocopherol biosynthesis genes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pattamon Sangin, Monthita Phankaeo, Waraporn Saekua, Minta Chaiprasongsuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sensory evaluation of Cebu’s chips using Cassava (Manihot esculenta) flour infused with fresh blended Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) and malunggay (Moringa oleifera) are widely cultivated in the Philippines and valued for their nutritional and health benefits. Cassava is a major source of carbohydrates and dietary fiber, while malunggay is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. This study aimed to develop and evaluate cassava flour chips infused with fresh blended malunggay leaves as a functional, locally sourced snack that may help combat malnutrition. Three chip formulations containing different concentrations of malunggay leaves (¼ cup, ½ cup, and ¾ cup) were prepared. Sensory evaluation was conducted with 30 food experts and 70 consumer panelists, using a 5-point hedonic scale to assess aroma, color, taste, and texture. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that all formulations were generally acceptable, but F1 (¼ cup malunggay) obtained the highest overall scores (aroma = 3.91 ± 0.86, color = 3.70 ± 0.94, taste = 4.00 ± 0.82, texture = 3.85 ± 0.89). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among formulations in taste and texture, indicating that higher malunggay content slightly reduced acceptability. The study demonstrates the novelty of integrating malunggay into cassava-based snack products, providing both enhanced nutritional value and consumer acceptability. This work highlights the potential of cassava–malunggay chips as an affordable, nutritious, and sustainable food innovation that can support public health and local agricultural development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jay C. Valdez, Leah Mae D. Mercader, Niña P. Aligato, Ena Marie P. Alforque, Niño Jay G. Jopia, Felix C. Costan, Jaquiline R. Dela Cruz, Romel C. Mutya, Catherine C. Terana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Recent advances in insect pest management strategies emphasizing on Artificial intelligence: A overview
Insect pests pose a serious threat to agricultural production and food security, accounting for 30–40% of yearly crop losses worldwide. Conventional pest control techniques are often labour-intensive, ineffective, and unable to adapt to the changing habits of pests. By enhancing pest identification, classification, and management through the application of sophisticated algorithms, sensor technologies, and predictive modelling, Artificial intelligence (AI) provides a game-changing solution. AI-powered methods minimize financial losses and promote sustainable agriculture by enabling early pest detection, reducing pesticide overuse, and facilitating data-driven decision-making. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of AI and smart sensor applications in pest management, highlighting their contributions to crop monitoring, environmental assessment, and resource efficiency. Weather monitoring systems, crop health sensors, automatic irrigation controllers, and soil sensors are some of the key technologies covered. Furthermore, the potential of innovations such as sensor fusion, hyperspectral imaging, and drone-based sensing to enhance real-time agricultural data collection and decision-making is investigated. It also examines how the Internet of Things (IoT) and AI-driven analytics might be integrated into precision agriculture to maximize pest control, fertilization, and irrigation. AI and smart sensors support sustainable pest management and robust agricultural ecosystems by facilitating effective resource use and reducing environmental impact. This review emphasizes how important AI and smart sensor technologies are to improving precision farming and bolstering global food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sheikh Fiza, Suzain Shafi, Renita Pradhan, Amaninder Kaur Riat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sustainable management of Urban river ecosystem services: A systematic literature review on community engagement and environmental behavior in Indonesia
Rivers play a pivotal role in providing essential ecosystem services and natural resources that are crucial for both human and ecological well-being. However, inappropriate exploitation of river ecosystems can jeopardize their ability to deliver these services, posing significant risks to human welfare and environmental sustainability in the future. Therefore, restoring degraded river ecosystems is crucial to ensuring the sustainability of environmental provisions to meet current and future demands. In urban settings, rivers hold particular significance in maintaining the sustainability of water resources. Batang Arau, a major river flowing through the heart of Padang City, Indonesia. serves as a critical resource supporting various community needs and activities. The river provides essential ecosystem services, including raw water for the municipal water supply (PDAM), as well as support for bathing, washing, sanitation, agriculture, and livestock. Additionally, its estuary supports vital transportation services, functioning as an inter-island shipping port on the West Coast of West Sumatra. This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, reviewing scholarly articles from Google Scholar, Elsevier, and ScienceDirect. The TCCM (Theory, Context, Characteristics, and Methodology) framework was used to classify research and identify knowledge gaps, thereby paving the way for future research directions. Sustainable management of the river's ecosystem services can be achieved through a sociocultural assessment approach, emphasizing environmental behavior via the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), and an economic approach through Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES). These strategies can inform policies and programs that mitigate environmental degradation by actively involving community participation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yenni Yuliza, Yonariza, Rudi Febriamansyah , Endrizal Ridwan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of the floristic diversity of the Maamora cork oak forest in northwest Morocco
The Maamora forest, located in northwest Morocco, is one of the largest continuous cork oak forests in the Mediterranean basin. Since the last comprehensive floristic survey in 2005, the forest has been highly affected by human activities and climate change, making an updated list of its plant diversity both timely and necessary. This study aimed to renew the knowledge of the floristic composition of the forest and assess its actual ecological context. During 95 days of fieldwork between 2021 and 2023, a systematic sampling was conducted across 57 representative sites within the natural cork oak zone. The survey documented 171 species and subspecies, distributed across 132 genera and 38 families, with 64 taxa recently reported in the Maamora. The most represented families were Asteraceae (26 species), Fabaceae (23 species), Poaceae (19 species), and Caryophyllaceae (13 species). The life-form spectrum was dominated by therophytes (60.82%), followed by geophytes (16.37%) and hemicryptophytes (10.53%). A total of 22 endemic species were recorded, including 9 strictly endemic to Morocco. Although most species (84%) were found not to be concerned by the IUCN red list, 41% of the endemic taxa were classified as threatened. This updated inventory highlights ongoing ecological changes in the Maamora forest and provides a valuable reference for future conservation strategies and sustainable forest management in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdelilah Jbilou, Ouafae Benkhnigue, Ahmed Chriqui, Hind Elaidi, Lahcen Zidane, Jamila Dahmani, Nadia Belahbib http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of chromium removal efficiency from chromium-contaminated water using ball-milled Eichhornia crassipes biochar
Hexavalent chromium {Cr (VI)} contamination in water sources poses a significant threat to human health and the environment due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity. In recent years, biochar-based adsorbents have gained attention for their potential to effectively remove heavy metals from water. The present study focuses on the synthesis and application of ball-milled nano-Eichhornia (water hyacinth) biochar (BMNEBC) as an innovative adsorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions. In this research, Eichhornia plant leaves were utilized as the precursor for biochar production through a pyrolysis process. The produced biochar was subjected to physical modification (ball milling) to obtain nano-sized particles, thereby increasing the surface area and porosity of the material. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the Cr(VI) removal efficiency of BMBNBC under various operating conditions, including initial Cr(VI) concentration (10 to 70 mg), adsorbent dosage (25 to 125mg), contact time (0 to 180 minutes), and pH (3 to 12). The study revealed that the optimal conditions were identified as pH 6, an adsorbent dosage of 75 mg, and a contact time of 4 hours, resulting in an impressive Cr (VI) removal capacity of 256.3 mg/g (91%). These findings provide valuable insights for developing effective strategies to remove chromium from contaminated water samples.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Mohanadevi , K. Dhanabalan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0