Biodiversity of intertidal mollusks in Surigao City, Philippines
Article Main
Abstract
Intertidal zones are crucial ecological interfaces, but there is a lack of comprehensive studies on mollusk communities in Surigao City, Philippines. This research aimed to assess intertidal mollusk profiles, including species density, diversity, evenness, and richness, addressing a knowledge gap in regional mollusk biodiversity. Using a belt transect quadrat method in three sampling areas during 2021, the study employed a descriptive correlation design to investigate relationships between mollusk profiles and seawater physico-chemical parameters (conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, and temperature). In Surigao City's Day-asan, Hikdop Island, and Sibale, 44 gastropod species (19 families) and 11 bivalve species (9 families) were identified. Conidae and Strombidae families dominated. Average seawater parameters were conductivity 51.33, dissolved oxygen 7.45, pH 7.84, salinity 32, and temperature 28.52. Day-asan exhibited the highest species count (49), followed by Hikdop Island (42) and Sibale Island (37). Hikdop Island had the highest species density and evenness, Day-asan had the highest species diversity index, and Sibale Island had the highest species richness. Mollusk profiles showed no significant differences between sampling areas, and a strong negative correlation between pH and species evenness was observed. Surigao City displayed diverse mollusk biodiversity, but a declining trend in diversity indices was noted. This study fills a critical knowledge gap in understanding mollusk community dynamics, providing essential baseline data for future conservation and management strategies in the region, while also shedding light on the impact of environmental factors on intertidal mollusk populations in Surigao City.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Biodiversity, Mollusks Species density, Species diversity, Species evenness, Species richness
References
Alati, V. M., Olunga, J., Olendo, M., Daudi, L. N., Osuka, K., Odoli, C., ... & Nordlund, L. M. (2020). Mollusc shell fisheries in coastal Kenya: Local ecological knowledge reveals overfishing. Ocean & Coastal Management, 195, 105285.
Alhejoj, I., Bandel, K. & Salameh, E. (2017). Aquatic mollusks: occurrences, identification and their use as bioindicators of environmental conditions (salinity, trace elements and pollution parameters) in Jordan. In Water Resources in Arid Areas: The Way Forward (pp. 295-318). Springer International Publishing.
Allison, E. H., Badjeck, M. C. & Meinhold, K. (2011). The implications of global climate change for molluscan aquaculture. Shellfish aquaculture and the environment, 461-490.
Best, K. (2023). Mussels and Other Aquatic Animals Provide Critical Coastal Ecosystem Protections. https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/sea-levels-rise-mussels-provide-coastal-ecosystem-protections
Baderan, D. W. K., Hamidun, M. S. & Farid, S. M. (2019). The abundance, diversity, and the density of mollusks in tutuwoto mangrove area of Anggrek district, North Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo, Indonesia. GeoEco Journal, 5(1), 43-54.
Burgos, A., Younger, A. C. & Wolverton, S. (2019). Human mollusk interactions in a changing world. Journal of Ethnobiology, 39(2), 175-181.
Byrne, R.H., Robert-Baldo, G., Thompson, S.W., Chen, C.T.A. (1988). Seawater pH measurements: an at-sea comparison of spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Paper, 35(8), 1405-1410.
Cañada, M. C. B. (2020). Species Richness and Abundance of Bivalves and Gastropods in Mangrove Forests of Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines. Open Journal of Ecology, 10, 778-787.
Cannicci, S., Bartolini, F., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Fratini, S., Litulo, C., Macia, A., ... & Paula, J. (2009). Effects of urban wastewater on crab and mollusc assemblages in equatorial and subtropical mangroves of East Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 84(3), 305-317.
Clayton, T.D. & Bryne, R.H. (1993). Spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements: total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of m-cresol purple and at-sea results. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Paper, 40(10), 2115-2129.
Fortunato, H. (2015). Mollusks: tools in environmental and climate research. American Malacological Bulletin, 33(2), 310-324.
Garcia, A. A. & Anticamara, J. A. (2023). Current Estimates of Philippine Marine Mollusks Taxonomic Diversity. Philippine Journal of Science, 152(6B), 2423-2432.
García Molinos, J., Halpern, B. S., Schoeman, D. S., Brown, C. J., Kiessling, W., Moore, P. J., ... & Burrows, M. T. (2016). Climate velocity and the future global redistribution of marine biodiversity. Nature Climate Change, 6(1), 83-88.
Guerra García, J. M., Cabezas Rodríguez, M. D. P., Baeza-Rojano Pageo, E., Izquierdo, D., Corzo, J., Ros Clemente, M., ... & Soler Hurtado, M. D. M. (2011). Abundance patterns of macrofauna associated to marine macroalgae along the Iberian Peninsula. Zoologica Baetica, 22, 3-17.
Habibullah, M. S., Din, B. H., Chong, C. W. & Radam, A. (2016). Tourism and biodiversity loss: implications for business sustainability. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 166-172.
Halpern, B. S., Frazier, M., Afflerbach, J., Lowndes, J. S., Micheli, F., O’Hara, C., ... & Selkoe, K. A. (2019). Recent pace of change in human impact on the world’s ocean. Scientific reports, 9(1), 11609.
Horsák, M., Hájek, M., Tichý, L., & Juřičková, L. (2007). Plant indicator values as a tool for land mollusc autecology assessment. Acta Oecologica, 32(2), 161-171.
IUCN. (2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-2. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Karani, P., & Failler, P. (2020). Comparative coastal and marine tourism, climate change, and the blue economy in African Large Marine Ecosystems. Environmental Development, 36, 100572.
Martinez-Haro, M., Beiras, R., Bellas, J., Capela, R., Coelho, J. P., Lopes, I., ... & Marques, J. C. (2015). A review on the ecological quality status assessment in aquatic systems using community based indicators and ecotoxicological tools: what might be the added value of their combination?. Ecological Indicators, 48, 8-16.
McBurney, D. & White, T. (2009). Research Methods (Book, 2010) [WorldCat.org]. WorldCat.org: The World's Largest Library Catalog. https://www.worldcat.org/title/research-methods/oclc/244063424
Mona, M. H., El-Naggar, H. A., El-Gayar, E. E., Masood, M. F. & Mohamed, E. S. N. (2019). Effect of human activities on biodiversity in nabq protected area, south sinai, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 45(1), 33-43.
Ngor, P. B., Sor, R., Prak, L. H., So, N., Hogan, Z. S. & Lek, S. (2018). Mollusc fisheries and length–weight relationship in Tonle Sap flood pulse system, Cambodia. In Annales de Limnologie-International Journal of Limnology (Vol. 54, p. 34). EDP Sciences.
Okorondu, J., Umar, N. A., Ulor, C. O., Onwuagba, C. G., Diagi, B. E., Ajiere, S. I. & Nwaogu, C. (2022). Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Loss of Biodiversity: A Review.
Pakhira, H. & Chakraborty, S. K. (2018). Community structure of benthic mollusks in contrasting ecozones of a transboundary river in India: An ecological interpretation. International Journal of Life Sciences Research, 6(3), 233-238.
Prado-Carpio, E., Quezada-Abad, C., Martínez-Soto, M., Rodríguez-Monroy, C. & Morris-Díaz, A. (2018). An Approximation to Agribusiness Development in the Value Chain of the Bivalve Mollusk" Anadara Tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) (Arcidae)" (No. 2039-2018-5675).
Putro, S. P., Muhammad, F. & Aininnur, A. (2017, February). The Roles of Macrobenthic Mollusks as Bioindicator in Response to Environmental Disturbance: Cumulative k-dominance curves and bubble plots ordination approaches. In IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science (Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 012022). IOP Publishing.
Ramos, D. A. E., Batomalaque, G. A. & Anticamara, J. A. (2018). Current status of Philippine mollusk museum collections and research, and their implications on biodiversity science and conservation. Philippine Journal of Science, 147(1), 123-163.
Reguera, P., Couceiro, L. & Fernández, N. (2018). A review of the empirical literature on the use of limpets Patella spp. (Mollusca: Gastropoda) as bioindicators of environmental quality. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 148, 593-600.
Sharma, K. K., Bangotra, K., & Saini, M. (2013). Diversity and distribution of Mollusca in relation to the physico-chemical profile of Gho-Manhasan stream, Jammu (J & K). International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 5(4), 240-249.
Shevchuk, L., Vasilіeva, L., Romaniuk, R. & Pavliuchenko, O. (2021, November). Species diversity of unionid mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) as a bioindicator of the state water environment of river basins of Ukraine. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 915, No. 1, p. 012006). IOP Publishing.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science (2021). Gloucester Point, VA. Retrieved from https://www.vims.edu/research/topics/dead_zones/impacts/index.php#:~:text=The%20concentration%20of%20dissolved%20oxygen,liter%20(mg%2FL).
Wagey, B. T., Bucol, A. A. & Katuuk, V. (2015). The moray eel fishery in the seagrass beds of Siquijor Island, central Philippines, with remarks on two new Philippine records of the genus Gymnothorax. IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation, 13, 1-13.
Alhejoj, I., Bandel, K. & Salameh, E. (2017). Aquatic mollusks: occurrences, identification and their use as bioindicators of environmental conditions (salinity, trace elements and pollution parameters) in Jordan. In Water Resources in Arid Areas: The Way Forward (pp. 295-318). Springer International Publishing.
Allison, E. H., Badjeck, M. C. & Meinhold, K. (2011). The implications of global climate change for molluscan aquaculture. Shellfish aquaculture and the environment, 461-490.
Best, K. (2023). Mussels and Other Aquatic Animals Provide Critical Coastal Ecosystem Protections. https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/sea-levels-rise-mussels-provide-coastal-ecosystem-protections
Baderan, D. W. K., Hamidun, M. S. & Farid, S. M. (2019). The abundance, diversity, and the density of mollusks in tutuwoto mangrove area of Anggrek district, North Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo, Indonesia. GeoEco Journal, 5(1), 43-54.
Burgos, A., Younger, A. C. & Wolverton, S. (2019). Human mollusk interactions in a changing world. Journal of Ethnobiology, 39(2), 175-181.
Byrne, R.H., Robert-Baldo, G., Thompson, S.W., Chen, C.T.A. (1988). Seawater pH measurements: an at-sea comparison of spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Paper, 35(8), 1405-1410.
Cañada, M. C. B. (2020). Species Richness and Abundance of Bivalves and Gastropods in Mangrove Forests of Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines. Open Journal of Ecology, 10, 778-787.
Cannicci, S., Bartolini, F., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Fratini, S., Litulo, C., Macia, A., ... & Paula, J. (2009). Effects of urban wastewater on crab and mollusc assemblages in equatorial and subtropical mangroves of East Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 84(3), 305-317.
Clayton, T.D. & Bryne, R.H. (1993). Spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements: total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of m-cresol purple and at-sea results. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Paper, 40(10), 2115-2129.
Fortunato, H. (2015). Mollusks: tools in environmental and climate research. American Malacological Bulletin, 33(2), 310-324.
Garcia, A. A. & Anticamara, J. A. (2023). Current Estimates of Philippine Marine Mollusks Taxonomic Diversity. Philippine Journal of Science, 152(6B), 2423-2432.
García Molinos, J., Halpern, B. S., Schoeman, D. S., Brown, C. J., Kiessling, W., Moore, P. J., ... & Burrows, M. T. (2016). Climate velocity and the future global redistribution of marine biodiversity. Nature Climate Change, 6(1), 83-88.
Guerra García, J. M., Cabezas Rodríguez, M. D. P., Baeza-Rojano Pageo, E., Izquierdo, D., Corzo, J., Ros Clemente, M., ... & Soler Hurtado, M. D. M. (2011). Abundance patterns of macrofauna associated to marine macroalgae along the Iberian Peninsula. Zoologica Baetica, 22, 3-17.
Habibullah, M. S., Din, B. H., Chong, C. W. & Radam, A. (2016). Tourism and biodiversity loss: implications for business sustainability. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 166-172.
Halpern, B. S., Frazier, M., Afflerbach, J., Lowndes, J. S., Micheli, F., O’Hara, C., ... & Selkoe, K. A. (2019). Recent pace of change in human impact on the world’s ocean. Scientific reports, 9(1), 11609.
Horsák, M., Hájek, M., Tichý, L., & Juřičková, L. (2007). Plant indicator values as a tool for land mollusc autecology assessment. Acta Oecologica, 32(2), 161-171.
IUCN. (2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-2. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Karani, P., & Failler, P. (2020). Comparative coastal and marine tourism, climate change, and the blue economy in African Large Marine Ecosystems. Environmental Development, 36, 100572.
Martinez-Haro, M., Beiras, R., Bellas, J., Capela, R., Coelho, J. P., Lopes, I., ... & Marques, J. C. (2015). A review on the ecological quality status assessment in aquatic systems using community based indicators and ecotoxicological tools: what might be the added value of their combination?. Ecological Indicators, 48, 8-16.
McBurney, D. & White, T. (2009). Research Methods (Book, 2010) [WorldCat.org]. WorldCat.org: The World's Largest Library Catalog. https://www.worldcat.org/title/research-methods/oclc/244063424
Mona, M. H., El-Naggar, H. A., El-Gayar, E. E., Masood, M. F. & Mohamed, E. S. N. (2019). Effect of human activities on biodiversity in nabq protected area, south sinai, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 45(1), 33-43.
Ngor, P. B., Sor, R., Prak, L. H., So, N., Hogan, Z. S. & Lek, S. (2018). Mollusc fisheries and length–weight relationship in Tonle Sap flood pulse system, Cambodia. In Annales de Limnologie-International Journal of Limnology (Vol. 54, p. 34). EDP Sciences.
Okorondu, J., Umar, N. A., Ulor, C. O., Onwuagba, C. G., Diagi, B. E., Ajiere, S. I. & Nwaogu, C. (2022). Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Loss of Biodiversity: A Review.
Pakhira, H. & Chakraborty, S. K. (2018). Community structure of benthic mollusks in contrasting ecozones of a transboundary river in India: An ecological interpretation. International Journal of Life Sciences Research, 6(3), 233-238.
Prado-Carpio, E., Quezada-Abad, C., Martínez-Soto, M., Rodríguez-Monroy, C. & Morris-Díaz, A. (2018). An Approximation to Agribusiness Development in the Value Chain of the Bivalve Mollusk" Anadara Tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) (Arcidae)" (No. 2039-2018-5675).
Putro, S. P., Muhammad, F. & Aininnur, A. (2017, February). The Roles of Macrobenthic Mollusks as Bioindicator in Response to Environmental Disturbance: Cumulative k-dominance curves and bubble plots ordination approaches. In IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science (Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 012022). IOP Publishing.
Ramos, D. A. E., Batomalaque, G. A. & Anticamara, J. A. (2018). Current status of Philippine mollusk museum collections and research, and their implications on biodiversity science and conservation. Philippine Journal of Science, 147(1), 123-163.
Reguera, P., Couceiro, L. & Fernández, N. (2018). A review of the empirical literature on the use of limpets Patella spp. (Mollusca: Gastropoda) as bioindicators of environmental quality. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 148, 593-600.
Sharma, K. K., Bangotra, K., & Saini, M. (2013). Diversity and distribution of Mollusca in relation to the physico-chemical profile of Gho-Manhasan stream, Jammu (J & K). International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 5(4), 240-249.
Shevchuk, L., Vasilіeva, L., Romaniuk, R. & Pavliuchenko, O. (2021, November). Species diversity of unionid mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) as a bioindicator of the state water environment of river basins of Ukraine. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 915, No. 1, p. 012006). IOP Publishing.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science (2021). Gloucester Point, VA. Retrieved from https://www.vims.edu/research/topics/dead_zones/impacts/index.php#:~:text=The%20concentration%20of%20dissolved%20oxygen,liter%20(mg%2FL).
Wagey, B. T., Bucol, A. A. & Katuuk, V. (2015). The moray eel fishery in the seagrass beds of Siquijor Island, central Philippines, with remarks on two new Philippine records of the genus Gymnothorax. IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation, 13, 1-13.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Biodiversity of intertidal mollusks in Surigao City, Philippines. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(1), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5322
