Antioxidant potential and polyphenols analysis of medicinal herb Ocimum tenuiflorum (Shyama Tulsi)
Article Main
Abstract
Ocimum tenuiflorum considered the queen of herbs, is a clinically proven medicinal plant. O.tenuiflorum has two varients: Shyama Tulsi and Rama Tulsi. Yet, no clear record of polyphenols in Shyama Tulsi is available in the literature. So, the present study aimed to analyse the antioxidant potential and polyphenolic content of O.tenuiflorum (Shyama Tulsi). The leaves were procured from the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agriculture University (CCS HAU), Hisar, India and extracted with 50 % methanol (OtM) and sequentially fractionated with n-hexane (OtH), ethyl acetate (OtE) and n-butanol (OtB). Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu Colorimetric method; and the aluminum chloride using the Colorimetric method. The antioxidant potential was evaluated through DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, using ascorbic acid as a positive control. The study revealed that total phenolic and flavonoid content were highest in methanol extract, i.e. 863.63±0.17 mg GAE/g, 310.16±0.25 mg QE /g, followed by n-butanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The antioxidant potential was highest in the n-butanol fraction compared to all other fractions. HR-LCMS profiling of OtB and OtE showed the presence of different polyphenols like 6-C-Galactosylluteolin, quercitrin, apigenin 4’-O-glucoside, caffeic acid, myricitrin, kaempferol and their derivatives. The presence of different polyphenols and the higher antioxidant activity of this medicinal herb make it an alternative source for treating various ailments and human health problems.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Antioxidant assay, Extract, HR-LCMS (High-Resolution-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry), Ocimum tenuiflorum, Shyama Tulsi, Flavonoid, Phenolic
References
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Ali, G. & Neda, G. (2011). Flavonoids and phenolic acids: Role and biochemical activity in plants and human. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(31), 6697–6703.
Amin, M. N., Dewan, S. M. R., Noor, W. & Shahid-Ud-Daula. (2013). Characterization of chemical groups and determination of total phenolic content and in-vitro antioxidant Activities of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves growing in Bangladesh. A.F.M. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(1), 449–454.
Anand, V., Srivastava, S. & Pandey, A. (2022). In-silico Studies of Phytochemicals of Ashwagandha, Harsingar, Meethi neem and Tulsi Against Covid-19. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 66(2), 181-197.
Baier, M. & Dietz, K. J. (2005). Chloroplasts as source and target of cellular redox regulation: A discussion on chloroplast redox signals in the context of plant physiology. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56(416), 1449–1462. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri161
Baliga, M. S., Jimmy, R., Thilakchand, K. R., Sunitha, V., Bhat, N. R., Saldanha, E., Rao, S., Rao, P., Arora, R. & Palatty, P. L. (2013). Ocimum sanctum L (Holy Basil or Tulsi) and its phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Nutrition and Cancer, 65(Suppl. 1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.785010
Bariyah, S. K. (2013). An extensive survey of the phytochemistry and therapeutic potency of Ocimum sanctum (Queen of Herbs). Pak. J. Chem, 3(1), 8–18.
Basak, P., Mallick, P., Mazumder, S. & Verma, A. S. (2014). Assessment of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves. Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 15(1), 19.
Borah, R. & Biswas, S. P. (2018). Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), excellent source of phytochemicals. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 3(5), 265258.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E. & Berset, C. L. W. T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Chaudhary, A., Sharma, S., Mittal, A., Gupta, S. & Dua, A. (2020). Phytochemical and antioxidant profiling of Ocimum sanctum. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(10), 3852–3863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04417-2
Di Meo, S., Reed, T. T., Venditti, P. & Victor, V. M. (2016). Role of ROS and RNS sources in physiological and pathological conditions. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1245049. https://doi.org/10.1155/20 16/1245049
Dua, A., Garg, G. & Mahajan, R. (2013). Polyphenols, flavonoids and antimicrobial properties of methanolic extract of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(4), 203–208.
Frankel, E. (1995). Nutritional benefits of flavonoids. Abstract Series. International conference on food factors: Chemistry and Cancer Prevention, Hamamatsu, Japan (pp. C6–C2).
Gate, L., Paul, J., Ba, G. N., Tew, K. D. & Tapiero, H. (1999). Oxidative stress induced in pathologies: The role of antioxidants. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 53(4), 169–180. Limón-Pacheco, J., & Gonsebatt, M. E. (2009).
Ghasemzadeh, A. & Ghasemzadeh, N. (2011). Flavonoids and phenolic acids: Role and biochemical activity in plants and human. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(31), 6697–6703. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.1404
Gupta, S. K., Prakash, J. & Srivastava, S. (2002). Validation of traditional claim of Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum Linn. as a medicinal plant. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 40(7), 765–773.
Kahl, R. & Kappus, H. (1993). Toxikologie der synthetischen Antioxidantien BHA und BHT im Vergleich mit dem natürlichen Antioxidans vitamin E. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung, 196(4), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01197931
Kchaou, W., Abbès, F., Blecker, C., Attia, H. & Besbes, S. (2013). Effects of extraction solvents on phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Tunisian date varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 45, 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.028
Kumar, R., Saha, P., Lokare, P., Datta, K., Selvakumar, P. & Chourasia, A. (2022). A Systemic Review of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): Morphological Characteristics, Phytoconstituents and Therapeutic Applications. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 9(2), 221-226.
Kumar, S. & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2013, 162750. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750
Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A. & Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902
Mondal, S., Mirdha, B. R. & Mahapatra, S. C. (2009). The science behind sacredness of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.). Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 53(4), 291–306.
Montoro, P., Braca, A., Pizza, C. & Detommasi, N. (2005). Structure–antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids isolated from different plant species. Food Chemistry, 92(2),349–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004. 07.028
Mousavi, L., Salleh, R. M. & Murugaiyah, V. (2018). Phytochemical and bioactive compounds identification of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves of methanol extract and its fraction with an anti-diabetic potential. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 2390–2399. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1508161
Naik, L. S., Shyam, P., Marx, K. P., Baskari, S. & Devi, V. R. (2015). Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 8(1), 88–95.
Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids isolated from Rhus verniciflua in neuronal HT22 and microglial BV2 cell lines. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(6), 1940–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.052
Panchal, P. & Parvez, N. (2019). Phytochemical analysis of medicinal herb (Ocimum sanctum). International Journal of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 5(2), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-3492.000029
Parajuli-Bara, K. (2023). Formulation and evaluation of quality parameters of effervescent granules from the potent antioxidant between two variants of the adaptogenic herb Ocimum tenuiflorum L. The Scientific World Journal, 2023, 2050846. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2050846
Pathak, I. & Niraula, M. (2019). Assessment of total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, 40, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v40i0.27275
Pisoschi, A. M. & Pop, A. (2015). The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 97, 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040
Priya, S. & Peddha, M. S. (2023). Physicochemical characterization, polyphenols and flavonoids of different extracts from leaves of four varieties of tulsi (Ocimum sp.). South African Journal of Botany, 159, 381-395.
Rabeta, M. S. & Lai, S. Y. (2013). Effects of drying, fermented and unfermented tea of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. on the antioxidant capacity. International Food Research Journal, 20(4).
Satyamitra, M., Mantena, S., Nair, C. K. K., Chandna, S. & Dwarakanath, B. S. (2014). The antioxidant flavonoids, orientin and vicenin enhance repair of radiation-induced damage. SAJ Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1(1), 1.
Singh, D. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (2018). A review on phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 118, 367–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.048
Singh, N., Verma, P., Pandey, B. R. & Bhalla, M. (2012). Therapeutic potential of Ocimum sanctum in prevention and treatment of cancer and exposure to radiation: An overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 4(2), 97–104.
Tewari, D., Pandey, H. K., Sah, A. N., Meena, H., Chander, V., Singh, R. & Singh, P. (2015). Phytochemical, antioxidant and antidepressant evaluation of Ocimum basilicum, O. tenuiflorum, O. kilimandscharicum grown in India. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 5(2), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1 080/22311866. 2015.1044703
Toppo, A. J., Chandra, S., Jha, D. & Mazumder, P. M. (2019). In vitro evaluation of anti-acetylcholinesterase and free radical scavenging potential of leaf extracts of some selected medicinal plants. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 9(2), 60. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.250856
Uma Devi, P. U., Ganasoundari, A., Rao, B. S. S. & Srinivasan, K. K. (1999). In vivo radioprotection by ocimum flavonoids: Survival of mice. Radiation Research, 151(1), 74–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/3579750
Upadhyay, A. K., Chacko, A. R., Gandhimathi, A., Ghosh, P., Harini, K., Joseph, A. P., Joshi, A. G., Karpe, S. D., Kaushik, S., Kuravadi, N., Lingu, C. S., Mahita, J., Malarini, R., Malhotra, S., Malini, M., Mathew, O. K., Mutt, E., Naika, M., Nitish, S. & Sowdhamini, R. (2015). Genome sequencing of herb Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) unravels key genes behind its strong medicinal properties. BMC Plant Biology, 15(1), 212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-015-0562-x
Vastrad, J. V., Goudar, G., Byadgi, S. A., Devi, R. D. & Kotur, R. (2015). Identification of bio-active components in leaf extracts of Aloe vera, Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulasi) and Tinospora cordifolia (Amrutballi). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 9(28), 764-770.
Wangcharoen, W. & Morasuk, W. (2007). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of holy basil. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 29(5), 1407–1415.
Yao, L. H., Jiang, Y. M., Shi, J., Tomás-Barberán, F. A., Datta, N., Singanusong, R. & Chen, S. S. (2004). Flavonoids in food and their health benefits. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 59(3), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-004-0049-7
Zhang, J., Wang, X., Vikash, V., Ye, Q., Wu, D., Liu, Y. & Dong, W. (2016). ROS and ROS-mediated cellular signaling. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 4350965. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4350965
Ali, G. & Neda, G. (2011). Flavonoids and phenolic acids: Role and biochemical activity in plants and human. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(31), 6697–6703.
Amin, M. N., Dewan, S. M. R., Noor, W. & Shahid-Ud-Daula. (2013). Characterization of chemical groups and determination of total phenolic content and in-vitro antioxidant Activities of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves growing in Bangladesh. A.F.M. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(1), 449–454.
Anand, V., Srivastava, S. & Pandey, A. (2022). In-silico Studies of Phytochemicals of Ashwagandha, Harsingar, Meethi neem and Tulsi Against Covid-19. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 66(2), 181-197.
Baier, M. & Dietz, K. J. (2005). Chloroplasts as source and target of cellular redox regulation: A discussion on chloroplast redox signals in the context of plant physiology. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56(416), 1449–1462. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri161
Baliga, M. S., Jimmy, R., Thilakchand, K. R., Sunitha, V., Bhat, N. R., Saldanha, E., Rao, S., Rao, P., Arora, R. & Palatty, P. L. (2013). Ocimum sanctum L (Holy Basil or Tulsi) and its phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Nutrition and Cancer, 65(Suppl. 1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.785010
Bariyah, S. K. (2013). An extensive survey of the phytochemistry and therapeutic potency of Ocimum sanctum (Queen of Herbs). Pak. J. Chem, 3(1), 8–18.
Basak, P., Mallick, P., Mazumder, S. & Verma, A. S. (2014). Assessment of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves. Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 15(1), 19.
Borah, R. & Biswas, S. P. (2018). Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), excellent source of phytochemicals. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 3(5), 265258.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E. & Berset, C. L. W. T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Chaudhary, A., Sharma, S., Mittal, A., Gupta, S. & Dua, A. (2020). Phytochemical and antioxidant profiling of Ocimum sanctum. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(10), 3852–3863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04417-2
Di Meo, S., Reed, T. T., Venditti, P. & Victor, V. M. (2016). Role of ROS and RNS sources in physiological and pathological conditions. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1245049. https://doi.org/10.1155/20 16/1245049
Dua, A., Garg, G. & Mahajan, R. (2013). Polyphenols, flavonoids and antimicrobial properties of methanolic extract of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(4), 203–208.
Frankel, E. (1995). Nutritional benefits of flavonoids. Abstract Series. International conference on food factors: Chemistry and Cancer Prevention, Hamamatsu, Japan (pp. C6–C2).
Gate, L., Paul, J., Ba, G. N., Tew, K. D. & Tapiero, H. (1999). Oxidative stress induced in pathologies: The role of antioxidants. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 53(4), 169–180. Limón-Pacheco, J., & Gonsebatt, M. E. (2009).
Ghasemzadeh, A. & Ghasemzadeh, N. (2011). Flavonoids and phenolic acids: Role and biochemical activity in plants and human. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(31), 6697–6703. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.1404
Gupta, S. K., Prakash, J. & Srivastava, S. (2002). Validation of traditional claim of Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum Linn. as a medicinal plant. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 40(7), 765–773.
Kahl, R. & Kappus, H. (1993). Toxikologie der synthetischen Antioxidantien BHA und BHT im Vergleich mit dem natürlichen Antioxidans vitamin E. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung, 196(4), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01197931
Kchaou, W., Abbès, F., Blecker, C., Attia, H. & Besbes, S. (2013). Effects of extraction solvents on phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Tunisian date varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 45, 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.028
Kumar, R., Saha, P., Lokare, P., Datta, K., Selvakumar, P. & Chourasia, A. (2022). A Systemic Review of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): Morphological Characteristics, Phytoconstituents and Therapeutic Applications. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 9(2), 221-226.
Kumar, S. & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2013, 162750. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750
Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A. & Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902
Mondal, S., Mirdha, B. R. & Mahapatra, S. C. (2009). The science behind sacredness of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.). Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 53(4), 291–306.
Montoro, P., Braca, A., Pizza, C. & Detommasi, N. (2005). Structure–antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids isolated from different plant species. Food Chemistry, 92(2),349–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004. 07.028
Mousavi, L., Salleh, R. M. & Murugaiyah, V. (2018). Phytochemical and bioactive compounds identification of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves of methanol extract and its fraction with an anti-diabetic potential. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 2390–2399. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1508161
Naik, L. S., Shyam, P., Marx, K. P., Baskari, S. & Devi, V. R. (2015). Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 8(1), 88–95.
Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids isolated from Rhus verniciflua in neuronal HT22 and microglial BV2 cell lines. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(6), 1940–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.052
Panchal, P. & Parvez, N. (2019). Phytochemical analysis of medicinal herb (Ocimum sanctum). International Journal of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 5(2), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-3492.000029
Parajuli-Bara, K. (2023). Formulation and evaluation of quality parameters of effervescent granules from the potent antioxidant between two variants of the adaptogenic herb Ocimum tenuiflorum L. The Scientific World Journal, 2023, 2050846. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2050846
Pathak, I. & Niraula, M. (2019). Assessment of total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Journal of Nepal Chemical Society, 40, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v40i0.27275
Pisoschi, A. M. & Pop, A. (2015). The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 97, 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040
Priya, S. & Peddha, M. S. (2023). Physicochemical characterization, polyphenols and flavonoids of different extracts from leaves of four varieties of tulsi (Ocimum sp.). South African Journal of Botany, 159, 381-395.
Rabeta, M. S. & Lai, S. Y. (2013). Effects of drying, fermented and unfermented tea of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. on the antioxidant capacity. International Food Research Journal, 20(4).
Satyamitra, M., Mantena, S., Nair, C. K. K., Chandna, S. & Dwarakanath, B. S. (2014). The antioxidant flavonoids, orientin and vicenin enhance repair of radiation-induced damage. SAJ Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1(1), 1.
Singh, D. & Chaudhuri, P. K. (2018). A review on phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 118, 367–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.048
Singh, N., Verma, P., Pandey, B. R. & Bhalla, M. (2012). Therapeutic potential of Ocimum sanctum in prevention and treatment of cancer and exposure to radiation: An overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 4(2), 97–104.
Tewari, D., Pandey, H. K., Sah, A. N., Meena, H., Chander, V., Singh, R. & Singh, P. (2015). Phytochemical, antioxidant and antidepressant evaluation of Ocimum basilicum, O. tenuiflorum, O. kilimandscharicum grown in India. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 5(2), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1 080/22311866. 2015.1044703
Toppo, A. J., Chandra, S., Jha, D. & Mazumder, P. M. (2019). In vitro evaluation of anti-acetylcholinesterase and free radical scavenging potential of leaf extracts of some selected medicinal plants. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 9(2), 60. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.250856
Uma Devi, P. U., Ganasoundari, A., Rao, B. S. S. & Srinivasan, K. K. (1999). In vivo radioprotection by ocimum flavonoids: Survival of mice. Radiation Research, 151(1), 74–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/3579750
Upadhyay, A. K., Chacko, A. R., Gandhimathi, A., Ghosh, P., Harini, K., Joseph, A. P., Joshi, A. G., Karpe, S. D., Kaushik, S., Kuravadi, N., Lingu, C. S., Mahita, J., Malarini, R., Malhotra, S., Malini, M., Mathew, O. K., Mutt, E., Naika, M., Nitish, S. & Sowdhamini, R. (2015). Genome sequencing of herb Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) unravels key genes behind its strong medicinal properties. BMC Plant Biology, 15(1), 212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-015-0562-x
Vastrad, J. V., Goudar, G., Byadgi, S. A., Devi, R. D. & Kotur, R. (2015). Identification of bio-active components in leaf extracts of Aloe vera, Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulasi) and Tinospora cordifolia (Amrutballi). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 9(28), 764-770.
Wangcharoen, W. & Morasuk, W. (2007). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of holy basil. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 29(5), 1407–1415.
Yao, L. H., Jiang, Y. M., Shi, J., Tomás-Barberán, F. A., Datta, N., Singanusong, R. & Chen, S. S. (2004). Flavonoids in food and their health benefits. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 59(3), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-004-0049-7
Zhang, J., Wang, X., Vikash, V., Ye, Q., Wu, D., Liu, Y. & Dong, W. (2016). ROS and ROS-mediated cellular signaling. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 4350965. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4350965
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Antioxidant potential and polyphenols analysis of medicinal herb Ocimum tenuiflorum (Shyama Tulsi). (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(1), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5318
