Comparative evaluation of strawberry cultivars under Subhash Palekar natural farming and conventional farming regimes in Doaba region of Punjab conditions
Article Main
Abstract
Natural farming, a recent agricultural innovation emphasizing minimal inputs, helps boost crop production. While strawberries are conventionally cultivated, their natural farming potential remains untapped. In this regard, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of Subhash Palekar natural farming (SPNF) and conventional farming (CF) systems on the vegetative growth and yield performances of five different strawberry cultivars viz. Capri, Winter Star, Winter Dawn, Camarosa, and Nabila under field trials in the Doaba region of Punjab conditions. The experiment included ten treatments and was laid out in the
factorial randomized block design employing five distinct strawberry cultivars (Capri, Winter Star, Winter Dawn, Camarosa, and Nabila) as factor I, and farming techniques - SPNF and CF - as factor II. The results confirmed the supremacy of CF for vegetative growth and SPNF system for yield and yield attributing characters. Under the CF, cultivar Capri greatly outgrew other cultivars in terms of increased plant height (5.60 and 12.10 cm) and plant spread (14.87 and 23.63 cm EW; 13.00 and 24.59 cm NS) at 45 and 90 DAP, respectively. Contrarily, under the same farming method, the cultivar Camarosa displayed larger numbers of trifoliate leaves (4.80 and 14.50 at 45 and 90 DAP, respectively), chlorophyll index (56.90 SPAD), leaf area (45.84 cm2), and stem girth (2.45 cm). However, cultivar Capri produced the maximum fruits per plant (26.14) and yield per plant (328.53 g), while cultivar Camarosa resulted in the maximum average berry weight (16.53 g) and the greater yield efficiency (0.77 kg/cm2) under the SPNF technique.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Conventional farming (CF), Subhash Palekar natural farming (SPNF), Strawberry cultivars, Vegetative growth, Yield
References
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Anttonen, M. J., Hoppula, K. I., Nestby, R., Verheul, M. J. & Karjalainen, R. O. (2006). Influence of fertilization, mulch color, early forcing, fruit order, planting date, shading, growing environment, and genotype on the contents of selected phenolics in strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.) fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(7), 2614-2620. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf052947w
Babalad, H. B. & Navali, G. V. (2021). Comparative Economics of Zero Budget Natural Farming with Conventional Farming Systems in Northern Dry Zone (Zone-3) of Karnataka. http://dx.doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2021.23
Babu, R. Y. (2008). Action research report on subhash palekar zero budget natural farming. Mysore Administrative Training Institute. 7p.
Baruzzi, G., Faedi, W., Lucchi, P., Migani, M., Sbrighi, P. & Turci, P. (2009). Performance of Italian strawberry genotypes on fumigated, non-fumigated soils and organic culture. Acta Horticulturae, (842), 553-556. http://www.actahort.org/.../842_116.htmBhargavi, Y., Sudhakar, P., Rajeswari, V. R. & Krishna, T. G. (2022). Influence of natural liquid organics on morphology and growth attributes of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 42(6), 710-716. http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ag.D-5288
Bharucha, Z. P., Mitjans, S. B. & Pretty, J. (2020). Towards redesign at scale through zero budget natural farming in Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 18(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1694465
Bhattacharyya, C., Banerjee, S., Acharya, U., Mitra, A., Mallick, I., Haldar, A. & Ghosh, A. (2020). Evaluation of plant growth promotion properties and induction of antioxidative defense mechanism by tea rhizobacteria of Darjeeling, India. Scientific reports, 10(1), 15536. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72439-z
Bishnoi, R. & Bhati, A. (2017). An overview: Zero budget natural farming. Trends in Biosciences, 10(46), 9314-9316.
Boone, L., Roldán-Ruiz, I., Muylle, H. & Dewulf, J. (2019). Environmental sustainability of conventional and organic farming: Accounting for ecosystem services in life cycle assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 695, 133841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133841
Bradford, E., Hancock, J. F. & Warner, R. M. (2010). Interactions of temperature and photoperiod determine expression of repeat flowering in strawberry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 135(2), 102-107. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.135.2.102
Chávez‐Dulanto, P. N., Thiry, A. A., Glorio‐Paulet, P., Vögler, O. & Carvalho, F. P. (2021). Increasing the impact of science and technology to provide more people with healthier and safer food. Food and Energy Security, 10(1), e259. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.259
Conti, S., Villari, G., Faugno, S., Melchionna, G., Somma, S. & Caruso, G. (2014). Effects of organic vs. conventional farming system on yield and quality of strawberry grown as an annual or biennial crop in southern Italy. Scientia Horticulturae, 180, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.10.015
Cristache, S. E., Rotaru, F. G. & Rotaru, E. C. (2019). European Agriculture in 2020: Solutions for a Sustainable Development. In Agrifood Economics and Sustainable Development in Contemporary Society (pp. 247-274). IGI Global.
Dev, P., Paliyal, S. S., & Rana, N. (2022). Subhash Palekar natural farming-scope, efficacy and critics. Environment Conservation Journal, 23(1&2), 99-106.
Devakumar, N., Shubha, S., Gowder, S. B. & Rao, G. G. E. (2014). Microbial analytical studies of traditional organic preparations beejamrutha and jeevamrutha. Building organic bridges, 2, 639-642. https://doi.org/10.3220/REP_20_1_2014
Hydroponic, N. C. I. S. U. (2012). Effects of different cultivation media on vegetative growth, ecophysiological traits and nutrients concentration in strawberry under hydroponic and aquaponic cultivation systems. Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(2), 543-555.
Kadir, S., Carey, E. & Ennahli, S. (2006). Influence of high tunnel and field conditions on strawberry growth and development. HortScience, 41(2), 329-335. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.41.2.329
Kilic, N., Burgut, A., Gündesli, M. A., Nogay, G., Ercisli, S., Kafkas, N. E. & Szopa, A. (2021). The effect of organic, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on fruit quality parameters in strawberry. Horticulturae, 7(10), 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100354
Kitamura, R., Sugiyama, C., Yasuda, K., Nagatake, A., Yuan, Y., Du, J. & Hatano, R. (2021). Effects of three types of organic fertilizers on greenhouse gas emissions in a grassland on andosol in southern Hokkaido, Japan. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 649613. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.649613
Krishnamurthy, H. T., & Kumar, H. D. M. (2012). Correlation and path coefficient studies of some physiological traits among indigenous aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars. Agricultural & Biological Research, 28(2), 120-127.
Krüger, E., Josuttis, M., Nestby, R., Toldam-Andersen, T. B., Carlen, C. & Mezzetti, B. (2012). Influence of growing conditions at different latitudes of Europe on strawberry growth performance, yield and quality. Journal of Berry Research, 2(3), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.3233/JBR-2012-036
Leonardou, V. K., Doudoumis, E., Tsormpatsidis, E., Vysini, E., Papanikolopoulos, T., Papasotiropoulos, V. & Lamari, F. N. (2021). Quality traits, volatile organic compounds, and expression of key flavor genes in strawberry genotypes over harvest period. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(24), 13499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413499
Liao, J., Xu, Q., Xu, H. & Huang, D. (2019). Natural farming improves soil quality and alters microbial diversity in a cabbage field in Japan. Sustainability, 11(11), 3131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113131
Li, C., Wu, H., Masisi, K., Malunga, L. N. & Song, Y. (2020). Strawberries. In Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fruits and Vegetables (pp. 423-435). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812780-3.00026-X
Mustafa, M. A. & Rahman, H. A. (2021). A comparison of vertical and conventional cultivation, planting distances and growing medium in the growth and yield of three varieties of strawberry. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 904, No. 1, p. 012060). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/01 2060
Ojah, I., Ojah, A., Baruah, B., Borah, D. & Pathak, P. K. (2023). Natural Farming-A Mode of Exploiting Benificial Microbes for Sustaining Soil-Plant Health.
Palekar, S. (2006). Text book on shoonya bandovalada naisargika krushi, published by swamy anand. Agri Prakashana, Bangalore, 67.
Predieri, S., Lippi, N. & Daniele, G. M. (2021). What can we learn from consumers' perception of strawberry quality?. In IX International Strawberry Symposium 1309 (pp. 987-994).https://doi.org/10.17660 ActaHortic. 2021.1309. 140
Sathish, B. R., Anand, B. & Keerthishankar, K. (2022). Prospectus of natural farming practices in horticultural crops. Recent Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Science, 110.
Scientific Panel on Contaminants (2008). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission to perform a scientific risk assessment on nitrate in vegetables. EFSA J. 689: 1–79.
Shaji, H., Chandran, V. & Mathew, L. (2021). Organic fertilizers as a route to controlled release of nutrients. In Controlled release fertilizers for sustainable agriculture (pp. 231-245). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819555-0.00013-3
Sutar, R., Sujith, G. M. & Devakumar, N. (2019). Growth and yield of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] as influenced by jeevamrutha and panchagavya application. Legume Research-An International Journal, 42(6), 824-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/LR-3932
Triantafyllou, A., Sarigiannidis, P., & Bibi, S. (2019). Precision agriculture: A remote sensing monitoring system architecture. Information, 10(11), 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110348
Tutika, S., Dara, S., Saikia, N. & Cherukuri, S. R. (2018). Screening and isolation of beneficial microorganisms from natural and organic concoctions collected from various parts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Biopestic. Int, 14, 101-108.
Vinay, G., Padmaja, B., Malla Reddy, M., Jayasree, G., & Triveni, S. (2020). Evaluation of natural farming practices on the performance of maize. Int J Ecol Environ Sci, 2, 224-230.
Vorovka, V., Havrysh, I. & Kopylova, T. (2020). The contents of nitrates and nitrites in food and their impact on the health of the population of melitopol. International Journal of Integrative Pediatrics and Environmental Medicine, 5, 20-29. https://doi.org/10.36013/ijipem.v5i1.77
Yan, S., Hu, Q., Jiang, Q., Chen, H., Wei, J., Yin, M. & Shen, J. (2021). Simple osthole/nanocarrier pesticide efficiently controls both pests and diseases fulfilling the need of green production of strawberry. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13(30), 36350-36360. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c09887
Zahid, N., Maqbool, M., Tahir, M. M., Horvitz, S., Hamid, A., Khalid, M. S. & Ali, A. (2022). Influence of organic and inorganic fertilizer regimes on growth patterns and antioxidants capacity of strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.) cv. Chandler. Journal of Food Quality, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8618854
Zhang, H., Zhao, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Li, X., Fan, Z. & Chen, F. (2021). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on photo synthetic characteristics, biomass, and yield of wheat under different shading conditions. Agronomy,
11(10), 1989. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101989
Zheng, C., Abd-Elrahman, A. & Whitaker, V. (2021). Remote sensing and machine learning in crop phenotyping and management, with an emphasis on applications in strawberry farming. Remote Sensing, 13(3), 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030531
Anonymus, (2021). Package of practices for cultivation of fruits. Additional Director of Communication for Punjab Agricultural University: Ludhiana, India.
Anttonen, M. J., Hoppula, K. I., Nestby, R., Verheul, M. J. & Karjalainen, R. O. (2006). Influence of fertilization, mulch color, early forcing, fruit order, planting date, shading, growing environment, and genotype on the contents of selected phenolics in strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.) fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(7), 2614-2620. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf052947w
Babalad, H. B. & Navali, G. V. (2021). Comparative Economics of Zero Budget Natural Farming with Conventional Farming Systems in Northern Dry Zone (Zone-3) of Karnataka. http://dx.doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2021.23
Babu, R. Y. (2008). Action research report on subhash palekar zero budget natural farming. Mysore Administrative Training Institute. 7p.
Baruzzi, G., Faedi, W., Lucchi, P., Migani, M., Sbrighi, P. & Turci, P. (2009). Performance of Italian strawberry genotypes on fumigated, non-fumigated soils and organic culture. Acta Horticulturae, (842), 553-556. http://www.actahort.org/.../842_116.htmBhargavi, Y., Sudhakar, P., Rajeswari, V. R. & Krishna, T. G. (2022). Influence of natural liquid organics on morphology and growth attributes of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 42(6), 710-716. http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ag.D-5288
Bharucha, Z. P., Mitjans, S. B. & Pretty, J. (2020). Towards redesign at scale through zero budget natural farming in Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 18(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1694465
Bhattacharyya, C., Banerjee, S., Acharya, U., Mitra, A., Mallick, I., Haldar, A. & Ghosh, A. (2020). Evaluation of plant growth promotion properties and induction of antioxidative defense mechanism by tea rhizobacteria of Darjeeling, India. Scientific reports, 10(1), 15536. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72439-z
Bishnoi, R. & Bhati, A. (2017). An overview: Zero budget natural farming. Trends in Biosciences, 10(46), 9314-9316.
Boone, L., Roldán-Ruiz, I., Muylle, H. & Dewulf, J. (2019). Environmental sustainability of conventional and organic farming: Accounting for ecosystem services in life cycle assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 695, 133841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133841
Bradford, E., Hancock, J. F. & Warner, R. M. (2010). Interactions of temperature and photoperiod determine expression of repeat flowering in strawberry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 135(2), 102-107. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.135.2.102
Chávez‐Dulanto, P. N., Thiry, A. A., Glorio‐Paulet, P., Vögler, O. & Carvalho, F. P. (2021). Increasing the impact of science and technology to provide more people with healthier and safer food. Food and Energy Security, 10(1), e259. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.259
Conti, S., Villari, G., Faugno, S., Melchionna, G., Somma, S. & Caruso, G. (2014). Effects of organic vs. conventional farming system on yield and quality of strawberry grown as an annual or biennial crop in southern Italy. Scientia Horticulturae, 180, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.10.015
Cristache, S. E., Rotaru, F. G. & Rotaru, E. C. (2019). European Agriculture in 2020: Solutions for a Sustainable Development. In Agrifood Economics and Sustainable Development in Contemporary Society (pp. 247-274). IGI Global.
Dev, P., Paliyal, S. S., & Rana, N. (2022). Subhash Palekar natural farming-scope, efficacy and critics. Environment Conservation Journal, 23(1&2), 99-106.
Devakumar, N., Shubha, S., Gowder, S. B. & Rao, G. G. E. (2014). Microbial analytical studies of traditional organic preparations beejamrutha and jeevamrutha. Building organic bridges, 2, 639-642. https://doi.org/10.3220/REP_20_1_2014
Hydroponic, N. C. I. S. U. (2012). Effects of different cultivation media on vegetative growth, ecophysiological traits and nutrients concentration in strawberry under hydroponic and aquaponic cultivation systems. Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(2), 543-555.
Kadir, S., Carey, E. & Ennahli, S. (2006). Influence of high tunnel and field conditions on strawberry growth and development. HortScience, 41(2), 329-335. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.41.2.329
Kilic, N., Burgut, A., Gündesli, M. A., Nogay, G., Ercisli, S., Kafkas, N. E. & Szopa, A. (2021). The effect of organic, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on fruit quality parameters in strawberry. Horticulturae, 7(10), 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100354
Kitamura, R., Sugiyama, C., Yasuda, K., Nagatake, A., Yuan, Y., Du, J. & Hatano, R. (2021). Effects of three types of organic fertilizers on greenhouse gas emissions in a grassland on andosol in southern Hokkaido, Japan. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 649613. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.649613
Krishnamurthy, H. T., & Kumar, H. D. M. (2012). Correlation and path coefficient studies of some physiological traits among indigenous aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars. Agricultural & Biological Research, 28(2), 120-127.
Krüger, E., Josuttis, M., Nestby, R., Toldam-Andersen, T. B., Carlen, C. & Mezzetti, B. (2012). Influence of growing conditions at different latitudes of Europe on strawberry growth performance, yield and quality. Journal of Berry Research, 2(3), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.3233/JBR-2012-036
Leonardou, V. K., Doudoumis, E., Tsormpatsidis, E., Vysini, E., Papanikolopoulos, T., Papasotiropoulos, V. & Lamari, F. N. (2021). Quality traits, volatile organic compounds, and expression of key flavor genes in strawberry genotypes over harvest period. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(24), 13499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413499
Liao, J., Xu, Q., Xu, H. & Huang, D. (2019). Natural farming improves soil quality and alters microbial diversity in a cabbage field in Japan. Sustainability, 11(11), 3131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113131
Li, C., Wu, H., Masisi, K., Malunga, L. N. & Song, Y. (2020). Strawberries. In Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fruits and Vegetables (pp. 423-435). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812780-3.00026-X
Mustafa, M. A. & Rahman, H. A. (2021). A comparison of vertical and conventional cultivation, planting distances and growing medium in the growth and yield of three varieties of strawberry. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 904, No. 1, p. 012060). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/01 2060
Ojah, I., Ojah, A., Baruah, B., Borah, D. & Pathak, P. K. (2023). Natural Farming-A Mode of Exploiting Benificial Microbes for Sustaining Soil-Plant Health.
Palekar, S. (2006). Text book on shoonya bandovalada naisargika krushi, published by swamy anand. Agri Prakashana, Bangalore, 67.
Predieri, S., Lippi, N. & Daniele, G. M. (2021). What can we learn from consumers' perception of strawberry quality?. In IX International Strawberry Symposium 1309 (pp. 987-994).https://doi.org/10.17660 ActaHortic. 2021.1309. 140
Sathish, B. R., Anand, B. & Keerthishankar, K. (2022). Prospectus of natural farming practices in horticultural crops. Recent Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Science, 110.
Scientific Panel on Contaminants (2008). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission to perform a scientific risk assessment on nitrate in vegetables. EFSA J. 689: 1–79.
Shaji, H., Chandran, V. & Mathew, L. (2021). Organic fertilizers as a route to controlled release of nutrients. In Controlled release fertilizers for sustainable agriculture (pp. 231-245). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819555-0.00013-3
Sutar, R., Sujith, G. M. & Devakumar, N. (2019). Growth and yield of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] as influenced by jeevamrutha and panchagavya application. Legume Research-An International Journal, 42(6), 824-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/LR-3932
Triantafyllou, A., Sarigiannidis, P., & Bibi, S. (2019). Precision agriculture: A remote sensing monitoring system architecture. Information, 10(11), 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110348
Tutika, S., Dara, S., Saikia, N. & Cherukuri, S. R. (2018). Screening and isolation of beneficial microorganisms from natural and organic concoctions collected from various parts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Biopestic. Int, 14, 101-108.
Vinay, G., Padmaja, B., Malla Reddy, M., Jayasree, G., & Triveni, S. (2020). Evaluation of natural farming practices on the performance of maize. Int J Ecol Environ Sci, 2, 224-230.
Vorovka, V., Havrysh, I. & Kopylova, T. (2020). The contents of nitrates and nitrites in food and their impact on the health of the population of melitopol. International Journal of Integrative Pediatrics and Environmental Medicine, 5, 20-29. https://doi.org/10.36013/ijipem.v5i1.77
Yan, S., Hu, Q., Jiang, Q., Chen, H., Wei, J., Yin, M. & Shen, J. (2021). Simple osthole/nanocarrier pesticide efficiently controls both pests and diseases fulfilling the need of green production of strawberry. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13(30), 36350-36360. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c09887
Zahid, N., Maqbool, M., Tahir, M. M., Horvitz, S., Hamid, A., Khalid, M. S. & Ali, A. (2022). Influence of organic and inorganic fertilizer regimes on growth patterns and antioxidants capacity of strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.) cv. Chandler. Journal of Food Quality, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8618854
Zhang, H., Zhao, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Li, X., Fan, Z. & Chen, F. (2021). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on photo synthetic characteristics, biomass, and yield of wheat under different shading conditions. Agronomy,
11(10), 1989. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101989
Zheng, C., Abd-Elrahman, A. & Whitaker, V. (2021). Remote sensing and machine learning in crop phenotyping and management, with an emphasis on applications in strawberry farming. Remote Sensing, 13(3), 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030531
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Comparative evaluation of strawberry cultivars under Subhash Palekar natural farming and conventional farming regimes in Doaba region of Punjab conditions. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(1), 282-288. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5309
