Contribution to the optimization of citrus (Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tanaka) fruit fertilization using mobile lysimetry in orchards of the Souss-Massa region, Morocco
Article Main
Abstract
The growth and development of citrus trees and the quality of their fruits are significantly influenced by the essential role of mineral plant nutrition. This study aimed to improve the productivity of the citrus (Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tanaka) orchards by optimizing mineral nutrition through well-monitored fertilization and fertigation aspects using lysimetry. The first phase consisted of studying the behavior of the nutrients in the soil solution at the high root concentration level, analysis of the nutritional status of five varieties of clementines (Sidi Aissa, Cadoux, Orogrande, Nules, and Nour), and the variation of leaf composition in major elements (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) for the five varieties along phenological stages, through the exploitation of the results of analyses carried out for the management of mineral nutrition in 47 plots of citrus fruit in the Souss-Massa region with the use of lysimetry. The results obtained in this first part revealed an important variation of the nutrients in the soil solution (55.24%) in terms of water inputs, fertilizers, and edaphic conditions, as well as a large variation of foliar compositions (62.98%). The second phase, consisting of regular monitoring of the mineral nutrition dynamics targeting the “Nules” variety grafted on “Citrus macrophylla” affirmed the importance of the citrus fertilization approach for determining the availability, distribution, nutrient interactions in soil solution and plant response by regular leaf diagnostics. Thus, mobile lysimetry offered a powerful tool for achieving both productivity and sustainability in citrus fertilization programs.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Citrus, Diagnostic, Fertilization, Foliar composition, Mobile lysimetry
References
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ASPAM. (2018). Rapport d’activités du conseil d’administration de l’Association des producteurs d’agrumes du Maroc, Casablanca, Maroc
Barlas N. T. & Kadyampakeni D. M. (2022). Clementine mandarin: biomass formation, distribution and nitrogen uptake trends. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 45(10), 1536-1546.
Bons H. K., Kaur N. & Rattanpal H. S. (2015). Quality and quantity improvement of citrus: role of plant growth regulators. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 8(2), 433.
Cronje P. J., Barry G. H. & Huysamer M. (2011). Fruiting position during development of ‘Nules Clementine’mandarin affects the concentration of K, Mg and Ca in the flavedo. Scientia Horticulturae, 130(4), 829-837.
Curk F., Luro F., Hussain S. & Ollitrault P. (2022). Citrus Origins. In Citrus Production: Technological Advancements and Adaptation to Changing Climate (pp. 1-21). CRC Press.
Fabroni S., Romeo F. V. & Rapisarda, P. (2016). Nutritional composition of clementine (Citrus x clementina) cultivars. In Nutritional composition of fruit cultivars (pp. 149-172). Academic Press.
Fan Z., Xiong H., Luo Y., Wang Y., Zhao H., Li W. & Zhang, Y. (2020). Fruit yields depend on biomass and nutrient accumulations in new shoots of citrus trees. Agronomy, 10(12), 1988.
Fawole O. A. & Opara U. L. (2013). Changes in physical properties, chemical and elemental composition and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate (cv. Ruby) fruit at five maturity stages. Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 37-46.
Gonzálvez A. & de la Guardia M. (2013). Mineral profile. In Comprehensive analytical chemistry (Vol. 60, pp. 51-76). Elsevier.
Hammami A., Rezgui S. & Hellali R. (2010). Leaf nitrogen and potassium concentrations for optimum fruit production, quality and biomass tree growth in Clementine mandarin under Mediterranean climate. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 2(7), 161-170.
Hazarika B., Goswami S., Gogoi M., Kotoky U. & Khangia U. (2023). Nutrient management in citrus for sustainable crop production. Progressive Agriculture, 23(1), 108-114.
Incrocci L., Massa D. & Pardossi A. (2017). New trends in the fertigation management of irrigated vegetable crops. Horticulturae, 3(2), 37.
INRA. (2017). Objectifs du programme de recherche à moyen terme de l’INRA PRMT 2017-2020, Division Scientifique, INRA Rabat (Ma), 90.
Klein J. D. (2014). Citron cultivation, production and uses in the Mediterranean region. Medicinal and aromatic plants of the Middle-East, 199-214.
Kim, H. J., Hummel, J. W., Sudduth, K. A., & Motavalli, P. P. (2007). Simultaneous analysis of soil macronutrients using ion‐selective electrodes. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71(6), 1867-1877.
Levy D., Coleman W. K. & Veilleux R. E. (2013). Adaptation of potato to water shortage: irrigation management and enhancement of tolerance to drought and salinity. American Journal of Potato Research, 90, 186-206.
Li X., Ruan H., Zhou C., Meng X. & Chen, W. (2021). Controlling Citrus Huanglongbing: green sustainable development route is the future. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 760481.
Lin N., Wang X., Zhang Y., Hu X. & Ruan, J. (2020). Fertigation management for sustainable precision agriculture based on Internet of Things. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 124119.
Matusek I., Reth S., Heerdt C., Hrckova K. & Gubis, J. (2016). Lysimeter–a Unique Tool for Monitoring the Interactions among the Components of Environment. Proceedings of the National aviation university, (2), 69-75.
Meena R. S., Lal R. & Yadav G. S. (2020). Long-term impact of topsoil depth and amendments on carbon and nitrogen budgets in the surface layer of an Alfisol in Central Ohio. Catena, 194, 104752.
Mohammed E., Belmehdi I. & Zemzami M. (2015). Citrus rootstocks in Morocco: present situation and future prospects. Acta Horticulturae, (1065), 313-317.
Montaigne E., Hadad-Gauthier F. E. & Khefifi L. (2015). Challenges in Citrus Market Chains in Tunisia and Morocco. Sustainable agricultural development: challenges and approaches in southern and eastern mediterranean countries, 227-253.
Morgan K. T. & Kadyampakeni D. M. (2020). Nutrition of Florida citrus trees. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences: Gainesville, FL, USA, 27.
Mwendwa, S. (2022). Revisiting soil texture analysis: Practices towards a more accurate Bouyoucos method. Heliyon, 8(5).
Nadeem F., Hanif M. A., Majeed M. I. & Mushtaq Z. (2018). Role of macronutrients and micronutrients in the growth and development of plants and prevention of deleterious plant diseases-a comprehensive review. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, 14, 1-22.
Nagaz K., Masmoudi M. M. & Mechlia N. B. (2012). Impacts of irrigation regimes with saline water on carrot productivity and soil salinity. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 11(1), 19-27.
Nishanthiny, S. C., Thushyanthy, M., Barathithasan, T., & Saravanan, S. (2010). Irrigation water quality based on hydro chemical analysis, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Northern Water Repository. University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. URL: http://drw.jfn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/113
Oustric J., Herbette S., Morillon R., Giannettini J., Berti L. & Santini J. (2021). Influence of rootstock genotype and ploidy level on common clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan) tolerance to nutrient deficiency. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 634237.
Ozi F. Z., Boutaleb N., Hadidi M., Bahlaouan B., Bennani M., Silkina A. & El Antri S. (2023). Production of bio‐fertilizer by biotransformation of poultry waste enriched with molasses and algae. Environmental Quality Management, 32(3), 123-134.
Panhwar Q. A., Ali A., Naher U. A. & Memon M. Y. (2019). Fertilizer management strategies for enhancing nutrient use efficiency and sustainable wheat production. In Organic farming (pp. 17-39). Woodhead Publishing.
Pinney K., Labavitch J. M. & Polito V. S. (1998). Fruit growth and development. Walnut production manual, publication, 3373, 139-143.
Poiroux‐Gonord F., Fanciullino A. L., Poggi I. & Urban L. (2013). Carbohydrate control over carotenoid build‐up is conditional on fruit ontogeny in clementine fruits. Physiologia plantarum, 147(4), 417-431.
Quiñones A., Martínez-Alcántara B., & Legaz F. (2007). Influence of irrigation system and fertilization management on seasonal distribution of N in the soil profile and on N-uptake by citrus trees. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 122(3), 399-409.
Quiñones A., Martínez-Alcántara B., Primo-Millo E. & Legaz, F. (2012). Fertigation: Concept and application in citrus. Advances in citrus nutrition, 281-301.
Ramzani P. M. A., Khalid M., Naveed M., Irum A., Khan W. U. D. & Kausar S. (2016). Iron biofortification of cereals grown under calcareous soils: problems and solutions. Soil science: Agricultural and environmental prospectives, 231-258.
Rao S., Mishra B., Gupta S. R. & Rathore A. (2013). Physiological response to salinity and alkalinity of rice genotypes of varying salt tolerance grown in field Lysimeters. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 9(1), 54-65.
Raveh E., Goldenberg L., Porat R., Carmi N., Gentile A. & La Malfa S. (2020). Conventional breeding of cultivated Citrus varieties. The citrus genome, 33-48.
Rop O., Sochor J., Jurikova T., Zitka O., Skutkova H., Mlcek J. & Kizek R. (2010). Effect of five different stages of ripening on chemical compounds in medlar (Mespilus germanica L.). Molecules, 16(1), 74-91.
Sachan, N., & Kumar, V. (2022). A Critical Review on Physiological Changes during Growth Maturation and Ripening of Citrus Fruits. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 14(11), 146-159.
Schimmenti E., Borsellino V. & Galati A. (2013). Growth of citrus production among the Euro-Mediterranean countries: Political implications and empirical findings. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(3), 561-577.
Schuhmann A., Gans O., Weiss S., Fank J., Klammler G., Haberhauer G. & Gerzabek M. H. (2016). A long-term lysimeter experiment to investigate the environmental dispersion of the herbicide chloridazon and its metabolites—comparison of lysimeter types. Journal of soils and sediments, 16, 1032-1045.
Schumann A. W. (2006). Nutrient management zones for citrus based on variation in soil properties and tree performance. Precision Agriculture, 7(1), 45-63.
Sefiani S., El Mandour A., Laftouhi N., Khalil N., Kamal S., Jarlan L. & Hamaoui A. (2017). Assessment of Soil Quality for a Semi-Arid Irrigated Under Citrus Orchard: Case of the Haouz Plain, Morocco. European Scientific Journal, 13(6), 367-388.
Sharma, L. D., Sarangthem, I., Sadhukhan, R., Thangjam, R., Singh, Y. H., Sawant, C. G., & Lalhmingsanga, R. L. (2021). Leaf analysis in citrus: Recent development. Research & reviews. Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology, 10, 35-43.
Slama F., Zemni N., Bouksila F., De Mascellis R. & Bouhlila R. (2019). Modelling the impact on root water uptake and solute return flow of different drip irrigation regimes with brackish water. Water, 11(3), 425.
Smaili, M. C., Boutaleb-Joutei, A., & Blenzar, A. (2020). Beneficial insect community of Moroccan citrus groves: assessment of their potential to enhance biocontrol services. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 30, 1-15.
Soltner D. (2003). Les bases de la production végétale, Tome I LE SOL et son amélioration, 23ème édition. Sciences et techniques agricoles, SAINTE-GEMMES-SUR LOIRE.
Sołtysiak M. & Rakoczy M. (2019). An overview of the experimental research use of lysimeters. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, 7(2), 49-56.
Srivastava A. K. & Singh, S. (2009). Citrus decline: Soil fertility and plant nutrition. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32(2), 197-245.
Srivastava A. K., Wu Q. S., Mousavi S. M. & Hota D. (2021). Integrated soil fertility management in fruit crops: An overview. International Journal of Fruit Science, 21(1), 413-439.
Toselli M., Baldi E., Cavani L. & Sorrenti G. (2020). Nutrient management in fruit crops: An organic way. In Fruit Crops (pp. 379-392). Elsevier.
Vashisth T. & Kadyampakeni D. (2020). Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in citrus. In Fruit crops (pp. 723-737). Elsevier.
Weisskopf A. & Fuller D.Q. (2014). Citrus Fruits: Origins and Development. In: Smith, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2173
Werban U., Kuka K. & Merbach I. (2009). Correlation of electrical resistivity, electrical conductivity and soil parameters at a long‐term fertilization experiment. Near Surface Geophysics, 7(1), 5-14.
Yang X., Lu Y. & Yin X. (2015). A 5-year lysimeter monitoring of nitrate leaching from wheat–maize rotation system: comparison between optimum N fertilization and conventional farmer N fertilization. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 199, 34-42.
Zhang S., Zhang X., Liu X., Liu W. & Liu Z. (2013). Spatial distribution of soil nutrient at depth in black soil of Northeast China: a case study of soil available potassium. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 95, 319-331.
ASPAM. (2018). Rapport d’activités du conseil d’administration de l’Association des producteurs d’agrumes du Maroc, Casablanca, Maroc
Barlas N. T. & Kadyampakeni D. M. (2022). Clementine mandarin: biomass formation, distribution and nitrogen uptake trends. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 45(10), 1536-1546.
Bons H. K., Kaur N. & Rattanpal H. S. (2015). Quality and quantity improvement of citrus: role of plant growth regulators. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 8(2), 433.
Cronje P. J., Barry G. H. & Huysamer M. (2011). Fruiting position during development of ‘Nules Clementine’mandarin affects the concentration of K, Mg and Ca in the flavedo. Scientia Horticulturae, 130(4), 829-837.
Curk F., Luro F., Hussain S. & Ollitrault P. (2022). Citrus Origins. In Citrus Production: Technological Advancements and Adaptation to Changing Climate (pp. 1-21). CRC Press.
Fabroni S., Romeo F. V. & Rapisarda, P. (2016). Nutritional composition of clementine (Citrus x clementina) cultivars. In Nutritional composition of fruit cultivars (pp. 149-172). Academic Press.
Fan Z., Xiong H., Luo Y., Wang Y., Zhao H., Li W. & Zhang, Y. (2020). Fruit yields depend on biomass and nutrient accumulations in new shoots of citrus trees. Agronomy, 10(12), 1988.
Fawole O. A. & Opara U. L. (2013). Changes in physical properties, chemical and elemental composition and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate (cv. Ruby) fruit at five maturity stages. Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 37-46.
Gonzálvez A. & de la Guardia M. (2013). Mineral profile. In Comprehensive analytical chemistry (Vol. 60, pp. 51-76). Elsevier.
Hammami A., Rezgui S. & Hellali R. (2010). Leaf nitrogen and potassium concentrations for optimum fruit production, quality and biomass tree growth in Clementine mandarin under Mediterranean climate. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 2(7), 161-170.
Hazarika B., Goswami S., Gogoi M., Kotoky U. & Khangia U. (2023). Nutrient management in citrus for sustainable crop production. Progressive Agriculture, 23(1), 108-114.
Incrocci L., Massa D. & Pardossi A. (2017). New trends in the fertigation management of irrigated vegetable crops. Horticulturae, 3(2), 37.
INRA. (2017). Objectifs du programme de recherche à moyen terme de l’INRA PRMT 2017-2020, Division Scientifique, INRA Rabat (Ma), 90.
Klein J. D. (2014). Citron cultivation, production and uses in the Mediterranean region. Medicinal and aromatic plants of the Middle-East, 199-214.
Kim, H. J., Hummel, J. W., Sudduth, K. A., & Motavalli, P. P. (2007). Simultaneous analysis of soil macronutrients using ion‐selective electrodes. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71(6), 1867-1877.
Levy D., Coleman W. K. & Veilleux R. E. (2013). Adaptation of potato to water shortage: irrigation management and enhancement of tolerance to drought and salinity. American Journal of Potato Research, 90, 186-206.
Li X., Ruan H., Zhou C., Meng X. & Chen, W. (2021). Controlling Citrus Huanglongbing: green sustainable development route is the future. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 760481.
Lin N., Wang X., Zhang Y., Hu X. & Ruan, J. (2020). Fertigation management for sustainable precision agriculture based on Internet of Things. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 124119.
Matusek I., Reth S., Heerdt C., Hrckova K. & Gubis, J. (2016). Lysimeter–a Unique Tool for Monitoring the Interactions among the Components of Environment. Proceedings of the National aviation university, (2), 69-75.
Meena R. S., Lal R. & Yadav G. S. (2020). Long-term impact of topsoil depth and amendments on carbon and nitrogen budgets in the surface layer of an Alfisol in Central Ohio. Catena, 194, 104752.
Mohammed E., Belmehdi I. & Zemzami M. (2015). Citrus rootstocks in Morocco: present situation and future prospects. Acta Horticulturae, (1065), 313-317.
Montaigne E., Hadad-Gauthier F. E. & Khefifi L. (2015). Challenges in Citrus Market Chains in Tunisia and Morocco. Sustainable agricultural development: challenges and approaches in southern and eastern mediterranean countries, 227-253.
Morgan K. T. & Kadyampakeni D. M. (2020). Nutrition of Florida citrus trees. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences: Gainesville, FL, USA, 27.
Mwendwa, S. (2022). Revisiting soil texture analysis: Practices towards a more accurate Bouyoucos method. Heliyon, 8(5).
Nadeem F., Hanif M. A., Majeed M. I. & Mushtaq Z. (2018). Role of macronutrients and micronutrients in the growth and development of plants and prevention of deleterious plant diseases-a comprehensive review. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, 14, 1-22.
Nagaz K., Masmoudi M. M. & Mechlia N. B. (2012). Impacts of irrigation regimes with saline water on carrot productivity and soil salinity. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 11(1), 19-27.
Nishanthiny, S. C., Thushyanthy, M., Barathithasan, T., & Saravanan, S. (2010). Irrigation water quality based on hydro chemical analysis, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Northern Water Repository. University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. URL: http://drw.jfn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/113
Oustric J., Herbette S., Morillon R., Giannettini J., Berti L. & Santini J. (2021). Influence of rootstock genotype and ploidy level on common clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan) tolerance to nutrient deficiency. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 634237.
Ozi F. Z., Boutaleb N., Hadidi M., Bahlaouan B., Bennani M., Silkina A. & El Antri S. (2023). Production of bio‐fertilizer by biotransformation of poultry waste enriched with molasses and algae. Environmental Quality Management, 32(3), 123-134.
Panhwar Q. A., Ali A., Naher U. A. & Memon M. Y. (2019). Fertilizer management strategies for enhancing nutrient use efficiency and sustainable wheat production. In Organic farming (pp. 17-39). Woodhead Publishing.
Pinney K., Labavitch J. M. & Polito V. S. (1998). Fruit growth and development. Walnut production manual, publication, 3373, 139-143.
Poiroux‐Gonord F., Fanciullino A. L., Poggi I. & Urban L. (2013). Carbohydrate control over carotenoid build‐up is conditional on fruit ontogeny in clementine fruits. Physiologia plantarum, 147(4), 417-431.
Quiñones A., Martínez-Alcántara B., & Legaz F. (2007). Influence of irrigation system and fertilization management on seasonal distribution of N in the soil profile and on N-uptake by citrus trees. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 122(3), 399-409.
Quiñones A., Martínez-Alcántara B., Primo-Millo E. & Legaz, F. (2012). Fertigation: Concept and application in citrus. Advances in citrus nutrition, 281-301.
Ramzani P. M. A., Khalid M., Naveed M., Irum A., Khan W. U. D. & Kausar S. (2016). Iron biofortification of cereals grown under calcareous soils: problems and solutions. Soil science: Agricultural and environmental prospectives, 231-258.
Rao S., Mishra B., Gupta S. R. & Rathore A. (2013). Physiological response to salinity and alkalinity of rice genotypes of varying salt tolerance grown in field Lysimeters. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 9(1), 54-65.
Raveh E., Goldenberg L., Porat R., Carmi N., Gentile A. & La Malfa S. (2020). Conventional breeding of cultivated Citrus varieties. The citrus genome, 33-48.
Rop O., Sochor J., Jurikova T., Zitka O., Skutkova H., Mlcek J. & Kizek R. (2010). Effect of five different stages of ripening on chemical compounds in medlar (Mespilus germanica L.). Molecules, 16(1), 74-91.
Sachan, N., & Kumar, V. (2022). A Critical Review on Physiological Changes during Growth Maturation and Ripening of Citrus Fruits. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 14(11), 146-159.
Schimmenti E., Borsellino V. & Galati A. (2013). Growth of citrus production among the Euro-Mediterranean countries: Political implications and empirical findings. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(3), 561-577.
Schuhmann A., Gans O., Weiss S., Fank J., Klammler G., Haberhauer G. & Gerzabek M. H. (2016). A long-term lysimeter experiment to investigate the environmental dispersion of the herbicide chloridazon and its metabolites—comparison of lysimeter types. Journal of soils and sediments, 16, 1032-1045.
Schumann A. W. (2006). Nutrient management zones for citrus based on variation in soil properties and tree performance. Precision Agriculture, 7(1), 45-63.
Sefiani S., El Mandour A., Laftouhi N., Khalil N., Kamal S., Jarlan L. & Hamaoui A. (2017). Assessment of Soil Quality for a Semi-Arid Irrigated Under Citrus Orchard: Case of the Haouz Plain, Morocco. European Scientific Journal, 13(6), 367-388.
Sharma, L. D., Sarangthem, I., Sadhukhan, R., Thangjam, R., Singh, Y. H., Sawant, C. G., & Lalhmingsanga, R. L. (2021). Leaf analysis in citrus: Recent development. Research & reviews. Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology, 10, 35-43.
Slama F., Zemni N., Bouksila F., De Mascellis R. & Bouhlila R. (2019). Modelling the impact on root water uptake and solute return flow of different drip irrigation regimes with brackish water. Water, 11(3), 425.
Smaili, M. C., Boutaleb-Joutei, A., & Blenzar, A. (2020). Beneficial insect community of Moroccan citrus groves: assessment of their potential to enhance biocontrol services. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 30, 1-15.
Soltner D. (2003). Les bases de la production végétale, Tome I LE SOL et son amélioration, 23ème édition. Sciences et techniques agricoles, SAINTE-GEMMES-SUR LOIRE.
Sołtysiak M. & Rakoczy M. (2019). An overview of the experimental research use of lysimeters. Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, 7(2), 49-56.
Srivastava A. K. & Singh, S. (2009). Citrus decline: Soil fertility and plant nutrition. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32(2), 197-245.
Srivastava A. K., Wu Q. S., Mousavi S. M. & Hota D. (2021). Integrated soil fertility management in fruit crops: An overview. International Journal of Fruit Science, 21(1), 413-439.
Toselli M., Baldi E., Cavani L. & Sorrenti G. (2020). Nutrient management in fruit crops: An organic way. In Fruit Crops (pp. 379-392). Elsevier.
Vashisth T. & Kadyampakeni D. (2020). Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in citrus. In Fruit crops (pp. 723-737). Elsevier.
Weisskopf A. & Fuller D.Q. (2014). Citrus Fruits: Origins and Development. In: Smith, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2173
Werban U., Kuka K. & Merbach I. (2009). Correlation of electrical resistivity, electrical conductivity and soil parameters at a long‐term fertilization experiment. Near Surface Geophysics, 7(1), 5-14.
Yang X., Lu Y. & Yin X. (2015). A 5-year lysimeter monitoring of nitrate leaching from wheat–maize rotation system: comparison between optimum N fertilization and conventional farmer N fertilization. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 199, 34-42.
Zhang S., Zhang X., Liu X., Liu W. & Liu Z. (2013). Spatial distribution of soil nutrient at depth in black soil of Northeast China: a case study of soil available potassium. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 95, 319-331.
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How to Cite
Contribution to the optimization of citrus (Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tanaka) fruit fertilization using mobile lysimetry in orchards of the Souss-Massa region, Morocco. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(1), 172-186. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5307
