A comparative study of essential oil components of selected promising small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) landraces in Cardamom Hill Reserve (CHR) of South India
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Abstract
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton originated in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of South India. In order to compare the percentage of essential oil and its components of selected small cardamom landraces, the study was conducted at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Idukki Dt. of Kerala. Essential oil components of nine farmer's varieties such as Njallani Green Gold, Thiruthali, Panikulangara Green Bold No.1, Wonder Cardamom, Elarajan, Arjun, Pappalu, PNS Vaigai, Pachaikkai; and ICRI-5 as control were compared to evaluate the quality of genotypes. Essential oil content was significantly higher in Najllani Green Gold (9.18%), followed by Wonder Cardamom (8.36%). GC-MS profiling identified twenty-five compounds contributing to 90-93% of essential oil. The higher percentage of 1,8-cineole was observed in PNS Vaigai (38.04%) and the control ICRI-5 (38.99%), while Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 had the lowest percentage (24.30%). α- terpinyl acetate was higher (43.39%) in Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 followed by Thiruthali (39.21%), and was lowest in ICRI-5 (35.97%). Panikulangara Green Bold 1 had a higher percentage of α-terpineol, Geranyl acetate, Geraniol and Linalyl acetate than other genotypes. The percentage of sabinene was higher in Njallani Green Gold (7.56%), and in the genotype, Elarajan (5.46%) was lowest. Due to the medicinal and flavour-contributing properties, the essential oil components can be used in medicinal and food industries.
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Keywords
1,8-cineole, α- terpinyl acetate, Cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum , Essential oil
References
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Alagupalamuthirsolai, M., Ankegowda, S. J., Murugan, M., Sivaranjani, R., Balaji Rajkumar & Akshitha, H. J. (2019). Influence of light intensity on photosynthesis, capsule yield, essential oil and insect pest incidence of Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 22(5), 1172-1181.
Angane, M., Swift, S., Huang, K., Butts, C. A. & Quek, S. Y. (2022). Essential oils and their major components: An updated review on antimicrobial activities, mechanism of action and their potential application in the food industry. Foods. 11(3), 464.
Anisha, C. S., Mary Mathew K., Swapna Sasidharan, Sherin Jose, Rithin Varghese C., Reshma Ranjanan, Geethu M., Rao, Y. S. & Remashree A. B. (2020). Diversity analysis of released varieties of Indian cardamom using ISSR markers reveal narrowing genetic base. Indian Journal of Biotechnology.19, 311-322.
Anonymous. (2015). Cultivation practices for small cardamom. Published by Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Spices Board India.
AOAC (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 17th Edition. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC.
Arunkumar, R., Nair, S. A., Rameshkumar, K. B. & Subramoniam, A. (2014). The essential oil constituents of Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers, and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the oil. Rec. Nat. Prod. 8(4), 385-393
Asghar, A., Butt, M. S., Shahid, M. & Huang, Q. (2017). Evaluating the antimicrobial potential of green cardamom essential oil focusing on quorum sensing inhibition of Chromobacterium violaceum. J Food Sci Technol. 54, 2306-2315
Ashokkumar, K, Sampathrajan Vellaikumar, Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., Gunasekaran Ariharasutharsan, Shaji Aiswarya, Manoharan Akilan, Thomas, D., Warkentin & Adhimoolam Karthikeyan. (2021). Essential oil profile diversity in cardamom accessions from Southern India. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., Sec. Nutrition and Sustainable Diets. 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.63 9619
Ashokkumar, K., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M., Raj, S. & Kamaraj, D. (2019). Phytochemical variations among four distinct varieties of Indian cardamom; Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. Nat. Prod. Res. 34, 1919–1922. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1561687
Ashokkumar, K., Pandian, A., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., Sathyan, T. & Sivakumar, P., (2020). Profiling bioactive flavonoids and carotenoids in select South Indian spices and nuts. Nat. Prod. Res. 34, 1306–1310. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1557179
Cimino, C., Maurel, O. M., Musumeci, T., Bonaccorso, A., Drago, F., Souto, E., Pignatello, R., & Carbone, C. (2021). Essential oils: Pharmaceutical applications and encapsulation strategies into lipid-based delivery systems. Pharmaceutics. 13(3), 327.
Endashaw, B. (2007). Study on actual situation of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Prepared for Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry. Ethiopia. Pp. 48-65.
Gochev, V., Girova, T., Stoilova, I., Atanasova, T., Nenov, N., Stanchev, V. & Soyanova, A. (2012). Low temperature extraction of essential oil bearing plants by liquefied gases. 7. Seeds from cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton). J BioSci Biotech. 1, 135-139.
Gopalakrishnan, N. & Cadavallur, C. S. (1991). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cardamom. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 39, 1970-1976.
Hymete, A., Rohloff J. & Iversen, T. H. (2006). Essential oil from seeds and husks of small cardamom from Ethiopia. Flavor and fragrance Journal. 21, 642-644.
Ivanović, M., Makoter, K. & Razboršek, M. I. (2021). Comparative study of chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils and crude extracts of four characteristic Zingiberaceae herbs. Plants. 10, 501. doi: 10.3390/plants10030501.
Jha, V., Shaikh, D., Bhargava, A., Marick, A., Khan, F., Dhamapurkar, V., Jhangiani, A., Narvekar, S., Shinde, R. & Nair, M. (2022). Characterization of Physio-Chemical Properties and Evaluation of Bioactive Potentials of Essential Oils from Elettaria Cardamomum. Journal of Plant Biology and Crop Research. 5(2), 1068.
Murugan, M., Ashokkumar, K., Alagupalamuthirsolai, M., Anandhi, A., Ravi, R., Dhanya, M. K. & Sathyan, T. (2022). Understanding the effects of cardamom cultivation on its local environment using novel systems thinking approach-the case of Indian Cardamom Hills. Front. Sustain. Food Syst.6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.728651
Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., Ashokkumar, K., Thiravidamani, S. & Raj, S. (2019). Changes of enzyme activities and phytochemical constituents in small cardamom capsules caused by the infestation of thrips, Sciothrips cardamomi (Ramk.). Res. J. Biotechnol. 14, 113–116.
Ni, Z. J., Wang, X., Shen, Y., Thakur, K., Han, J., Zhang, J. G., & Wei, Z. J. (2021). Recent updates on the chemistry, bioactivities, mode of action, and industrial applications of plant essential oils. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 110, 78-89.
Oommen Manoj, Xavier Reivax, Vadiraj, B. A., Suresh Kumar, P. M. & Remashree, A. B. (2018). Quality appraisal of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum, Maton) Sourced from A, B and C Zones of CHR in Idukki District of Kerala, India, Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 21(5), 1315-1326.
Parthasarathy, A. V., Chempakam, B. & Zachariah T. J. (2008). Chemistry of Spices. Indian Institute of Spices Research Calicut, Kerala, India.
Peter, K. V. (2001). Handbook of herbs and spices. Wood head Publishing Limited. Cambridge, England. 1(326), 150-159.
Pirmohammadi, M., Abai, M. R., Shayeghi, M., Vatandoost, H., Rahimi, S., & Pirmohammadi, M. (2022). Influence of agro-climatic conditions on chemical compositions and repellency effect of Mentha longifolia plant against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Toxin Reviews. 1-7.
Purseglove, J. W., Brown, E. G., Green, C. L. & Robins, S. R. (1981). Spices: 1 & 2. Longman group limited, London.
Quiroga, P. R., Asensio, C. M. & Nepote, V. (2015). Antioxidant effects of the monoterpenes carvacrol, thymol and sabinene hydrate on chemical and sensory stability of roasted sunflower seeds. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95, 471–479. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6744.
Rajan, A., Rajan, A. R. & Philip, D. (2017). Elettaria cardamomum seed mediated rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its biological activities. Open Nano. 2, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.onano.2016.11.002.
Ravindran, P. N. (2002). Introduction. In: ‘P. N. Ravendran and K. J. Madhusoodanan (eds), Cardamom- the genus ‘Elettaria’. Taylor and Francis Inc., London: 1-10.
Ravindran, P. N. (2005). Cardamom – the queen that cures-2. Spice India. 18(12), 5-15.
Ravindran, P. N., Shylaja, M. & Babu, K. N. (2002). False cardamom, Aframomum sp. (Small cardamom: Small cardamom (Braun). Syn., A. melegueta (Roscoe) Schum. (Meleguetta pepper, grains of paradise or alligator pepper). Pp. 330-340.
Sayed, E. S., Hameeda, A., Shroq, M. K., Thbityb, A., & Gobourib, A. A. 2023. Impact of extraction methods on the chemical composition and biological activity of small cardamom essential oils. Egypt. J. Chem. 65(2), 101-109. DOI:10.21608/EJCHEM.2022.130386.5801
Souissi, M., Azelmat, J., Chaieb, K. & Grenier, D. (2020). Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) extracts: Potential therapeutic benefits for periodontal infections. Anaerobe. 61, 102089. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102089.
Soussi, M., Noumi, E,. Dehmani, A., Flamini, G., Aouni, M,, Al-sieni, M. & Al-sieni, A. (2015). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of Elettaria cardamomum L. (Maton) Essential Oil: a high activity against a wide range of food borne and medically important bacteria and fungi. J Chem Biol Phys Sci. 6, 248–259.
Sultana, S., Ali, M., Ansari, S. H. & Bagri, P. (2009). Effect of physical factors on the volatile constituents of Elettaria cardamomum fruits. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 12(3), 287-292.
Vijayan, A. K., Pradip Kumar, K. & Remashree, A. B. (2018). Small cardamom production technology and future prospects. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 10(16), 6943-6948.
Wael, A., Al-Zereini, Ibrahim, N., Al-Trawneh, Mahmoud, A., Al-Qudah, Heba, M., Tum Allah, Hamas, A., Al Rawashdeh, Zaed, H. & Abudayeh. (2022). Essential oils from Elettaria cardamomum (L ..) Maton grains and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl barks: Chemical examination and bioactivity studies. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research. 10(1), 173-185. doi: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres21.1162_10.1.173 www.indianspices.com
Yamasaki, Y., Kunoh, H., Yamamoto, H. & Akimitsu, K. (2007). Biological roles of monoterpene volatiles derived from rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) in citrus defense. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 73, 168–179. doi: 10.1007/s10327-007-0013-0.
Yashin, A., Yashin, Y., Xia, X., & Nemzer, B. (2017). Antioxidant activity of spices and their impact on human health: a review. Antioxidants. 6, 70. doi: 10.3390/antiox6030070
Zachariah, T. J. (2002). Chemistry of cardamom. In: Cardamom-The Genus Elettaria (Eds., Ravindran, P. N. & Madhusoodanan, K. J. 375 p. Taylor and Francis, London. 69-90.
Zheljazkov, V. D., Astatkie, T. & Jeliazkova, E. A. (2012). Schlegel V. Distillation time alters essential oil yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of male Juniperus scopulorum trees. J. Oleo Sci. 61, 537–546. doi: 10.5650/jos.61.537.
Zheljazkov, V. D., Astatkie, T., Jeliazkova, E. A., Heidel, B. & Ciampa, L. (2017). Essential oil content, composition and bioactivity of Juniper species in Wyoming, United States. Nat. Prod. Commun. 12, 201–204. doi: 10.1177/1934578X1701200215.
Alagupalamuthirsolai, M., Ankegowda, S. J., Murugan, M., Sivaranjani, R., Balaji Rajkumar & Akshitha, H. J. (2019). Influence of light intensity on photosynthesis, capsule yield, essential oil and insect pest incidence of Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 22(5), 1172-1181.
Angane, M., Swift, S., Huang, K., Butts, C. A. & Quek, S. Y. (2022). Essential oils and their major components: An updated review on antimicrobial activities, mechanism of action and their potential application in the food industry. Foods. 11(3), 464.
Anisha, C. S., Mary Mathew K., Swapna Sasidharan, Sherin Jose, Rithin Varghese C., Reshma Ranjanan, Geethu M., Rao, Y. S. & Remashree A. B. (2020). Diversity analysis of released varieties of Indian cardamom using ISSR markers reveal narrowing genetic base. Indian Journal of Biotechnology.19, 311-322.
Anonymous. (2015). Cultivation practices for small cardamom. Published by Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Spices Board India.
AOAC (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 17th Edition. Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC.
Arunkumar, R., Nair, S. A., Rameshkumar, K. B. & Subramoniam, A. (2014). The essential oil constituents of Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers, and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the oil. Rec. Nat. Prod. 8(4), 385-393
Asghar, A., Butt, M. S., Shahid, M. & Huang, Q. (2017). Evaluating the antimicrobial potential of green cardamom essential oil focusing on quorum sensing inhibition of Chromobacterium violaceum. J Food Sci Technol. 54, 2306-2315
Ashokkumar, K, Sampathrajan Vellaikumar, Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., Gunasekaran Ariharasutharsan, Shaji Aiswarya, Manoharan Akilan, Thomas, D., Warkentin & Adhimoolam Karthikeyan. (2021). Essential oil profile diversity in cardamom accessions from Southern India. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., Sec. Nutrition and Sustainable Diets. 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.63 9619
Ashokkumar, K., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M., Raj, S. & Kamaraj, D. (2019). Phytochemical variations among four distinct varieties of Indian cardamom; Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. Nat. Prod. Res. 34, 1919–1922. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1561687
Ashokkumar, K., Pandian, A., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., Sathyan, T. & Sivakumar, P., (2020). Profiling bioactive flavonoids and carotenoids in select South Indian spices and nuts. Nat. Prod. Res. 34, 1306–1310. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1557179
Cimino, C., Maurel, O. M., Musumeci, T., Bonaccorso, A., Drago, F., Souto, E., Pignatello, R., & Carbone, C. (2021). Essential oils: Pharmaceutical applications and encapsulation strategies into lipid-based delivery systems. Pharmaceutics. 13(3), 327.
Endashaw, B. (2007). Study on actual situation of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Prepared for Japan Association for International Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry. Ethiopia. Pp. 48-65.
Gochev, V., Girova, T., Stoilova, I., Atanasova, T., Nenov, N., Stanchev, V. & Soyanova, A. (2012). Low temperature extraction of essential oil bearing plants by liquefied gases. 7. Seeds from cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton). J BioSci Biotech. 1, 135-139.
Gopalakrishnan, N. & Cadavallur, C. S. (1991). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cardamom. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 39, 1970-1976.
Hymete, A., Rohloff J. & Iversen, T. H. (2006). Essential oil from seeds and husks of small cardamom from Ethiopia. Flavor and fragrance Journal. 21, 642-644.
Ivanović, M., Makoter, K. & Razboršek, M. I. (2021). Comparative study of chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils and crude extracts of four characteristic Zingiberaceae herbs. Plants. 10, 501. doi: 10.3390/plants10030501.
Jha, V., Shaikh, D., Bhargava, A., Marick, A., Khan, F., Dhamapurkar, V., Jhangiani, A., Narvekar, S., Shinde, R. & Nair, M. (2022). Characterization of Physio-Chemical Properties and Evaluation of Bioactive Potentials of Essential Oils from Elettaria Cardamomum. Journal of Plant Biology and Crop Research. 5(2), 1068.
Murugan, M., Ashokkumar, K., Alagupalamuthirsolai, M., Anandhi, A., Ravi, R., Dhanya, M. K. & Sathyan, T. (2022). Understanding the effects of cardamom cultivation on its local environment using novel systems thinking approach-the case of Indian Cardamom Hills. Front. Sustain. Food Syst.6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.728651
Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., Ashokkumar, K., Thiravidamani, S. & Raj, S. (2019). Changes of enzyme activities and phytochemical constituents in small cardamom capsules caused by the infestation of thrips, Sciothrips cardamomi (Ramk.). Res. J. Biotechnol. 14, 113–116.
Ni, Z. J., Wang, X., Shen, Y., Thakur, K., Han, J., Zhang, J. G., & Wei, Z. J. (2021). Recent updates on the chemistry, bioactivities, mode of action, and industrial applications of plant essential oils. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 110, 78-89.
Oommen Manoj, Xavier Reivax, Vadiraj, B. A., Suresh Kumar, P. M. & Remashree, A. B. (2018). Quality appraisal of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum, Maton) Sourced from A, B and C Zones of CHR in Idukki District of Kerala, India, Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 21(5), 1315-1326.
Parthasarathy, A. V., Chempakam, B. & Zachariah T. J. (2008). Chemistry of Spices. Indian Institute of Spices Research Calicut, Kerala, India.
Peter, K. V. (2001). Handbook of herbs and spices. Wood head Publishing Limited. Cambridge, England. 1(326), 150-159.
Pirmohammadi, M., Abai, M. R., Shayeghi, M., Vatandoost, H., Rahimi, S., & Pirmohammadi, M. (2022). Influence of agro-climatic conditions on chemical compositions and repellency effect of Mentha longifolia plant against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Toxin Reviews. 1-7.
Purseglove, J. W., Brown, E. G., Green, C. L. & Robins, S. R. (1981). Spices: 1 & 2. Longman group limited, London.
Quiroga, P. R., Asensio, C. M. & Nepote, V. (2015). Antioxidant effects of the monoterpenes carvacrol, thymol and sabinene hydrate on chemical and sensory stability of roasted sunflower seeds. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95, 471–479. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6744.
Rajan, A., Rajan, A. R. & Philip, D. (2017). Elettaria cardamomum seed mediated rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its biological activities. Open Nano. 2, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.onano.2016.11.002.
Ravindran, P. N. (2002). Introduction. In: ‘P. N. Ravendran and K. J. Madhusoodanan (eds), Cardamom- the genus ‘Elettaria’. Taylor and Francis Inc., London: 1-10.
Ravindran, P. N. (2005). Cardamom – the queen that cures-2. Spice India. 18(12), 5-15.
Ravindran, P. N., Shylaja, M. & Babu, K. N. (2002). False cardamom, Aframomum sp. (Small cardamom: Small cardamom (Braun). Syn., A. melegueta (Roscoe) Schum. (Meleguetta pepper, grains of paradise or alligator pepper). Pp. 330-340.
Sayed, E. S., Hameeda, A., Shroq, M. K., Thbityb, A., & Gobourib, A. A. 2023. Impact of extraction methods on the chemical composition and biological activity of small cardamom essential oils. Egypt. J. Chem. 65(2), 101-109. DOI:10.21608/EJCHEM.2022.130386.5801
Souissi, M., Azelmat, J., Chaieb, K. & Grenier, D. (2020). Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) extracts: Potential therapeutic benefits for periodontal infections. Anaerobe. 61, 102089. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102089.
Soussi, M., Noumi, E,. Dehmani, A., Flamini, G., Aouni, M,, Al-sieni, M. & Al-sieni, A. (2015). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of Elettaria cardamomum L. (Maton) Essential Oil: a high activity against a wide range of food borne and medically important bacteria and fungi. J Chem Biol Phys Sci. 6, 248–259.
Sultana, S., Ali, M., Ansari, S. H. & Bagri, P. (2009). Effect of physical factors on the volatile constituents of Elettaria cardamomum fruits. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 12(3), 287-292.
Vijayan, A. K., Pradip Kumar, K. & Remashree, A. B. (2018). Small cardamom production technology and future prospects. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 10(16), 6943-6948.
Wael, A., Al-Zereini, Ibrahim, N., Al-Trawneh, Mahmoud, A., Al-Qudah, Heba, M., Tum Allah, Hamas, A., Al Rawashdeh, Zaed, H. & Abudayeh. (2022). Essential oils from Elettaria cardamomum (L ..) Maton grains and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl barks: Chemical examination and bioactivity studies. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research. 10(1), 173-185. doi: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres21.1162_10.1.173 www.indianspices.com
Yamasaki, Y., Kunoh, H., Yamamoto, H. & Akimitsu, K. (2007). Biological roles of monoterpene volatiles derived from rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) in citrus defense. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 73, 168–179. doi: 10.1007/s10327-007-0013-0.
Yashin, A., Yashin, Y., Xia, X., & Nemzer, B. (2017). Antioxidant activity of spices and their impact on human health: a review. Antioxidants. 6, 70. doi: 10.3390/antiox6030070
Zachariah, T. J. (2002). Chemistry of cardamom. In: Cardamom-The Genus Elettaria (Eds., Ravindran, P. N. & Madhusoodanan, K. J. 375 p. Taylor and Francis, London. 69-90.
Zheljazkov, V. D., Astatkie, T. & Jeliazkova, E. A. (2012). Schlegel V. Distillation time alters essential oil yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of male Juniperus scopulorum trees. J. Oleo Sci. 61, 537–546. doi: 10.5650/jos.61.537.
Zheljazkov, V. D., Astatkie, T., Jeliazkova, E. A., Heidel, B. & Ciampa, L. (2017). Essential oil content, composition and bioactivity of Juniper species in Wyoming, United States. Nat. Prod. Commun. 12, 201–204. doi: 10.1177/1934578X1701200215.
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A comparative study of essential oil components of selected promising small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) landraces in Cardamom Hill Reserve (CHR) of South India. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(1), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5302
