Effectiveness of the Mentha spicata leaves in reducing testosterone levels and aggressive behaviour in female Wistar albino rats treated with testosterone propionate
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Abstract
High testosterone hormone levels play an important role in exhibiting aggressive behaviour and several disorders in female rodents and women. The present study aimed to determine the protective role of the alcoholic extract of Mentha spicata leaves (MSL) in the reduction of the level of testosterone and aggressive behaviour of female rats that suffer from high levels of testosterone. A total of 30 female Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 Groups. Group 1: Control rats received sesame oil(0.5 ml). Group 2: Rats injected with testosterone propionate (TP) alone. Group 3: Rats received MSL alone (100 mg/kg) orally. Groups 4, 5, and 6: Rats received TP + MSL, 6mg/rat of TP followed by 200, 400, and 600 mg/rat, respectively) for 60 days. The testosterone, dopamine, and aggressive behaviour were measured using specialized ELISA test kits. The results showed that testosterone and dopamine levels in the serum had a significant decrease (P<0.05) (4.82 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 272.83 (pg/ml) in dopamine) in animals treated with MSL only compared to Group 2, which found a significant rise (p<0.05) (16.52 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 607.59 (pg/ml) in dopamine) in the levels of testosterone and dopamine. The results exhibited a significant rise (P<0.05) in the aggressive behaviour in Group 2 of rats compared to the control and other Groups. In comparison, aggressive behaviour was significantly decreased (P<0.05) (7.40 (ng/ml) in testosterone and 263.49 (ng/ml) in dopamine) in Groups 2, 4, 5, and 6. Thus, the study revealed the protective role of the alcoholic extract of MSL in reducing levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour in female rats suffering from higher levels of testosterone.
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Keywords
Aggressive behaviour, Dopamine, Female rats, Mentha spicata, Testosterone
References
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Angoa-Pérez, M., & Kuhn, D. M. (2021). Evidence for modulation of substance use disorders by the gut microbiome: hidden in plain sight. Pharmacological reviews, 73(2), 571-596. https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000 144
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Mohammed, H. E., Elrayess, R. A. & El-Hak, H. N. G. (2021). Combined effect of aqueous extracts of Artemisia monosperma and Mentha piperita on the reproductive integrity of male albino rats. Pakistan J. Zool, 53(4), 1329-1339. : https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/ 20191029 001013
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Njoroge, R. W., Macharia, B. N., Sawe, D. J. & Maiyoh, G. K. (2015). Effects of crude kerosene on testosterone levels, aggression and toxicity in rat. Toxicology Reports, 2, 175-183.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.017
Nozhat, F., Alaee, S., Behzadi, K. & Chegini, N. A. (2014). Evaluation of possible toxic effects of spearmint (Mentha spicata) on the reproductive system, fertility and number of offspring in adult male rats. Avicenna J. of Phytomedicine, 4(6), 420.
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Parish, S. J., Simon, J. A., Davis, S. R., Giraldi, A., Goldstein, I., Goldstein, S. W. & Vignozzi, L. (2021). International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health Clinical Practice Guideline for the use of systemic testosterone for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women. J. of Women's Health, 30(4), 474-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.10.009
Rammal, H., Bouayed, J. & Soulimani, R. (2010). A direct relationship between aggressive behaviour in the resident/intruder test and cell oxidative status in adult male mice. European J. of Pharmacology, 627(1-3), 173-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.001
Regis, L., Planas, J., Celma, A., de Torres, I. M., Ferrer, R. & Morote, J. (2015). Behaviour of total and free serum testosterone as a predictor for the risk of prostate cancer and its aggressiveness. Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition), 39(9), 573-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuroe.2015.09.001
Trifu, S. C., Tudor, A. & Radulescu, I. (2020). Aggressive behaviour in psychiatric patients in relation to hormonal imbalance. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20(4), 3483-3487. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8974
Quadros, I. M., Takahashi, A. & Miczek, K. A. (2020). Serotonin and aggression—an update. In Handbook of Behavioural Neuroscience (Vol. 31, pp. 635-663). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00037-2
Yang, J. H., Weng, S. L., Lee, C. Y., Chou, S. Y., Hsu, C. S. & Hsu, M. I. (2010). A comparative study of cutaneous manifestations of hyperandrogenism in obese and non-obese Taiwanese women. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 282, 327-333.
Alaee, S., Bagheri, M. J., Ataabadi, M. S. & Koohpeyma, F. (2020). Capacity of Mentha spicata (spearmint) Extract in Alleviating Hormonal and Folliculogenesis Disturbances in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Rat Model. World, 10(3), 451-456. https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj56
Aluja, A., García, L. F., Martí-Guiu, M., Blanco, E., García, O. Fibla, J. & Blanch, À. (2015). Interactions among impulsiveness, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin and androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length. Physiology & Behaviour, 147, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.022
Angoa-Pérez, M., & Kuhn, D. M. (2021). Evidence for modulation of substance use disorders by the gut microbiome: hidden in plain sight. Pharmacological reviews, 73(2), 571-596. https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000 144
Ashkar, F., Rezaei, S., Salahshoornezhad, S., Vahid, F., Gholamalizadeh, M., Dahka, S. M., & Doaei, S. (2020). The Role of medicinal herbs in treatment of insulin resistance in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A literature review. Biomolecular concepts, 11(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2020-0005
Aubele, T., & Kritzer, M. F. (2011). Gonadectomy and hormone replacement affects in vivo basal extracellular dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex but not motor cortex of adult male rats. Cerebral Cortex, 21(1), 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhq083
Banihani, S. A. (2019). Mechanisms of honey on testosterone levels. Heliyon, 5(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02029Bayani, M., Ahmadi-Hamedani, M., & Javan, A. J. (2017). Study of hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities of Iranian Mentha spicata leaves aqueous extract in diabetic rats. Iranian J: IJPR, 16(Suppl), 75.
Carré, J. M. & J. Archer (2018). Testosterone and human behaviour: the role of individual and contextual variables. Current Opinion in Psychology 19, 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.021
Domonkos, E., Hodosy, J., Ostatníková, D. & Celec, P. (2018). On the role of testosterone in anxiety-like behaviour across life in experimental rodents. Frontiers in endocrinology, 9, 441. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fendo. 2018.00441
Donovitz, G. S. (2021). Testosterone supplementation and the gender divide. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 40(3), 938-940. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24622
Estumano, D. P., Ferreira, L. O., Bezerra, P. A. L., Da Silva, M. C. P., Jardim, G. C., Santos, G. F. S., ... & Hamoy, M. (2019). Alteration of testosterone levels changes brain wave activity patterns and induces aggressive behaviour in rats. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00654
Geniole, S. N., Bird, B. M., McVittie, J. S., Purcell, R. B., Archer, J. & Carré, J. M. (2020). Is testosterone linked to human aggression? A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between baseline, dynamic, and manipulated testosterone on human aggression. Hormones and Behaviour, 123, 104644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104644
González-Montelongo, R., Lobo, M. G. & González, M. (2010). Antioxidant activity in banana peel extracts: Testing extraction conditions and related bioactive compounds. Food Chemistry, 119(3), 1030-1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.08.012
Ishola, A. (2020). Exposure to aflatoxin and aggressive behaviour among wistar albino rats. The Journal of Neurobehavioural Sciences, 7(2), 72-72.
Iamsumang, W., Leerunyakul, K. & Suchonwanit, P. (2020). Finasteride and its potential for the treatment of female pattern hair loss: evidence to date. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 951-959. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S240615
Mohammed, H. E., Elrayess, R. A. & El-Hak, H. N. G. (2021). Combined effect of aqueous extracts of Artemisia monosperma and Mentha piperita on the reproductive integrity of male albino rats. Pakistan J. Zool, 53(4), 1329-1339. : https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/ 20191029 001013
Moss, M., Ho, J., Swinburne, S., & Turner, A. (2023). Aroma of the essential oil of peppermint reduces aggressive driving behaviour in healthy adults. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 38(2), e2865. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2865
Njoroge, R. W., Macharia, B. N., Sawe, D. J. & Maiyoh, G. K. (2015). Effects of crude kerosene on testosterone levels, aggression and toxicity in rat. Toxicology Reports, 2, 175-183.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.017
Nozhat, F., Alaee, S., Behzadi, K. & Chegini, N. A. (2014). Evaluation of possible toxic effects of spearmint (Mentha spicata) on the reproductive system, fertility and number of offspring in adult male rats. Avicenna J. of Phytomedicine, 4(6), 420.
Owens, S. J., Murphy, C. E., Purves‐Tyson, T. D., Weickert, T. W., & Shannon Weickert, C. (2018). Considering the role of adolescent sex steroids in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 30(2), e12538. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12538
Parish, S. J., Simon, J. A., Davis, S. R., Giraldi, A., Goldstein, I., Goldstein, S. W. & Vignozzi, L. (2021). International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health Clinical Practice Guideline for the use of systemic testosterone for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women. J. of Women's Health, 30(4), 474-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.10.009
Rammal, H., Bouayed, J. & Soulimani, R. (2010). A direct relationship between aggressive behaviour in the resident/intruder test and cell oxidative status in adult male mice. European J. of Pharmacology, 627(1-3), 173-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.001
Regis, L., Planas, J., Celma, A., de Torres, I. M., Ferrer, R. & Morote, J. (2015). Behaviour of total and free serum testosterone as a predictor for the risk of prostate cancer and its aggressiveness. Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition), 39(9), 573-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuroe.2015.09.001
Trifu, S. C., Tudor, A. & Radulescu, I. (2020). Aggressive behaviour in psychiatric patients in relation to hormonal imbalance. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20(4), 3483-3487. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8974
Quadros, I. M., Takahashi, A. & Miczek, K. A. (2020). Serotonin and aggression—an update. In Handbook of Behavioural Neuroscience (Vol. 31, pp. 635-663). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00037-2
Yang, J. H., Weng, S. L., Lee, C. Y., Chou, S. Y., Hsu, C. S. & Hsu, M. I. (2010). A comparative study of cutaneous manifestations of hyperandrogenism in obese and non-obese Taiwanese women. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 282, 327-333.
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Effectiveness of the Mentha spicata leaves in reducing testosterone levels and aggressive behaviour in female Wistar albino rats treated with testosterone propionate. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(1), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5279
