Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of cinnamic acid against Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from Ramadi Teaching hospitals, Iraq
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Abstract
Various bacterial pathotypes remain a significant public health concern due to their pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, the ability of bacteria to form biofilms can hinder host defense and antimicrobial eradication, leading to additional resistance. This study aimed to estimate the cinnamic acid's anti-biofilm activity against biofilms-producing bacteria. From October to November 2023, various clinical isolates were obtained from the Bacteriology Unit, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Iraq. All isolates were identified using a conventional and automated VITEK-2 compact system. Based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), the Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion and AST were performed for antimicrobial susceptibility. Biofilm formation was estimated using a 96-well Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader. Based on the antimicrobial susceptibility test, all bacterial isolates showed antibiotic resistance, including Kleibsella pneumonieae, Psuedomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The data showed that MICs of cinnamic acid against bacteria were 125 μg /ml.The biofilms formed by all isolates exhibited strong strength (OD570 : 0.078-0.099). Cinnamic acid demonstrated significant inhibition of biofilm production in Multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria (P-value = 0.0236). The results indicated that Cinnamic acid could be a promising anti-infective agent based on its ability to inhibit MDR-bacterial infections through biofilm formation.
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Keywords
Antibiotic resistance, Biofilm, Cinnamic acid, Multidrug resistance
References
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Ahmed, Mohammed Mukhles, Munaf Shallal Farhan, Anas Abdullah Hamad & Ali Ibrahim Edan (2022). Role of Microbiota in Health and Disease.Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 15(10):4825–28.
Ahmed, Mohammed Mukhles, Haneen Emad Khadum, & Hanan Mohammed Saied Jassam (2023). Medicinal Herbs as Novel Therapies against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 16(1):62–66.
Ahmed, Mohammed Mukhles & Safaa Abed Lateef Al Meani (2019). Occurrence of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemase KPC Gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Patients in Anbar City of Iraq. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 22(Special Issue 5). doi: 10.36295/ASRO.2019.220514.
Aldrazi, Fatimah A., Ali A. Rabaan, Shahab A. Alsuliman, Hebah A. Aldrazi, Mohammed J. Alabdalslam, Salman A. Alsadiq, Hatem M. Alhani, & Ahmed S. Bueid (2020). ESBL Expression and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in a Hospital in Saudi Arabia: Do Healthcare Staff Have the Whole Picture?.Journal of Infection and Public Health 13(5):759–66.
Alwash, Samarah Jafar & Rasmiya Abed Aburesha (2021). The Differences in Antibiotic-Resistance among Several Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Iraq.Medico-Legal Update 21(3):476–85. doi: 10.37506/mlu.v2 1i3.3034.
Anwar, Ayaz, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Muhammad Raza Shah & Naveed Ahmed Khan. (2018). Gold Nanoparticle-Conjugated Cinnamic Acid Exhibits Antiacanthamoebic and Antibacterial Properties.Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 62(9),e00630-18.
Asaad, Ahmed Morad, Shamshul Ansari, Soma Elsayed Ajlan & Samah Mohammed Awad (2021). Epidemiology of biofilm producing Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Egypt: A Cross-sectional study.Infection and Drug Resistance 709–17.
Badave, Gitanjali Kailas & Dhananjay Kulkarni (2015). Biofilm Producing Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: An Emerging Challenge. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR 9(1):DC08.
Bakour, Sofiane, Samer Ahmed Alsharapy, Abdelaziz Touati & Jean-Marc Rolain (2014). Characterization of Acinetobacter Baumannii Clinical Isolates Carrying Bla OXA-23 Carbapenemase and 16S RRNA Methylase ArmA Genes in Yemen.Microbial Drug Resistance 20(6):604-9.
Bali, Elif Burcu, Kübra Erkan Türkmen, Demet Erdönmez & Necdet Sağlam (2019). “Comparative Study of Inhibitory Potential of Dietary Phytochemicals against Quorum Sensing Activity of and Biofilm Formation by Chromobacterium Violaceum 12472, and Swimming and Swarming Behaviour of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa PAO1.Food Technology and Biotechnology 57(2),212.
Banerjee, Malabika, Soumitra Moulick, Kunal Kumar Bhattacharya, Debaprasad Parai, Subrata Chattopadhyay, and Samir Kumar Mukherjee (2017). Attenuation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Quorum Sensing, Virulence and Biofilm Formation by Extracts of Andrographis Paniculata. Microbial Pathogenesis 113,85–93.
Bassetti, Stefano, Sarah Tschudin-Sutter, Adrian Egli & Michael Osthoff (2022). Optimizing Antibiotic Therapies to Reduce the Risk of Bacterial Resistance. European Journal of Internal Medicine 99,7–12.
Cepas, Virginio, Yuly López, Estela Muñoz, Dora Rolo, Carmen Ardanuy, Sara Martí, Mariona Xercavins, Juan Pablo Horcajada, Jordi Bosch & Sara M. Soto. 2019. Relationship between Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Microbial Drug Resistance 25(1),72–79. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0027.
Chen, Lihua, Haixia Li, Haichu Wen, Binyu Zhao, Yujia Niu, Qianqian Mo & Yong Wu (2020). Biofilm Formation in Acinetobacter baumannii Was Inhibited by PAβN While It Had No Association with Antibiotic Resistance.Microbiologyopen 9(9),e1063.
Claessen, Dennis, Daniel E. Rozen, Oscar P. Kuipers, Lotte Søgaard-Andersen, & Gilles P. Van Wezel (2014). Bacterial Solutions to Multicellularity: A Tale of Biofilms, Filaments and Fruiting Bodies.Nature Reviews Microbiology 12(2),115–24.
Dey, Nibedita, C. Kamatchi, A. S. Vickram, K. Anbarasu, S. Thanigaivel, Jeyanthi Palanivelu, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, & Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy (2022). Role of Nanomaterials in Deactivating Multiple Drug Resistance Efflux Pumps–A Review. Environmental Research 204:111968.
Edan, Ali Ibrahim, Yussir Mahmood Raghab, Lama Dali Ibrahim & Mohammed Mukhles Ahmed. 2022. Antibacterial And Synergistic Effect Of Medicinal Herbs As Potential Activity Against Antibiotic Resistant–Bacteria: A New Strategy For Control Or Reducing Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria.Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 261–70.
El-Far, Amira, Safia Samir, Eman El-Gebaly, Maysa Omar, Heba Dahroug, Ahmed El-Shenawy, Noha Salah Soliman & Do Gamal. (2021). High Rates of Aminoglycoside Methyltransferases Associated with Metallo-Beta-Lactamases in Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Egypt. Infection and Drug Resistance 4849–58.
Eliopoulos, George M., Lisa L. Maragakis & Trish M. Perl (2008). Acinetobacter baumannii: Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Treatment Options. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46(8),1254–63.
Franca, S. B., P. R. dos Santos Correia, I. B. D. De Castro, E. F. da Silva, M. E. de Sa Barreto Barros & D. J. da Paz Lima (2021). Synthesis, Applications and Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives: A Review. Res. Soc. Dev. 10.
GaCommittee, The European, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Teasting, Content Changes, Notes Uidance, Eucast Breakpoint, Tables Dosages, Enterobacterales Pseudomonas, Guidance Document, and Guidance Document (2020). European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters.
Gunia‐Krzyżak, Agnieszka, Karolina Słoczyńska, Justyna Popiół, Paulina Koczurkiewicz, Henryk Marona & Elżbieta Pękala (2018). Cinnamic Acid Derivatives in Cosmetics: Current Use and Future Prospects.International Journal of Cosmetic Science 40(4), 356–66.
Guzman, Juaan David (2014). Natural Cinnamic Acids, Synthetic Derivatives and Hybrids with Antimicrobial Activity.Molecules 19(12), 19292–349.
Hall, Clayton W. & Thien-Fah Mah (2017). Molecular Mechanisms of Biofilm-Based Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance in Pathogenic Bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 41(3), 276–301.
Al Hamdan, Aisha S., Amal A. Alghamdi, Ghada F. Alyousif, Fatma A. Hamza, Marwa M. Shafey, Aisha M. AlAmri & Abdulaziz A. Sunki (2022). Evaluating the Prevalence and the Risk Factors of Gram-Negative Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria in Eastern Saudi Arabia.Infection and Drug Resistance, 475–90.
Hasani, Alka, Vajihe Sheikhalizadeh, Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee, Mohammad Rahmati-Yamchi, Akbar Hasani, Reza Ghotaslou & Hamid Reza Goli (2016). Frequency of Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes and ArmA among Different Sequence Groups of Acinetobacter Baumannii in Iran.Microbial Drug Resistance 22(5), 347–53.
Høiby, Niels (2017). A Short History of Microbial Biofilms and Biofilm Infections. Apmis 125(4), 272–75.
Huang, Lulu, Cuirong Wu, Haijiao Gao, Chao Xu, Menghong Dai, Lingli Huang, Haihong Hao, Xu Wang & Guyue Cheng (2022). Bacterial Multidrug Efflux Pumps at the Frontline of Antimicrobial Resistance: An Overview. Antibiotics 11(4),520.
Hudzicki, Jan (2009). Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol.American Society for Microbiology 15:55–63.
Hussein, Mohammed S., Al-Moghira K. Al-Qaysi, Safaa Abed Latef Al Meani, Mohammed Mukhles Ahmed, Nihad Shahadha Abed & Mohammed Obaid Ibrahim (2022). Assessment of Cinamic Acid and Costus Roots Extract against MDR-K. Pneumoniae Isolated from Patients of COVID-19. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 15(12), 5724–28.
Kikuzaki, Hiroe, Masashi Hisamoto, Kanae Hirose, Kayo Akiyama & Hisaji Taniguchi. (2002). Antioxidant Properties of Ferulic Acid and Its Related Compounds.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50(7) 2161–68.
Kyriakidis, Ioannis, Eleni Vasileiou, Zoi Dorothea Pana & Athanasios Tragiannidis (202)1. Acinetobacter Baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms.Pathogens 10(3), 373.
Mingoia, Marina, Carmela Conte, Annalisa Di Rienzo, Marilisa Pia Dimmito, Lorella Marinucci, Gloria Magi, Hasan Turkez, Maria Concetta Cufaro, Piero Del Boccio, Antonio Di Stefano & Ivana Cacciatore (2022). Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Cinnamic Acid-Based Antimicrobials. Pharmaceuticals 15(2),1–17. doi: 10.3390/ph15020228.
Najeeb, Laith Muslih, Safaa Abed Latef Al Meani, Ali Hazim Abdulkareem, Zyad Hameed Fyadh & Mohammed Mukhles Ahmed (2022). Study the Epidemiology of Antibiotics Resistance in Ramadi Hospitals of Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 15(9), 4204–7.
Nikhat, Sadia & Mohammad Fazil (2022). History, Phytochemistry, Experimental Pharmacology and Clinical Uses of Honey: A Comprehensive Review with Special Reference to Unani Medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 282, 114614.
Nirwati, Hera, Kian Sinanjung, Fahrina Fahrunissa, Fernando Wijaya, Sarastia Napitupulu, Vania P. Hati, Mohamad S. Hakim, Andreanita Meliala, Abu T. Aman, & Titik Nuryastuti (2019). Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Klaten, Indonesia. Pp. 1–8 in BMC proceedings. 13. BioMed Central.
Nour El-Din, Hanzada T., Aymen S. Yassin, Yasser M. Ragab & Abdelgawad M. Hashem (2021). Phenotype-Genotype Characterization and Antibiotic-Resistance Correlations among Colonizing and Infectious Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Recovered from Intensive Care Units. Infection and Drug Resistance 1557–71.
Ong, Kuan Shion, Christina Injan Mawang, Delhousie Daniel-Jambun, Yau Yan Lim & Sui Mae Lee (2018). Current Anti-Biofilm Strategies and Potential of Antioxidants in Biofilm Control. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 16(11),855–64.
Pramodhini, Subramanian, Shanmugam Niveditha, Sivaraman Umadevi, Shailesh Kumar & Selvaraj Stephen (2012). Antiobiotic Resistance Pattern of Biofilm-Forming Uropathogens Isolated from Catheterised Patients in Pondicherry, India. Australasian Medical Journal 5(7), 344–48. doi: 10.4066/AMJ.2012.1193.
Qi, Lihua, Hao Li, Chuanfu Zhang, Beibei Liang, Jie Li, Ligui Wang, Xinying Du, Xuelin Liu, Shaofu Qiu & Hongbin Song (2016). Relationship between Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Biofilm-Specific Resistance in Acinetobacter Baumannii.Frontiers in Microbiology 7(APR),1–10. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00483.
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Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of cinnamic acid against Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from Ramadi Teaching hospitals, Iraq. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(1), 356-363. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i1.5115
