Effect of organic farming practices on soil and performance of soybean (Glycine max) under semi-arid tropical conditions in Central India
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Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of organic farming practices on soil health and crop performance of Soybean (Glycine max).The crop cultivar JS-335 of soybean was grown with 30:26.2:16.6 kg ha-1 (NPK) recommended dose of fertilizers under three management practices viz., organic, chemical and integrated (50:50) in randomized block design, replicated three times. Soil organic carbon, available N, P and K, microbial enzymatic activities, total biomass, seed yield and harvest index (HI) were analysed during the study. It was observed that soil organic carbon (11.3 g kg-1), available N (125 mg kg-1), P (49.7 mg kg-1) and soil enzyme activities viz., dehydrogenase (DHA) (98.20 µ grams TPF/g soil/24 h) and alkaline phosphatase (178.2 µ grams p-nitro phenol/g soil/h) were found significantly higher in the plot managed organically while available K (320.1 mg kg-1) was not significant with respect to chemical and integrated practices. The total biomass (1927 kg ha-1) and seed yield (601 kg ha-1) of soybean was found highest in organic farming practices followed by integrated and chemical practices. Very poor microbial activities were observed in chemically managed plots. Thus, the study demonstrated that the organic farming practice improved soil health and performance of soybean crop.
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Keywords
Crop performance, Organic farming, Soil environment, Soybean (Glycine max)
References
Abbasi, M.K., Hina, M., Khalique, A. and Khan, S.R. (2007). Mineralization of three organic manures used as nitrogen source in a soil incubated under laboratory conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 38:1691–1711.
Ali, A., Sharif, M., Wahid, F., Zhang, Z.Q., Shah, S.N.M., Rafiullah, Zaheer, S., Khan, F. and Rehman, F. (2014). Effect of Composted Rock Phosphate with Organic Materials on Yield and Phosphorus Uptake of Berseem and Maize. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5: 975-984.
Badanur, V.P., Poleshi, C.M. and Naik, B.K. (1990). Effect of organic matter on crop yield, physical and chemical properties of a Vertisol. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 38: 425-429.
Bekeko, Z. (2014). Effect of enriched farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on grain yield and harvest index of hybrid maize (bh-140) at Chiro, eastern Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9 (7): 663-669.
Beyer, L., Schulten, H.R., Frund, R. and Irmler, U. (1993). Formation and properties of organic matter in forest soils, as revealed by its biological activity, wet chemical analysis, CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy and pyrolysis –field ionization mass spectrometry. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25: 587–596.
Bhandari, A.L., Ladha, J.K., Pathak, H., Padre, A.T., Dawe, D. and Gupta R.K. (2002). Yield and soil nutrient changes in a long-term rice-wheat rotation in India. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66:162–170.
Bharadwaj, V. and Omanwar, P.K. (1994). Long term effects of continuous Rotational cropping and fertilization on crop yields and soil properties-II. Effects on EC, pH, organic matter and available nutrients of soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 42(3): 387-392.
Bowles, T.M., Acosta-Martínez, V., Calderón, F. and Jackson, L.E. (2014). Soil enzyme activities, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen availability in organic agroecosystems across an intensively-managed agricultural landscape. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 68: 252-262.
Bulluck, L.R., Brosiusb, M., Evanylob, G.K. and Ristainoa, J. B. (2002). Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms. Applied Soil Ecology, 19: 147–160.
Burns, R.G. (1983). Extracellular enzyme-substrate interactions in soil. In: Slater, J.H., Wittenbury, R. and Wimpenny, J. W. T. Eds. Microbes in Their Natural Environment, Cambridge University Press, London, 249-298.
Casida, L.E., Klein, D.A. and Santoro, T. (1964). Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Science, 98: 371-376.
Chang, X.F., Zhu, X.X., Wang, S.P., Cui, S.J., Luo, C.Y., Zhang, Z.H. and Wilkes, A. (2014). Impacts of management practices on soil organic carbon in degraded alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau. Biogeosciences, 11: 3495–3503.
Chu, H., Lin, X., Fujii, T., Morimoto, S., Yagi, K., Hu, J. and Zhang, J. (2007). Soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 39: 2971–2976.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical procedure for agricultural research. 2nd ed. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons.
Hanway, J.J. and Heidel, H. (1952). Soil analysis methods as used in Iowa State College, Soil Testing Laboratory, Iowa State College Bulletin, 57: 1-131.
Hopkins, D.W. and Shiel, R.S., (1996). Size and activity of soil microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilizers. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 22:66–70.
IFOAM, (1998). IFOAM Basic Standards for organic production and processing, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements publications, Tholey-Tholey, Germany.
Johnston, A.E. and Poulton, P.R. (1997). The downward movement and retention of phosphorous in agricultural soils., In: Phosphorus loss from soil to water Eds H. Tunney, O.T. Carton, P.C. Brookes and A.E. Johnston Oxon, CAB International Press UK, 441–445.
Kaur, K., Kapoor, K.K. and Gupta, A.P. (2005). Impact of organic manures with and without mineral fertilizers on soil chemical and biological properties under tropical conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 168:117-122.
Khaleel, R., Reddy, K.R. and Overcash, M.R. (1981). Changes in soil physical properties due to organic waste applications: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 10:133-141.
Ladha, J.K., D. Dawe, H. Pathak, A.T. Padre, R.L. Yadav, B. Singh, Y. Singh, Y. Singh, P. Pingh, A.L. Kundu, R. Sakal, N. Ram, A.P. Regmi, S.K. Gami, A.L. Bhandari, R. Amin, C.R. Yadav, E.M. Bhattarai, S. Das, H.P. Aggarwal, R.K. Gupta, and P.R. Hobbs. (2003). How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice-wheat experiments in Asia? Field Crops Research, 81:159–180.
Lakaria, B.L., Jha, P. and Biswas, A.K. (2011). Soil carbon dynamics under long term use of organic manures. In: Singh, A.B., Sammi, Reddy, K., Manna, M.C. and Subba, Rao, A. (Eds.), Recycling Organic Wastes for Soil Health and Productivity, Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, 83-93.
Majumdar, B., Venkatesh, M.S., Kumar, K. and Patiram. (2005). Effect of potassium and farmyard manure on yield, nutrient uptake and quality of ginger in a Typic hapludalf of Meghalaya. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 75: 809-811.
Manjaih, K.M. and Singh, D. (2001). Soil organic matter and biological properties after 26 years of maize-wheat -cowpea cropping as affected by manure and fertilization in a cambisol in semiarid region of India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 86: 155-162.
Manna, M.C., Swarup, A., Wanjari, R.H., Mishra, B. and Shahi, D.K. (2007). Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yields. Soil & Tillage Research, 94: 397–409.
Okur, N., Ahmet, A., Muzaffer, C., Selcuk, G. and Huseyin, H. K. (2009). Microbial biomass and enzyme activity in vineyard soils under organic and conventional farming systems. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 33: 413-423.
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available P in soil by extraction with NaHCO3. USDA Circular Nr 939, US Gov.Print. Office, Washington, D.C.
Panwar, N.R., Ramesh, P., Singh, A.B. and Ramana, S. (2010). Influence of organic, chemical and integrated management practices on soil organic carbon and soil nutrient status under semi-arid tropical conditions in central India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41: 1073-1083.
Ramesh, P., Panwar, N.R., Singh, A.B. and Ramana, S. (2009). Production potential, nutrient uptake, soil fertility and economic of soybean (Glycine max)-based cropping systems under organic, chemical and integrated nutrient management practices. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 54(3): 278-283.
Ramesh, P., Singh, M. and Subba Rao, A. (2005). Organic farming: its relevance to Indian context. Current Science, 88 (4): 561-568.
Reganold, J.P. (1988). Comparison of soil properties as influenced by organic and conventional farming systems. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 3:144 –155.
Saini, J.P. and Kumar, R. (2014).Long term effect of organic sources of nutrients on productivity and soil health in maize+soybean—wheat+gram cropping system. In Rahmann, G. and Aksoy, U. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 4th ISOFAR Scientific Conference. ‘Building Organic Bridges’, at the Organic World Congress 2014, 13-15 Oct., Istanbul, Turkey.
Sarkar, R.K., Karmakar, S. and Chakraborty, A. (1997). Response of summer green gram (Phaseolus radiates) to nitrogen, phosphorous application and bacterial inoculation. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 38: 578-581.
Sinsabaugh, R.L., Antibus, R.K. and Linkins, A.E. (1991). An enzymic approach to the analysis of microbial activity during plant litter decomposition. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 34: 43-54.
Subbiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25: 259-260.
Sushila, R. and Giri, G. (2000). Influence of farmyard manure, nitrogen and biofertilizer on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat under limited water supply. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 45(3): 590-595.
Swaroop, A., Manna, M.C., Singh, G.B., (2000). Impact of land use and management practices on organic carbon dynamics in soils of India. In: Lal, R., Kimble, J.M., Stewart, B.A. (Eds.), Global Climate Change and Tropical Ecosystems. Advances in Soil Science CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 261–281.
Tabatabai, M.A. and Bremner, J.M. (1969). Use of nitrophenyl phosphate assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemiistry, 1: 301-7.
Tadesse, T., Dechassa, N., Bayu, W. and Gebeyehu, S. (2013). Effects of Farmyard Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer Application on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Nutrient Balance in Rain-Fed Lowland Rice Ecosystem. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4: 309-316.
Tiwari, A., Dwivedi, A.K. and Dikshit, P.R. (2002). Longterm influence of organic and inorganic fertilization on soil fertility and productivity of soybean-wheat system in a Vertisol. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 50: 472-475.
Walker, D.J., Clemente, R., Bernal, M.P. (2004). Contrasting effects of manure and compost on soil pH, heavy metal availability and growth of Chenopodium album L. in a soil contaminated by pyritic mine waste. Chemosphere, S7: 215-224.
Walkley, A. and I.A. Black (1934). An examination of the digestion method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-33.
Ali, A., Sharif, M., Wahid, F., Zhang, Z.Q., Shah, S.N.M., Rafiullah, Zaheer, S., Khan, F. and Rehman, F. (2014). Effect of Composted Rock Phosphate with Organic Materials on Yield and Phosphorus Uptake of Berseem and Maize. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5: 975-984.
Badanur, V.P., Poleshi, C.M. and Naik, B.K. (1990). Effect of organic matter on crop yield, physical and chemical properties of a Vertisol. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 38: 425-429.
Bekeko, Z. (2014). Effect of enriched farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on grain yield and harvest index of hybrid maize (bh-140) at Chiro, eastern Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9 (7): 663-669.
Beyer, L., Schulten, H.R., Frund, R. and Irmler, U. (1993). Formation and properties of organic matter in forest soils, as revealed by its biological activity, wet chemical analysis, CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy and pyrolysis –field ionization mass spectrometry. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25: 587–596.
Bhandari, A.L., Ladha, J.K., Pathak, H., Padre, A.T., Dawe, D. and Gupta R.K. (2002). Yield and soil nutrient changes in a long-term rice-wheat rotation in India. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66:162–170.
Bharadwaj, V. and Omanwar, P.K. (1994). Long term effects of continuous Rotational cropping and fertilization on crop yields and soil properties-II. Effects on EC, pH, organic matter and available nutrients of soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 42(3): 387-392.
Bowles, T.M., Acosta-Martínez, V., Calderón, F. and Jackson, L.E. (2014). Soil enzyme activities, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen availability in organic agroecosystems across an intensively-managed agricultural landscape. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 68: 252-262.
Bulluck, L.R., Brosiusb, M., Evanylob, G.K. and Ristainoa, J. B. (2002). Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms. Applied Soil Ecology, 19: 147–160.
Burns, R.G. (1983). Extracellular enzyme-substrate interactions in soil. In: Slater, J.H., Wittenbury, R. and Wimpenny, J. W. T. Eds. Microbes in Their Natural Environment, Cambridge University Press, London, 249-298.
Casida, L.E., Klein, D.A. and Santoro, T. (1964). Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Science, 98: 371-376.
Chang, X.F., Zhu, X.X., Wang, S.P., Cui, S.J., Luo, C.Y., Zhang, Z.H. and Wilkes, A. (2014). Impacts of management practices on soil organic carbon in degraded alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau. Biogeosciences, 11: 3495–3503.
Chu, H., Lin, X., Fujii, T., Morimoto, S., Yagi, K., Hu, J. and Zhang, J. (2007). Soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 39: 2971–2976.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical procedure for agricultural research. 2nd ed. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons.
Hanway, J.J. and Heidel, H. (1952). Soil analysis methods as used in Iowa State College, Soil Testing Laboratory, Iowa State College Bulletin, 57: 1-131.
Hopkins, D.W. and Shiel, R.S., (1996). Size and activity of soil microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilizers. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 22:66–70.
IFOAM, (1998). IFOAM Basic Standards for organic production and processing, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements publications, Tholey-Tholey, Germany.
Johnston, A.E. and Poulton, P.R. (1997). The downward movement and retention of phosphorous in agricultural soils., In: Phosphorus loss from soil to water Eds H. Tunney, O.T. Carton, P.C. Brookes and A.E. Johnston Oxon, CAB International Press UK, 441–445.
Kaur, K., Kapoor, K.K. and Gupta, A.P. (2005). Impact of organic manures with and without mineral fertilizers on soil chemical and biological properties under tropical conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 168:117-122.
Khaleel, R., Reddy, K.R. and Overcash, M.R. (1981). Changes in soil physical properties due to organic waste applications: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 10:133-141.
Ladha, J.K., D. Dawe, H. Pathak, A.T. Padre, R.L. Yadav, B. Singh, Y. Singh, Y. Singh, P. Pingh, A.L. Kundu, R. Sakal, N. Ram, A.P. Regmi, S.K. Gami, A.L. Bhandari, R. Amin, C.R. Yadav, E.M. Bhattarai, S. Das, H.P. Aggarwal, R.K. Gupta, and P.R. Hobbs. (2003). How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice-wheat experiments in Asia? Field Crops Research, 81:159–180.
Lakaria, B.L., Jha, P. and Biswas, A.K. (2011). Soil carbon dynamics under long term use of organic manures. In: Singh, A.B., Sammi, Reddy, K., Manna, M.C. and Subba, Rao, A. (Eds.), Recycling Organic Wastes for Soil Health and Productivity, Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, 83-93.
Majumdar, B., Venkatesh, M.S., Kumar, K. and Patiram. (2005). Effect of potassium and farmyard manure on yield, nutrient uptake and quality of ginger in a Typic hapludalf of Meghalaya. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 75: 809-811.
Manjaih, K.M. and Singh, D. (2001). Soil organic matter and biological properties after 26 years of maize-wheat -cowpea cropping as affected by manure and fertilization in a cambisol in semiarid region of India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 86: 155-162.
Manna, M.C., Swarup, A., Wanjari, R.H., Mishra, B. and Shahi, D.K. (2007). Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yields. Soil & Tillage Research, 94: 397–409.
Okur, N., Ahmet, A., Muzaffer, C., Selcuk, G. and Huseyin, H. K. (2009). Microbial biomass and enzyme activity in vineyard soils under organic and conventional farming systems. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 33: 413-423.
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available P in soil by extraction with NaHCO3. USDA Circular Nr 939, US Gov.Print. Office, Washington, D.C.
Panwar, N.R., Ramesh, P., Singh, A.B. and Ramana, S. (2010). Influence of organic, chemical and integrated management practices on soil organic carbon and soil nutrient status under semi-arid tropical conditions in central India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41: 1073-1083.
Ramesh, P., Panwar, N.R., Singh, A.B. and Ramana, S. (2009). Production potential, nutrient uptake, soil fertility and economic of soybean (Glycine max)-based cropping systems under organic, chemical and integrated nutrient management practices. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 54(3): 278-283.
Ramesh, P., Singh, M. and Subba Rao, A. (2005). Organic farming: its relevance to Indian context. Current Science, 88 (4): 561-568.
Reganold, J.P. (1988). Comparison of soil properties as influenced by organic and conventional farming systems. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 3:144 –155.
Saini, J.P. and Kumar, R. (2014).Long term effect of organic sources of nutrients on productivity and soil health in maize+soybean—wheat+gram cropping system. In Rahmann, G. and Aksoy, U. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 4th ISOFAR Scientific Conference. ‘Building Organic Bridges’, at the Organic World Congress 2014, 13-15 Oct., Istanbul, Turkey.
Sarkar, R.K., Karmakar, S. and Chakraborty, A. (1997). Response of summer green gram (Phaseolus radiates) to nitrogen, phosphorous application and bacterial inoculation. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 38: 578-581.
Sinsabaugh, R.L., Antibus, R.K. and Linkins, A.E. (1991). An enzymic approach to the analysis of microbial activity during plant litter decomposition. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 34: 43-54.
Subbiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25: 259-260.
Sushila, R. and Giri, G. (2000). Influence of farmyard manure, nitrogen and biofertilizer on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat under limited water supply. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 45(3): 590-595.
Swaroop, A., Manna, M.C., Singh, G.B., (2000). Impact of land use and management practices on organic carbon dynamics in soils of India. In: Lal, R., Kimble, J.M., Stewart, B.A. (Eds.), Global Climate Change and Tropical Ecosystems. Advances in Soil Science CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 261–281.
Tabatabai, M.A. and Bremner, J.M. (1969). Use of nitrophenyl phosphate assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemiistry, 1: 301-7.
Tadesse, T., Dechassa, N., Bayu, W. and Gebeyehu, S. (2013). Effects of Farmyard Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer Application on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Nutrient Balance in Rain-Fed Lowland Rice Ecosystem. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4: 309-316.
Tiwari, A., Dwivedi, A.K. and Dikshit, P.R. (2002). Longterm influence of organic and inorganic fertilization on soil fertility and productivity of soybean-wheat system in a Vertisol. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 50: 472-475.
Walker, D.J., Clemente, R., Bernal, M.P. (2004). Contrasting effects of manure and compost on soil pH, heavy metal availability and growth of Chenopodium album L. in a soil contaminated by pyritic mine waste. Chemosphere, S7: 215-224.
Walkley, A. and I.A. Black (1934). An examination of the digestion method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-33.
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Effect of organic farming practices on soil and performance of soybean (Glycine max) under semi-arid tropical conditions in Central India. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(1), 67-71. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.564
