Assessment of insecticides and Cry2AB toxin resistance development in Karnataka population of Plutella xylostella (Linn.)
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Abstract
Insecticidal resistance studies against third instar larvae of DBM (Plutella xylostella L.) were carried out to know the rate of development of resistance from F1 to F3 generations in Karnataka population. The third instar larvae obtained from field were subjected to bioassay studies with tested against acephate, cypermethrin, spinosad, cartap hydrochloride and Cry2Ab toxin using leaf dip method to calculate LC50 values. The LC50 values of the insecticides were further used to quantify the resistance in P. xylostella of parental generation (F0) from Karnataka field population. The survivals from F0 generation were reared to next generation (F1). Resistance development studies was assessed from F1 to F3 generation with third instar larvae in every generation with a concentration that caused 80.00 % mortality for all the test insecticides and Cry2Ab toxin. Results revealed that ((0.17 folds) no resistance was developed against acephate in F3 generation. In case of cypermethrin 2.33 folds. Resistance studies further revealed that 1.50 folds resistance was developed against spinosad, 2.28 folds against cartap hydrochloride and Cry2Ab toxin 1.49 folds resistance was recorded in F3 generation. The rate of development of resistance from F1 to F3 generations increased in all the test insecticides and Cry toxin, except against acephate in Karnataka population. This data will be useful in the development of insecticide resistance management approach for DBM.
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Keywords
DBM, Insecticide Resistance, Karnataka, Toxin
References
Arora,R.K. (2003). Baseline susceptibility and quantification of resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.) to Cartap hydrochlo-ride. Resistant Pest Magement. News Letter, 13(1): 13-16.
APRD(2012). Arthropod pesticide resistance database (APRD). (http:// www.pesticideresistance.org/).
Branco, M. C. and Gatehouse, A. G. (2001). A Survey of Insecticide Susceptibility in Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae) in the Federal District, Bra-zil, Neotropical Entomology, 30 (2) Londrina June 2001.
Chandrasekaran, J. and Regupathy, A. (1996). Status of in-secticide resistance in field population of diamondback month (DBM). Plutella xylostella in Tamil Nadu. IPM & Sustainable Agricultural.- an Entomological Ap-proach, 6: 95-99.
Chawla, R.P. and Joia, B.S. 1991. Toxicity of some syn-thetic pyrethroids against Plutella xylostella L. and development of insecticide resistance in the pest. Indian Journal of Entomology,18: 134-138.
CIE, 1967. Distribution maps of Pests, Map No.32 (Revised), Comwealth Institute of Entomology, London, UK.
Dey, P.K. and Somchoudhary, A.K. (2001). Evaluation of spinosyns A+D. (Spinosad 48 SC) against lepidopteran pest complex of cabbage and its effects on natural ene-mies of diamondback moth under field conditions of W.B. Pestology,25: 54-58.
Dhaliwal, G.S., Vikas, J. and Dhawan, A.K. (2010). Insect Pest Problems and Crop Losses: Changing Trends. In-dian Journal of Ecology, 37(1): 1-7.
Finney, D.J.( 1971). Probit analysis. 3rd Edition. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. p333.
Fisk, T. and Wright, D.J. (1992). Speed of action and toxicity of acylurea insect growth regulators against Spodoptera ex-empta (Walk.) and Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.) larvae: Effect of inter moult age. Pesticide Science, 35:331-337.
Flemings, R. and Ratnakaran, A. (1985). Evaluating single treatment data using Abbots formula with modification, Journal of Economic Entomology, 78: 1179.
Forcada, C. E. Alcacer, M. D. Garcera, and R. Martinez. (1996). Differences in the midgut proteolytic activity of two Heliothis virescens strains, one susceptible and one resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Archieves of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 31: 257-272.
Furlong, Michael J, Wright, Denis J, Dosdall, Lloyd M..2013. Diamondback mth Ecology and Management: Problems, Progress and Prospects. Annual Review of Entomology. 58:517-41.
Gammon, D.W. (1980). Pyrethroid resistance in a strain of Spodoptera littoralis is correlated with decreased sensi-tivity of the CNS in vitro. Pesticial Biochemical Physi-ology, 13:53-62.
Gong, Y.J., Wang, Z.H., Shi, B.C., Kang, Z.J., Zhu, L., Jin, G.H., Wei, S.J. (2013). Correlation between pesticide resistance and enzyme activity in the diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella. Journal of Insect Science,13(135): 1-13.
Holden, I.S. (1979). Absorption and Metabolism of perme-thrin and cypermethrin in the cockroach and cotton leaf worm larvae. Pesticidal Science , 10:295-307.
Jiang. T., Wu, S., Yang, T.,, Zhu, C. and Gao, C. (2015). Moni-toring Field Populations of Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) for Resistance to Eight Insecticides in China. Florida Entomologist, Vol. 98(1):65-73.
Joia, B.S. and Udeaan, A.S. (1997). Development of insecti-cidal resistance in diamondback moth and its manage-ment. In Proceedings of International conference on Ecology & Agriculture,-Towards sustainable Develop-ment. (eds.) Dhaliwal, G.S., Arora, R., Randhawa, N.S. and Dhawan, A.K. Chandigarh. India. 323-328.
Kao, C.H and Cheng, E.Y. 2001. Insecticide resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.) resistance to newly introduced insecticides in Taiwan (1999-2001). Journal of Agricul-tural Research, China. 50:80-89.
Khaliq, A. Attique, M.N.R. and Sayyed, A.H. (2007). Evidence for resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) from Paki-stan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 97:191–200.
Liu, M.Y. Tzeng, Y.J. and Sun, C.N. (1982). Insecticide resistance in Diamondback moth. Journal of Economic Entomology,75(1):153-155.
Liu, M.Y. Tzeng, Y.J. and Sun, C.N. (1981). Diamondback moth resistance to several synthetic pyrethroids. Jour-nal of Economic Entomology,74:393-396.
Massol, R.H. Antolinni, S.S. and Barrantes, F.J. (2000). Ef-fect of organochlorine insecticides on nicotinic acetyl choline receptor-rich membranes Neuro pharmacology, 39: 1095-1106.
Mohan, M. and Gujar, G.T. (2000). Susceptibility pattern and development of resistance in the diamondback moth, P. xylostella L, to B. thuringiensis Berl. var. kurstaki in India. Pest Mangement Science, 56: 189–294.
Mohan, M. and Gujar, G.T. (2002). Geographic variation in susceptibility of the diamondback moth Plutella xylos-tella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to Bacillus thurien-giensis spore-crystal mixtures and purified crystal pro-teins and associated resistance development in India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 92: 489-498.
Ninsin, (2015) .Cross-resistance assessment in cartap- and esfenvalerateselected strains of the diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). West African Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 23(2): 1–6.
Ortells, M.O. and Lunt, G.G. (1995). Evolutionary history of the ligand gated ion channel superfamily of receptors. Trends in Neuro Science , 18: 121-127.
Perez, C.J. Alvarado, P. Narvaez, C. Mirinda, F. Hernandez, L. Vanegas, H. Hruska. and Anthony, M. (2000). As-sessment of insecticide resistance in five insect pests attacking field and vegetable crops in Nicaragua. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(6):1779-1787.
Perez, C.J., Shelton, A.M. and Roush, R.T. (1997). Manag-ing Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resis-tance to foliar application of Bacillus thuringiensis test-ing, strategies in field cages. Journal of Economic Ento-mology, 90(6): 1462-1470.
Peter, A.J. Srinivasan, K. and Chellaiah, S. (2000). Bio effi-cacy of spinosad: A new class of insecticide against cabbage pest. Pest Mangement in Horticultural Ecosys-tem, 6(1): 40-46.
Raju S.V.S and Singh H.N., 1995. Resistance levels in the field population of Plutella xylostella L. to certain com-monly used insecticides. Indian Journal of Entomol-ogy.57: 164-166
Roush, R.T. and Daly, J.C. (1990). The role of population genetics in resistance research and management, In R.T. Roush and B.E. Tabashnik (eds.), Pestcide Resistant in Arthropde . Chapman and Hall, New York, USA. 97–152.
Sannaveerappanavar, V.T. (1995). Studies on insecticidal resistance in the Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) and strategies for the management. Ph.D thesis sub-mitted to University of Agricultural Sciences, Banglore.
Sannaveerappanavar, V.T. and Viraktamath, C.A. (1997). Resistance to cartap hydrochloride and Bacillus thur-ingiensis products in diamondback moth. In Souvenir and Abstracts: First national Symposium on pest man-agement in horticultural crops: Environmental implica-tions and thrusts. Bangalore, India. 45.
Sawant, S.W. (1998). Biological Insecticides: Problems and Perspectives. In National Symposium on Development of Microbial Pesticides and Insect Pest Management, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai and Hindustan Antibiotics limited, 12-13 November 1998, Pune, India.
Saxena, J.D., Rai, S. Srivastava, K.M. and Sinha, S.R. (1989). Resistance in the field population of the dia-mondback moth to some commonly used synthetic py-rethroids. Indian Journal of Entomology, 51: 265-268.
Sayyed, A.H. Haward, R. Herrero,S. Ferre, J. and Wright, D.J. (2000). Genetic and Biochemical approach for charecterisation of resistance to Bacillus thuriengiesis toxin Cry1 Ac in a field population of the Diamondback moth. Applied Environment and Microbiology, 66 : 1509-1516.
Sayyed, A.H. Cerda, H. and Wright, D.J. (2003). Could Bt transgenic crops have nutritionally favourable effects on resistant insects?. Ecological Letters, 6: 167-169.
Sayyed, A.H. Omar, D. and Wright, D.J. (2004). Genetics of spinosad resistance in a multi-resistant field selected population of Plutella xylostella. Pest Mangement Sci-ence, 60: 827-832.
Sayyed,A.H. and Wright, D. J. (2006).Genetics and evidence for an esterase-associated mechanism of resistance to indoxacarb in a field population of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Pest Management Science, Vol 62 (11): 1045–1051.
Sayyed, A.H.1, Saeed, S., Noor-Ul-Ane, M. and Crickmore, N.(2008).Genetic, biochemical, and physiological char-acterization of spinosad resistance in Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Ento-mology, Vol. 101(5):1658-66.
Shelton, A.M. Kroening, M.K. Eigenbrode, S.D. Petzoldt, C. Hoffmann, M.P. Wyman, J.A. Wilsey, W.T. Cooley, R.J. Pedersen, L.H. (1996). Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) contamination of southern-grown cabbage transplants and the potential for insecti-cide resistance problems. Journal of Entomological Science, 31: 347–354.
Talekar, N.S. and Shelton, A.M. (1993). Biology, Ecology and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology, 38: 275-301.
Uthamasamy, S. Kannar, M. Senguttuvan, K. and Jayaprakash, S.A. (2011). Status, damage potential and management of Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Tamil Nadu, India. Proceedings of Sixth Inter-natinal Workshop on Mangement of the DBM and other Cruciferous Insect pests, Nalchan Pathon, Thai-land.Pp.270-279.
Vadodaria, M.P., Mausuria, I.M., Patel, R.B., Patel, C.J. and Patel, U.G. (2000). Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) A new tool in the management of Helicoverpa on cotton in Gujrat. Pestology. 24: 14.
Vastrad, A.S. Lingappa, S. and Basavangoud, K. (2002). Status of insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera) in Karnataka. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(2): 379-383.
Vastrad, A.S. Lingappa, S. and Basavangoud, K. (2004). Monitoring insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Karnataka, India. Resistant Pest Mangement News Letter . 13(2): 22-34.
Walker, G.P. Cameron, P.J. and Berry, N.A. (2002). Imple-menting programme for vegetable brassicae in New Zealand. The management of Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, Melbourne, Australia. 26-29.
Xiang, Z.J. and Dong, W. Y. (2006). Spinosad resitance in diamondback moth Plutellaxyllostella. Master Disserta-tion Topic submitted to Nanjing Agricultural College, www.DissertationTopic.Net.
Yu, S.J. and Nguyen, S.N. (1992). Detection and biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth. Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology, 44:74-81.
Zhao, J.Z. Li, Y.X. Collins, H.L. Gusukuma-Minuto, L. Mau, R.F.L. Thompson, G.D. and Shelton, A.M. (2002). Moni-toring and characterization of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance to spinosad. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95: 430–436.
APRD(2012). Arthropod pesticide resistance database (APRD). (http:// www.pesticideresistance.org/).
Branco, M. C. and Gatehouse, A. G. (2001). A Survey of Insecticide Susceptibility in Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae) in the Federal District, Bra-zil, Neotropical Entomology, 30 (2) Londrina June 2001.
Chandrasekaran, J. and Regupathy, A. (1996). Status of in-secticide resistance in field population of diamondback month (DBM). Plutella xylostella in Tamil Nadu. IPM & Sustainable Agricultural.- an Entomological Ap-proach, 6: 95-99.
Chawla, R.P. and Joia, B.S. 1991. Toxicity of some syn-thetic pyrethroids against Plutella xylostella L. and development of insecticide resistance in the pest. Indian Journal of Entomology,18: 134-138.
CIE, 1967. Distribution maps of Pests, Map No.32 (Revised), Comwealth Institute of Entomology, London, UK.
Dey, P.K. and Somchoudhary, A.K. (2001). Evaluation of spinosyns A+D. (Spinosad 48 SC) against lepidopteran pest complex of cabbage and its effects on natural ene-mies of diamondback moth under field conditions of W.B. Pestology,25: 54-58.
Dhaliwal, G.S., Vikas, J. and Dhawan, A.K. (2010). Insect Pest Problems and Crop Losses: Changing Trends. In-dian Journal of Ecology, 37(1): 1-7.
Finney, D.J.( 1971). Probit analysis. 3rd Edition. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. p333.
Fisk, T. and Wright, D.J. (1992). Speed of action and toxicity of acylurea insect growth regulators against Spodoptera ex-empta (Walk.) and Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.) larvae: Effect of inter moult age. Pesticide Science, 35:331-337.
Flemings, R. and Ratnakaran, A. (1985). Evaluating single treatment data using Abbots formula with modification, Journal of Economic Entomology, 78: 1179.
Forcada, C. E. Alcacer, M. D. Garcera, and R. Martinez. (1996). Differences in the midgut proteolytic activity of two Heliothis virescens strains, one susceptible and one resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Archieves of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 31: 257-272.
Furlong, Michael J, Wright, Denis J, Dosdall, Lloyd M..2013. Diamondback mth Ecology and Management: Problems, Progress and Prospects. Annual Review of Entomology. 58:517-41.
Gammon, D.W. (1980). Pyrethroid resistance in a strain of Spodoptera littoralis is correlated with decreased sensi-tivity of the CNS in vitro. Pesticial Biochemical Physi-ology, 13:53-62.
Gong, Y.J., Wang, Z.H., Shi, B.C., Kang, Z.J., Zhu, L., Jin, G.H., Wei, S.J. (2013). Correlation between pesticide resistance and enzyme activity in the diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella. Journal of Insect Science,13(135): 1-13.
Holden, I.S. (1979). Absorption and Metabolism of perme-thrin and cypermethrin in the cockroach and cotton leaf worm larvae. Pesticidal Science , 10:295-307.
Jiang. T., Wu, S., Yang, T.,, Zhu, C. and Gao, C. (2015). Moni-toring Field Populations of Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) for Resistance to Eight Insecticides in China. Florida Entomologist, Vol. 98(1):65-73.
Joia, B.S. and Udeaan, A.S. (1997). Development of insecti-cidal resistance in diamondback moth and its manage-ment. In Proceedings of International conference on Ecology & Agriculture,-Towards sustainable Develop-ment. (eds.) Dhaliwal, G.S., Arora, R., Randhawa, N.S. and Dhawan, A.K. Chandigarh. India. 323-328.
Kao, C.H and Cheng, E.Y. 2001. Insecticide resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.) resistance to newly introduced insecticides in Taiwan (1999-2001). Journal of Agricul-tural Research, China. 50:80-89.
Khaliq, A. Attique, M.N.R. and Sayyed, A.H. (2007). Evidence for resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) from Paki-stan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 97:191–200.
Liu, M.Y. Tzeng, Y.J. and Sun, C.N. (1982). Insecticide resistance in Diamondback moth. Journal of Economic Entomology,75(1):153-155.
Liu, M.Y. Tzeng, Y.J. and Sun, C.N. (1981). Diamondback moth resistance to several synthetic pyrethroids. Jour-nal of Economic Entomology,74:393-396.
Massol, R.H. Antolinni, S.S. and Barrantes, F.J. (2000). Ef-fect of organochlorine insecticides on nicotinic acetyl choline receptor-rich membranes Neuro pharmacology, 39: 1095-1106.
Mohan, M. and Gujar, G.T. (2000). Susceptibility pattern and development of resistance in the diamondback moth, P. xylostella L, to B. thuringiensis Berl. var. kurstaki in India. Pest Mangement Science, 56: 189–294.
Mohan, M. and Gujar, G.T. (2002). Geographic variation in susceptibility of the diamondback moth Plutella xylos-tella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to Bacillus thurien-giensis spore-crystal mixtures and purified crystal pro-teins and associated resistance development in India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 92: 489-498.
Ninsin, (2015) .Cross-resistance assessment in cartap- and esfenvalerateselected strains of the diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). West African Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 23(2): 1–6.
Ortells, M.O. and Lunt, G.G. (1995). Evolutionary history of the ligand gated ion channel superfamily of receptors. Trends in Neuro Science , 18: 121-127.
Perez, C.J. Alvarado, P. Narvaez, C. Mirinda, F. Hernandez, L. Vanegas, H. Hruska. and Anthony, M. (2000). As-sessment of insecticide resistance in five insect pests attacking field and vegetable crops in Nicaragua. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(6):1779-1787.
Perez, C.J., Shelton, A.M. and Roush, R.T. (1997). Manag-ing Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resis-tance to foliar application of Bacillus thuringiensis test-ing, strategies in field cages. Journal of Economic Ento-mology, 90(6): 1462-1470.
Peter, A.J. Srinivasan, K. and Chellaiah, S. (2000). Bio effi-cacy of spinosad: A new class of insecticide against cabbage pest. Pest Mangement in Horticultural Ecosys-tem, 6(1): 40-46.
Raju S.V.S and Singh H.N., 1995. Resistance levels in the field population of Plutella xylostella L. to certain com-monly used insecticides. Indian Journal of Entomol-ogy.57: 164-166
Roush, R.T. and Daly, J.C. (1990). The role of population genetics in resistance research and management, In R.T. Roush and B.E. Tabashnik (eds.), Pestcide Resistant in Arthropde . Chapman and Hall, New York, USA. 97–152.
Sannaveerappanavar, V.T. (1995). Studies on insecticidal resistance in the Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) and strategies for the management. Ph.D thesis sub-mitted to University of Agricultural Sciences, Banglore.
Sannaveerappanavar, V.T. and Viraktamath, C.A. (1997). Resistance to cartap hydrochloride and Bacillus thur-ingiensis products in diamondback moth. In Souvenir and Abstracts: First national Symposium on pest man-agement in horticultural crops: Environmental implica-tions and thrusts. Bangalore, India. 45.
Sawant, S.W. (1998). Biological Insecticides: Problems and Perspectives. In National Symposium on Development of Microbial Pesticides and Insect Pest Management, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai and Hindustan Antibiotics limited, 12-13 November 1998, Pune, India.
Saxena, J.D., Rai, S. Srivastava, K.M. and Sinha, S.R. (1989). Resistance in the field population of the dia-mondback moth to some commonly used synthetic py-rethroids. Indian Journal of Entomology, 51: 265-268.
Sayyed, A.H. Haward, R. Herrero,S. Ferre, J. and Wright, D.J. (2000). Genetic and Biochemical approach for charecterisation of resistance to Bacillus thuriengiesis toxin Cry1 Ac in a field population of the Diamondback moth. Applied Environment and Microbiology, 66 : 1509-1516.
Sayyed, A.H. Cerda, H. and Wright, D.J. (2003). Could Bt transgenic crops have nutritionally favourable effects on resistant insects?. Ecological Letters, 6: 167-169.
Sayyed, A.H. Omar, D. and Wright, D.J. (2004). Genetics of spinosad resistance in a multi-resistant field selected population of Plutella xylostella. Pest Mangement Sci-ence, 60: 827-832.
Sayyed,A.H. and Wright, D. J. (2006).Genetics and evidence for an esterase-associated mechanism of resistance to indoxacarb in a field population of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Pest Management Science, Vol 62 (11): 1045–1051.
Sayyed, A.H.1, Saeed, S., Noor-Ul-Ane, M. and Crickmore, N.(2008).Genetic, biochemical, and physiological char-acterization of spinosad resistance in Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Ento-mology, Vol. 101(5):1658-66.
Shelton, A.M. Kroening, M.K. Eigenbrode, S.D. Petzoldt, C. Hoffmann, M.P. Wyman, J.A. Wilsey, W.T. Cooley, R.J. Pedersen, L.H. (1996). Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) contamination of southern-grown cabbage transplants and the potential for insecti-cide resistance problems. Journal of Entomological Science, 31: 347–354.
Talekar, N.S. and Shelton, A.M. (1993). Biology, Ecology and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology, 38: 275-301.
Uthamasamy, S. Kannar, M. Senguttuvan, K. and Jayaprakash, S.A. (2011). Status, damage potential and management of Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Tamil Nadu, India. Proceedings of Sixth Inter-natinal Workshop on Mangement of the DBM and other Cruciferous Insect pests, Nalchan Pathon, Thai-land.Pp.270-279.
Vadodaria, M.P., Mausuria, I.M., Patel, R.B., Patel, C.J. and Patel, U.G. (2000). Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) A new tool in the management of Helicoverpa on cotton in Gujrat. Pestology. 24: 14.
Vastrad, A.S. Lingappa, S. and Basavangoud, K. (2002). Status of insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera) in Karnataka. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(2): 379-383.
Vastrad, A.S. Lingappa, S. and Basavangoud, K. (2004). Monitoring insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Karnataka, India. Resistant Pest Mangement News Letter . 13(2): 22-34.
Walker, G.P. Cameron, P.J. and Berry, N.A. (2002). Imple-menting programme for vegetable brassicae in New Zealand. The management of Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, Melbourne, Australia. 26-29.
Xiang, Z.J. and Dong, W. Y. (2006). Spinosad resitance in diamondback moth Plutellaxyllostella. Master Disserta-tion Topic submitted to Nanjing Agricultural College, www.DissertationTopic.Net.
Yu, S.J. and Nguyen, S.N. (1992). Detection and biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth. Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology, 44:74-81.
Zhao, J.Z. Li, Y.X. Collins, H.L. Gusukuma-Minuto, L. Mau, R.F.L. Thompson, G.D. and Shelton, A.M. (2002). Moni-toring and characterization of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance to spinosad. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95: 430–436.
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Assessment of insecticides and Cry2AB toxin resistance development in Karnataka population of Plutella xylostella (Linn.). (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(3), 1380-1387. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.969
