Species structure and diversity in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere reserve, Central India
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Abstract
The present study was aimed at quantifying the species structure and diversity in Achanakmar- Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve. Four sites characterized by varying vegetation attributes and representative of the region were selected. One-hectare, permanent plot was established on each of the site and enumeration was car-ried out by stratified random sampling techinique. The forest sites are characterized by poor species composition. A sum of 2440 trees representing 23 species and 17 families were encountered. Tree, sapling and seedling density (stems ha-1) ranged between 260 - 810, 7500 - 35000 and 25000 - 67500, respectively while the basal cover (m2 ha- 1) ranged between 9.96 - 41.6, 0.86 - 5.07 and 0.28 - 0.96, respectively. Species diversity was highest on the dense site and low on medium site. Beta diversity was highest on degraded site. The presence of a large number of seed-lings indicates the great potential source for future sustainable regeneration, provided by appropriate management regime to protect the forest from degradation and conserve the biodiversity.
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Keywords
Composition, Permanent plot, Species diversity, Structure, Vegetation
References
Adhikari, B.S., Rikhari, H.C., Rawat, Y.S. and Singh, S.P. (1991). High altitude forest: composition, diversity and profile structure in a part of Kumaun Himalaya. Tropical Ecology, 32(1): 86-97.
Ashton, D.H. (1975). Studies of litter in Eucalyptus regnans forests. Aust. J. Bot., 23: 413-433.
Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. (1968). A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Government of India Publications, New Delhi, 404p.Clark, D.A. (2004). Sources or sinks? The responses of tropical forests to current and future climate and atmospheric composition. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 359: 477- 491.
Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. (1950). The interrelations of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters. Ecology, 31: 434-455.
De, Aparajita. (2007). Patterns of plant species diversity in the forest corridor of Rajaji Corbett National Parks, Uttaranchal, India. Current Science, 92(1): 90-93.
Galloway, J.N., Cowling, E.B., Seitzinger, S.P. and Socolow, R.H. (2002). Reactive nitrogen: too much of a good thing? Ambio, 31: 60-63.
Hegde, R. and Enters, T. (2000). Forest products and household economy: a case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India. Environmental Conservation, (27): 250-259.
Jha, C.S. (1990). Land use and vegetation analysis of dry tropical forest region. Ph.D. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Jha, C.S. and Singh, J.S. (1990). Composition and dynamics of dry tropical forest in relation to soil texture. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1: 609-614.
Jhariya, M.K., Bargali, S.S., Swamy, S.L. and Kittur, B. (2012). Vegetational structure, diversity and fuel load in fire affected areas of Tropical Dry Deciduous forests in Chhattisgarh. Vegetos, 25(1): 210-224.
Jhariya, M.K. (2014). Effect of forest fire on microbial biomass, storage and sequestration of carbon in a tropical deciduous forest of Chhattisgarh. Ph.D. Thesis I.G.K.V. Raipur (C.G.), pp. 259.
Jhariya, M.K., Bargali, S.S., Swamy, S.L., Kittur, B., Bargali, K. and Pawar, G.V. (2014). Impact of forest fire on biomass and carbon storage pattern of tropical deciduous forests in Bhoramdeo wildlife sanctuary, Chhattisgarh. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 40(1): 57-74.
Jordan, C.F. (1983). Productivity of tropical rain forest ecosystems and the implications for their use as future wood and energy sources. In: Golley, F.B. (ed.) Ecosystems of the World. Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, pp. 117-136. Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL.
Kiratiprayoon, S., Luangiame, J., Damrongthai, P. and Tarumatsawas, M. (1995). Species diversity of the second growth at Nago Demonstration Forest, Lampang Provinance. pp. 237-245. In: T.J.B. Boyle and B. Boontawee (eds.) Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity in Tropical and Temperate Forests. Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
Kittur, B., Swamy, S.L., Bargali, S.S. and Jhariya, M.K. (2014a). Wildland Fires and Moist Deciduous Forests of Chhattisgarh, India: Divergent Component Assessment. Journal of Forestry Research, 25(4): 857-866.
Kittur, B., Jhariya, M.K. and Lal, C. (2014b). Is the forest fire can affect the regeneration and species diversity. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 20(3): 989-994.
Knight, D.H. (1975). A phyto-sociological analysis of species rich tropical forest on Barro-Colorado Island: Panama. Ecological Monograph, 45: 259- 289.Kolongo, T.S.D., Decocq, G., Yao, C.Y.A., Blom, E.C. and Van Rompaey, R.S.A.R. (2006). Plant species diversity in the southern part of the Tai National Park (Côte d’Ivoire). Biodiversity and Conservation, (15): 2123-2142.
Lewis, S.L., Malhi, Y. and Phillips, O.L. (2004). Fingerprinting the impacts of global change on tropical forests. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 359: 437-462.
Malhi, Y. and Wright, J. (2004). Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 359: 311-329.
Mullor-Dombois, D and Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and Method of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
Murphy, P.G. and Lugo, A.E. (1986a). Structure and biomass of a subtropical dry forest in Puerto Rico. Biotropica, 18: 89-96.
Murphy, P.G. and Lugo, A.E. (1986b). Ecology of tropical dry forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17: 67-88.
Overpeck, J.T., Rind, D. and Goldberg, R. (1990). Climate induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature, 343: 51-53.
Panchal, N.S. and Pandey, A.N. (2004). Analysis of vegetation of Rampara forest in Saurashtra region of Gujrat state of India. Tropical Ecology, 45(2): 223-231.
Pande P.K., Negi, J.D.S. and Sharma, S.L. (2002). Plant species diversity composition, gradient analysis and regeneration behaviour of some tree species in a moist temperate Western Himalayan forest ecosystem. Indian Forester, 128(8): 869-885.
Pande, P.K. (2005). Ecological assessment of vegetation in JFM adapted village forest in Satpura plateau, M.P. Indian Forester, 131(1): 97-106.
Pascal, J.P., Ramesh, B.R. and Bourgeon, G. (1988). The rain forests of the Karnataka plate (India): Structure and floristic composition trends in the change due to their exploitation. Tropical Ecology, 29(2): 9-23.
Pattanayak, S., Sills, E.O., Mehta, A.D. and Kramer, R.A. (2003). Local uses of parks: uncovering patterns of household production from forests of Siberut, Indonesia. Conservation and Society, (1): 209-222.
Pawar, G.V., Singh, L., Jhariya, M.K. and Sahu, K.P. (2012). Regeneration status in relation to anthropogenic disturbance in tropical deciduous forest of Chhattisgarh. The Ecoscan, (Special Issue) 1: 281-285.
Pawar, G.V., Singh, L., Jhariya, M.K. and Sahu, K.P. (2014a). Effect of Anthropogenic Disturbances on Biomass and Carbon Storage Potential of a Dry Tropical Forest in India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2): 383-392.
Pawar, G.V., Singh, L., Jhariya, M.K. and Sahu, K.P. (2014b). Assessment of Diversity along the Disturbance Gradient in Dry Tropics of Chhattisgarh, India. The Ecoscan, 8(3&4): 225-233.
Phillips, E.A. (1959). Methods of Vegetation Study. Henry Holt and Co., London. pp. 105.
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P.J., Kiehl, J.T. and Rosenfeld, D. (2001). Atmosphere-aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science, 294: 2119-2124.
Rawat, G.S. and Bhainsora, N.S. (1999). Woody vegetation of Siwaliks and outer Himalaya in north-western India. Tropical Ecology, 40: 119-128.
Reid, W.V., Mooney, H.A., Cropper, A., Capistrano, D., Carpenter, S.R., Chopra, K., Dasgupta, P., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A.K., Hassan, R., Kasperson, R., Leemans, R., May, R.M., McMichael, A.J., Pingali, P., Samper, C., Scholes, R., Watson, R.T., Zakri, A.H., Shidong, Z., Ash, N.J., Bennett, E., Kumar, P., Lee, M.J., Raudsepp- Hearne, C., Simons, H., Thonell, J. and Zurek, M.B. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, District of Columbia, 155 pp.
Richards, P.W. (1996). The Tropical Rainforest. 2nd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Sagar, R. and Singh, J.S. (2003). Predominant phenotypic traits of disturbed tropical dry deciduous forest vegetation in northern India. Community Ecology, 4: 63-71.
Sagar, R., Raghubanshi, A.S. and Singh, J.S. (2003). Tree species composition, disturbance and diversity along a disturbance gradient in dry tropical forest region of India. Forest Ecology and Management, 186: 61-71.
Sahu, P.K., Sagar, R. and Singh, J.S. (2008). Tropical forest structure and diversity in relation to altitude and disturbance in a Biosphere Reserve in central India. Applied Vegetation Science, 11: 461-470.
Singh, A., Reddy, V.S. and Singh, J.S. (1995). Analysis of woody vegetation of Corbett National Park India. Vegetatio, 120: 69-79.
Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Saxena, A.K. and Rawat, Y.S. (1984a). The forest vegetation of Silent valley, India. Tropical Rainforest. The Leed symposium, pp.25-52.
Singh, J.S., Singh, K.P. and Agrawal, M. (1991). Environmental degradation of the Obra-Renukot-Singrauli area, India and its impact on natural and derived ecosystems. Environmentalist, 11: 171-180.
Singh, L. and Singh, J.S. (1991). Species structure, dry mater dynamics and carbon flux of a dry tropical forest in India. Annals of Botany, 68: 263-273.
Singh, L., Sharma, B., Agrawal, R. and Puri, S. (2005). Diversity and dominance of Sal dominated tropical moist deciduous forest in Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary. Bulletin of the National Institute of Ecology, 15: 1-9.
Singh, S.P., Rawat, Y.S. and Garkoti, S.C. (1997). Failure of brown oak (Quercus semicarpifolia) to regenerate in the Central Himalaya: a case of environmental semisurprise. Current Science, (73): 371-374.
Steffen, W., Sanderson, A., Tyson, P.D., Jäger, J., Matson, P.A., Moore, B., Oldfield, F., Richardson, K., Schellnhuber, H.J., Turner II, B.L. and Wasson, R.J. (2004). Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure. Springer, Berlin, 336 pp.
Timilsina, N., Ross, M.S. and Heinen, J.T. (2007). A community analysis of sal (Shorea robusta) forests in the western Terai of Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management, 241: 223-234
Tripathi, O.P., Pandey, H.N. and Tripathi R.S. (2004). Distribution, community characteristics and tree population structure of sub tropical pine forest of Meghalaya, Northeast India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science, 30: 207-214.
van Schaik, C.P., Terborgh, J. and Dugelby, B. (1997). The silent crisis: the state of rain forest nature preserves. In: Kramer, R. van Schaik, C. & Johnson, J. (eds.) Last stand: Protected Areas and the Defense of Tropical Biodiversity, pp. 64-89. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, US.
Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J. and Melillo, J.M. (1997). Human domination of earth’s ecosystems. Science, 277: 494-499.
Wattenberg, I. and Breckle, S.W. (1995). Tree species diversity of a premontane rain forest in the Cordillera de Tilaran, Costa Rica. Ecotropica, 1: 21-30.
Yadav, D.K. and Singh, L. (2010). Community structure and floristic diversity of tree stratum of deciduous forest of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve. Indian Forester, 136(6): 725-735.
Ashton, D.H. (1975). Studies of litter in Eucalyptus regnans forests. Aust. J. Bot., 23: 413-433.
Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. (1968). A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Government of India Publications, New Delhi, 404p.Clark, D.A. (2004). Sources or sinks? The responses of tropical forests to current and future climate and atmospheric composition. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 359: 477- 491.
Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. (1950). The interrelations of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters. Ecology, 31: 434-455.
De, Aparajita. (2007). Patterns of plant species diversity in the forest corridor of Rajaji Corbett National Parks, Uttaranchal, India. Current Science, 92(1): 90-93.
Galloway, J.N., Cowling, E.B., Seitzinger, S.P. and Socolow, R.H. (2002). Reactive nitrogen: too much of a good thing? Ambio, 31: 60-63.
Hegde, R. and Enters, T. (2000). Forest products and household economy: a case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India. Environmental Conservation, (27): 250-259.
Jha, C.S. (1990). Land use and vegetation analysis of dry tropical forest region. Ph.D. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
Jha, C.S. and Singh, J.S. (1990). Composition and dynamics of dry tropical forest in relation to soil texture. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1: 609-614.
Jhariya, M.K., Bargali, S.S., Swamy, S.L. and Kittur, B. (2012). Vegetational structure, diversity and fuel load in fire affected areas of Tropical Dry Deciduous forests in Chhattisgarh. Vegetos, 25(1): 210-224.
Jhariya, M.K. (2014). Effect of forest fire on microbial biomass, storage and sequestration of carbon in a tropical deciduous forest of Chhattisgarh. Ph.D. Thesis I.G.K.V. Raipur (C.G.), pp. 259.
Jhariya, M.K., Bargali, S.S., Swamy, S.L., Kittur, B., Bargali, K. and Pawar, G.V. (2014). Impact of forest fire on biomass and carbon storage pattern of tropical deciduous forests in Bhoramdeo wildlife sanctuary, Chhattisgarh. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 40(1): 57-74.
Jordan, C.F. (1983). Productivity of tropical rain forest ecosystems and the implications for their use as future wood and energy sources. In: Golley, F.B. (ed.) Ecosystems of the World. Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, pp. 117-136. Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL.
Kiratiprayoon, S., Luangiame, J., Damrongthai, P. and Tarumatsawas, M. (1995). Species diversity of the second growth at Nago Demonstration Forest, Lampang Provinance. pp. 237-245. In: T.J.B. Boyle and B. Boontawee (eds.) Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity in Tropical and Temperate Forests. Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
Kittur, B., Swamy, S.L., Bargali, S.S. and Jhariya, M.K. (2014a). Wildland Fires and Moist Deciduous Forests of Chhattisgarh, India: Divergent Component Assessment. Journal of Forestry Research, 25(4): 857-866.
Kittur, B., Jhariya, M.K. and Lal, C. (2014b). Is the forest fire can affect the regeneration and species diversity. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 20(3): 989-994.
Knight, D.H. (1975). A phyto-sociological analysis of species rich tropical forest on Barro-Colorado Island: Panama. Ecological Monograph, 45: 259- 289.Kolongo, T.S.D., Decocq, G., Yao, C.Y.A., Blom, E.C. and Van Rompaey, R.S.A.R. (2006). Plant species diversity in the southern part of the Tai National Park (Côte d’Ivoire). Biodiversity and Conservation, (15): 2123-2142.
Lewis, S.L., Malhi, Y. and Phillips, O.L. (2004). Fingerprinting the impacts of global change on tropical forests. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 359: 437-462.
Malhi, Y. and Wright, J. (2004). Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 359: 311-329.
Mullor-Dombois, D and Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and Method of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
Murphy, P.G. and Lugo, A.E. (1986a). Structure and biomass of a subtropical dry forest in Puerto Rico. Biotropica, 18: 89-96.
Murphy, P.G. and Lugo, A.E. (1986b). Ecology of tropical dry forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17: 67-88.
Overpeck, J.T., Rind, D. and Goldberg, R. (1990). Climate induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature, 343: 51-53.
Panchal, N.S. and Pandey, A.N. (2004). Analysis of vegetation of Rampara forest in Saurashtra region of Gujrat state of India. Tropical Ecology, 45(2): 223-231.
Pande P.K., Negi, J.D.S. and Sharma, S.L. (2002). Plant species diversity composition, gradient analysis and regeneration behaviour of some tree species in a moist temperate Western Himalayan forest ecosystem. Indian Forester, 128(8): 869-885.
Pande, P.K. (2005). Ecological assessment of vegetation in JFM adapted village forest in Satpura plateau, M.P. Indian Forester, 131(1): 97-106.
Pascal, J.P., Ramesh, B.R. and Bourgeon, G. (1988). The rain forests of the Karnataka plate (India): Structure and floristic composition trends in the change due to their exploitation. Tropical Ecology, 29(2): 9-23.
Pattanayak, S., Sills, E.O., Mehta, A.D. and Kramer, R.A. (2003). Local uses of parks: uncovering patterns of household production from forests of Siberut, Indonesia. Conservation and Society, (1): 209-222.
Pawar, G.V., Singh, L., Jhariya, M.K. and Sahu, K.P. (2012). Regeneration status in relation to anthropogenic disturbance in tropical deciduous forest of Chhattisgarh. The Ecoscan, (Special Issue) 1: 281-285.
Pawar, G.V., Singh, L., Jhariya, M.K. and Sahu, K.P. (2014a). Effect of Anthropogenic Disturbances on Biomass and Carbon Storage Potential of a Dry Tropical Forest in India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2): 383-392.
Pawar, G.V., Singh, L., Jhariya, M.K. and Sahu, K.P. (2014b). Assessment of Diversity along the Disturbance Gradient in Dry Tropics of Chhattisgarh, India. The Ecoscan, 8(3&4): 225-233.
Phillips, E.A. (1959). Methods of Vegetation Study. Henry Holt and Co., London. pp. 105.
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P.J., Kiehl, J.T. and Rosenfeld, D. (2001). Atmosphere-aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science, 294: 2119-2124.
Rawat, G.S. and Bhainsora, N.S. (1999). Woody vegetation of Siwaliks and outer Himalaya in north-western India. Tropical Ecology, 40: 119-128.
Reid, W.V., Mooney, H.A., Cropper, A., Capistrano, D., Carpenter, S.R., Chopra, K., Dasgupta, P., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A.K., Hassan, R., Kasperson, R., Leemans, R., May, R.M., McMichael, A.J., Pingali, P., Samper, C., Scholes, R., Watson, R.T., Zakri, A.H., Shidong, Z., Ash, N.J., Bennett, E., Kumar, P., Lee, M.J., Raudsepp- Hearne, C., Simons, H., Thonell, J. and Zurek, M.B. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, District of Columbia, 155 pp.
Richards, P.W. (1996). The Tropical Rainforest. 2nd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Sagar, R. and Singh, J.S. (2003). Predominant phenotypic traits of disturbed tropical dry deciduous forest vegetation in northern India. Community Ecology, 4: 63-71.
Sagar, R., Raghubanshi, A.S. and Singh, J.S. (2003). Tree species composition, disturbance and diversity along a disturbance gradient in dry tropical forest region of India. Forest Ecology and Management, 186: 61-71.
Sahu, P.K., Sagar, R. and Singh, J.S. (2008). Tropical forest structure and diversity in relation to altitude and disturbance in a Biosphere Reserve in central India. Applied Vegetation Science, 11: 461-470.
Singh, A., Reddy, V.S. and Singh, J.S. (1995). Analysis of woody vegetation of Corbett National Park India. Vegetatio, 120: 69-79.
Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Saxena, A.K. and Rawat, Y.S. (1984a). The forest vegetation of Silent valley, India. Tropical Rainforest. The Leed symposium, pp.25-52.
Singh, J.S., Singh, K.P. and Agrawal, M. (1991). Environmental degradation of the Obra-Renukot-Singrauli area, India and its impact on natural and derived ecosystems. Environmentalist, 11: 171-180.
Singh, L. and Singh, J.S. (1991). Species structure, dry mater dynamics and carbon flux of a dry tropical forest in India. Annals of Botany, 68: 263-273.
Singh, L., Sharma, B., Agrawal, R. and Puri, S. (2005). Diversity and dominance of Sal dominated tropical moist deciduous forest in Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary. Bulletin of the National Institute of Ecology, 15: 1-9.
Singh, S.P., Rawat, Y.S. and Garkoti, S.C. (1997). Failure of brown oak (Quercus semicarpifolia) to regenerate in the Central Himalaya: a case of environmental semisurprise. Current Science, (73): 371-374.
Steffen, W., Sanderson, A., Tyson, P.D., Jäger, J., Matson, P.A., Moore, B., Oldfield, F., Richardson, K., Schellnhuber, H.J., Turner II, B.L. and Wasson, R.J. (2004). Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure. Springer, Berlin, 336 pp.
Timilsina, N., Ross, M.S. and Heinen, J.T. (2007). A community analysis of sal (Shorea robusta) forests in the western Terai of Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management, 241: 223-234
Tripathi, O.P., Pandey, H.N. and Tripathi R.S. (2004). Distribution, community characteristics and tree population structure of sub tropical pine forest of Meghalaya, Northeast India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science, 30: 207-214.
van Schaik, C.P., Terborgh, J. and Dugelby, B. (1997). The silent crisis: the state of rain forest nature preserves. In: Kramer, R. van Schaik, C. & Johnson, J. (eds.) Last stand: Protected Areas and the Defense of Tropical Biodiversity, pp. 64-89. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, US.
Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J. and Melillo, J.M. (1997). Human domination of earth’s ecosystems. Science, 277: 494-499.
Wattenberg, I. and Breckle, S.W. (1995). Tree species diversity of a premontane rain forest in the Cordillera de Tilaran, Costa Rica. Ecotropica, 1: 21-30.
Yadav, D.K. and Singh, L. (2010). Community structure and floristic diversity of tree stratum of deciduous forest of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve. Indian Forester, 136(6): 725-735.
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Species structure and diversity in Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere reserve, Central India. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(3), 1241-1248. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.948
