Pesticides effect on soil microbial ecology and enzyme activity- An overview
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Abstract
In modern agriculture, chemical pesticides are frequently used in agricultural fields to increase crop production. Besides combating insect pests, these insecticides also affect the activity and population of beneficial soil microbial communities. Chemical pesticides upset the activities of soil microbes and thus may affect the nutritional quality of soils. This results in serious ecological consequences. Soil microbes had different response to different pesticides. Soil microbial biomass that plays an important role in the soil ecosystem where they have crucial role in nutrient cycling. It has been reported that field application of glyphosate increased microbial biomass carbon by 17% and microbial biomass nitrogen by 76% in nine soils at 14 days after treatment. The soil microbial biomass C increased significantly upto 30 days in chlorpyrifos as well as cartap hydrochloride treated soil, but thereafter decreased progressively with time. Soil nematodes, earthworms and protozoa are affected by field application rates of the fungicide fenpropimorph and other herbicides. Thus, there is need to assess the effect of indiscriminate use of pesticides on soil microorganisms, affecting microbial activity and soil fertility.
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Keywords
Herbicides, Insecticides, Microbial biomass, Mycorrhiza, Soil enzymatic activity
References
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De-Lorenzo, M.E., Scott, G.I. and Ross, P.E. (2001). Toxicity of pesticides to aquatic microorganisms: a review. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20: 84-98.
Dick, R.P. (1994). Soil enzyme activities as indicators of soil quality. In: Defining soil quality for sustainable environment. Special Pub. 35. JW, Doran DC, Coleman DF, Bezdicek and Stewart BA (eds.) Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI. Pp. 107–124.
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Fraser, P.M., Haynes, R.J. and Williams, P.H. (1994). Effects of pasture improvement and intensive cultivation on microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and composition and size of earthworm population. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 17:185-190.
Gupta, V.V.S.R. (1994). The impact of soil and crop management practices on the dynamics of soil microfauna and mesofauna. In “Soil Biota: Management in Sustainable Farming Systems”. Eds. C.E. Pankhurst, B.M. Doube, V.V.S.R. Gupta and P.R. Grace. pp. 107-124. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne.
Hammouda, O. (1999). Response of the paddy field cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum to carbofuron. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 44: 215–219.
Handa, S.K., Agnihotri, N.P. and Kulshreshtha, G. (1999). Pesticide residues; significance, management and analysis. Research Periodicals and Book Publishing House, Texas.
Haney, R.L. and Senseman, S.A. (2000). Effect of glyphosate on soil microbial activity and biomass. Weed Sci., 48: 89–93.
Haney, R.L., Senseman, S.A. and Hons, F.M. (2002). Effect of Roundup Ultra on microbial activity and biomass from selected soils. J. Environ Qual., 31:730–735.
Haney, R.L., Senseman, S.A., Hons, F.M. and Zuberer, D.A. (2000). Effect of glyphosate on soil microbial activity and biomass. Weed Sci., 48: 89–93.
Hart, M.R., and Brookes, P.C. (1996). Soil microbial biomass and mineralization of soil organic matter after 19 years of cumulative field applications of pesticides. Soil Biol. Biochem, 28: 1641–1649.
Ingham, E.R. and Coleman, D.C. (1984). Effects of streptomycin, cycloheximide, fungizone, Captan, Carbofuron, Cygon and PCNB on soil microorganisms. Microbial Ecology, 10: 345-358.
Ingram, C.W., Coyne, M.S. and Williams, D.W. (2005). Effects of commercial diazinon and imidacloprid on microbial urease activity in soil. J. Environ. Qual., 34: 1573–1580.
Ismail, B. S., Yapp, K. F. and Omar, O. (1998). Effects of metsulfuron-methyl on amylase, urease, and protease activities in two soils. Aust. J. Soil Res. 36: 449–456.
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Pesticides effect on soil microbial ecology and enzyme activity- An overview. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(2), 1126-1132. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.929
