Sundarbans mangrove deltaic system – An overview of its biodiversity with special reference to fish diversity
Article Main
Abstract
World heritage site-Sundarbans were declared as the world’s 560th Ramsar Wetlands site in 1992. Sundarbans ecosystem supports rich fisheries diversity and also natural biodiversity hot spot, because it is natural habitat of many endangered species. The Sundarbans is a home to a variety of faunal species, the total of 1586 species has been recorded which includes 481 Vertebrate species (30%), 1104 Invertebrate species (70%). Mangroves are the nursery and breeding grounds for several commercially important species of aquatic fauna like fish, shrimps and prawns etc. Mangrove ecosystems are of great ecological significance in the tropical and sub-tropical coast. Sundarbans mangrove provides a variety of ecosystem services. However, the Sundarban mangrove forest is the most threatened habitats in the world, increased population with few alternative livelihood opportunities poses a serious threat as it is the main cause of mangrove destruction. The total value of Sundarbans is not recognized and therefore often neglected in development planning. As a result Sundarbans conservation issue is getting less importance at the national level. The study reveals that major ecosystem services of Sundarbans are timber, fuel wood, fish, ecotourism, cyclone and storm protection, biodiversity, and habitat for flora and fauna. Timber, fuel wood and fish are more economical provisioning services in Sundarbans. It is noticed that there is decreasing tendency of overall revenue collection from the mangrove over the period of 2001-02 to 2009-10. The attention from national and international communities is needed for sustainable management and conservation of the Sundarbans. The study suggests that further research on total economic value of Sundarbans is needed for providing comprehensive scientific information for policy as well as for decision makers.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Biodiversity, Fish diversity, Mangrove, Sundarbans, World heritage site
References
Anouti, F.A. (2014). Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals within Mangrove Ecosystems. J Biodivers Endanger Species, 2 (2): 1000e113.
Ali, M., Kabir, M.A. and Hoque, A.T.M.R. (2006). People, policy, and perpetuity: Sustainability indicators of Bangladesh forestry. Electronic Green Journal. URL: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2c34v67q.
Alongi, D.M. (2002). Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environ. Cons.,29: 331-349.
Alongi, D. M. (2009). 'Paradigm Shifts in Mangrove Biology', In: Perillo, G., Wolanski, E., Cahoon, D. and Brinson, M. (eds) Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach; London, Elsevier.
Amin, M.N. (2002). Biodiversity and Floristic Composition of Sundarbans in Bangladesh, archives of EnviroNews - Newsletter of ISEB India. 8: 4.
Annandale, N. (1922). The marine elements in the fauna of Ganges. Bijdr Dierk. 22: 143–154.
Banerjee, A. (1998). Environment, population and human settlements of Sunderban Delta. 1st.
Banglapedia, (2010). National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. URL: http://banglapedia.net.english/index.htm.
Batagoda, B.M.S. (2003). The economic valuation of alternative uses of mangrove forests in Sri Lanka. UNEP/ Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, The Hague.
Bose, T., Baguli, T.K., Ghosh, A.K. and Naskar, K.R. (1999). A review of shell fish and fin fish species from the brackish water fisheries of the Sundarbans and their impact on the mangrove.
Bose, S. (2002). The Sundarbans Biosphere: A Study On Uncertainties And Impacts In Active Delta Region. Centre for Built Environment, Kolkata.
Champion, H.G. (1936). A preliminary survey of the forest types of India and Burma. Indian Forest Reocrd (New Series) 1: 1-286.
Chaudhuri, A.B. and Choudhury, A. (1994). Mangroves of the Sundarbans, India. IUCN, Bangkok. Mangroves of the Sun- derbans: Volume 1 India, IUCN, Bangkok.
Choudhury, M.A. (1984). Integrated Development of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh: Silvicultural Aspects of the Sundarbans, FAO Report No/TCP/BGD/ 23 09Wf, W/R003.
Choudhuri, A.B. and Choudhury, A. (1994). In Chowdhury, R.A. and Ahmed, I. (1994). History of forest management Bangladesh. In: Mangroves of the Sundarbans.
Hussain Z, Acharya G. (eds.), pp.155–180. IUCN Wetlands Program, Gland, Switzerland.
Das, S. K., Sarkar, P. K., Saha, R., Vyas, P., Danda, A. A. and Vattakavan, J. (2012). Status of Tigers in 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division, West Bengal, India. World Wide Fund for Nature-India, New Delhi.
Debnath, H,S, (2001), Sundarbans biosphere reserve (data collection and identification of gaps). State of art report, Biosphere Reserve Information Service (BRIS), MOEF project ecology. In: Guha Bakshi D N, Sanyal P, Naskar K R (eds) Sundarbans Mangal. Naya Prakash, Calcutta, pp 539–547 edition, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
D.F.O. (1995). Annual report, Bangladesh Forest Department, Khulna, Bangladesh. Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong. Nibedon Press Limited, Chittagong.
Food and Agriculture Organization (2000). State of World’s Forests 2003. FAO, Rome. Italy.
Gopal, B. and Chauhan, M. (2006). Biodiversity and its conservation in the Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem, Aquat. Sci. 68: 338–354.
Gopalkrishnan, V. (1971). The biology of the Hooghly–Matlah estuarine system (West Bengal-India) with special reference to its fisheries. J Mar Boil Asso India ,13 (2): 182–194.
Junk, W. J., Brown, M. T., Campbell, I-C., Finlayson, M., Gopal, B., Ramberg, L. and Warner, B. G., (2006). The comparative biodiversity of seven globally important wetlands: a synthesis. Aquatic Science, 68: 400–414.
Khan, M. (2011). Tigers In The Mangroves: Research and Conservation of the Tiger in The Sundarbans of Bangladesh. Aranyak Foundation. 189 p.
Hirway, I.and Goswami, S. (2007). Valuation of coastal resources: The case study of mangroves in Gijrat. Academic foundation, New Delhi: 170.
Hora, S.L. (1934). Brackish water animals of the Gangetic delta. Curr Sci 2:426–427.http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2BD001en.pdf.
Iftekhar, M.S. and Islam, M.R. (2004). Degeneration of Bangladesh’s Sundarbans mangroves: a management issue. The Int. For Rev., 2: 123-135.
India and their environmental implications. Environment International, 30:1089–1098
Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, RIS, 2001 (visited on 15/05/2015).
Islam, A.K.M.N. (1976). Contribution to the study of the marine algae of Bangladesh-Bibliotheca Phycologia. 19:15.
Islam, M.S.N. and Gnauck, A. (2009). Threats to the Sundarbans Mangrove Wetland Ecosystems from Transboundary Water Allocation in the Ganges Basin: A Preliminary Problem Analysis. Int. J. Ecol. Econ. Stat., 13: 64-78.
Islam, K.M.N. (2010). A study of the principal marketed value chains derived from the Sundarbans reserved forest. USAID, Bangladesh.
I.R.M.P. (1998). Integrated Resource Development of the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh. FAO/UNDP Project BGD/84/0561.
Jain, S.K.and Sastry, A.R.K. (1983). Botany of some tiger habitats in India. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. Pp. 40-44.
Kemp, S.W. (1917). Notes on the fauna of the Matlah River in the Gangetic delta. Rec Indian Mus., 13 (4): 233–241.
Khan, R.A. (2003). Fish faunal resources of Sundarbans estuarine system with special reference to the biology of some commercially important species. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Occasional paper 209:150pp.
Khatun, B.M.R. and Syed hafiz, (1987). Taxonomic studies in the genus Avicennia L. from Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Bot., 16 (1): 39–44.
Macintosh, D.J. (1982). Fisheries and aquaculture significance of mangrove swamps, with special reference to the Indo-West Pacific region. In: Muir, J.F. and Roberts, R.J. (eds.), Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Croom Helm, England, pp. 4–85.
Macintosh, D.J. and Ashton, E.C. (2002). A Review of Mangrove- Biodiversity Conservation and Management. Report to WorldBank. Centre for Tropical Ecosystem Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark. 8:71 pp.
Macnae, W. (1974). Mangrove Forest and Fisheries. FAO, Rome IOFC:DEV, 74:34-35
Management, Centre for Tropical Ecosystems Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Mandal, A.K. (2003). The Sundarbans of India: a development analysis. Indus Publishing Company (Retrieved 2009) 10-27.
Mandal, A.K. and Ghosh, R.K. (1989). Sundarbans - A Socio Bio-ecological study, Bookland Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta pp 8-9.
Mandal, A.K. and Nandi, N.C. (1989). Fauna of Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, West Bengal, India. Fauna of Conservation Areas, Zoological Survey of India, 3:116pp.
Mandal, B., Mukherjee, A., Sarkar, S. and Banerjee, S. (2012). Study on the Ornamental Fin Fish of Indian Sundarbans with Special Reference to Few Floral Sources for Carotenoid Pigmentation, World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences., 4 (6): 566-576.
Manna, S., Chaudhuri, K., Bhattacharyya, S.and Bhattacharyya, M. (2010). Dynamics of Sundarbans estuarine ecosystem: eutrophication induced threat to mang r o v e s S a l i n e S y s t ems 6 : 8 h t t p : / /www.salinesystems.org/content/6/1/8.
Matthes, H. and Kapetsky, J.M. (1988). Worldwide compendium of Mangrove associated Aquatic species of Economic Importance FAO, Rome FAO Fishery Circular No. 814:238.
Mitra, A., Banerjee, K. and Bhattacharyya, D.P. (2004). The other face of Mangroves (p. 185). Published by Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal (India) Press, Kolkata.
Mitra, A., Gangopadhyay, V., Dube, A., Schmidt, A.C.K. and Banerjee, K. (2009). Observed changes in water mass properties in the Indian Sundarbans (northwestern Bay of Bengal) during 1980–2007. Current Science, 97 (10): 1445-1452.
MoEF. (2004). Joint Tiger census - 2004, Bangladesh Forest Department under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). URL: http://www.bforest.gov.bd/.
Moorthy, P. (1995). Effects of UV-B radiation on mangrove environment: Physiological responses of Rhizophora apiculata Blume (p. 130). Ph.D thesis, Annamalai University, India.
Mukherjee, A.K. (1975). The Sundarbans of India and its biota. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 72: 1-20.
Naskar, K. (2009). Plant wealth of the lower Ganga Delta: an eco-taxonomical approach. 1:10-27.
Naskar, K.R. (2000). Ecology and environment of Indian Sundarbans in West Bengal, (in Bengal). in Paschimbanga published by the Department of Information and culture, Government of West Bengal.
Naskar, K.R. (2004). Manual of Indian Sundarbans. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi
Naskar, K.R. and Guha Bakshi, D.N. (1987). Mangrove swamps of the Sundarbans. Naya Prokash, Calcutta.
Naskar, K.R. and Mandal, R.N. (1999). Ecology and Biodiversity of Indian Mangroves. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
Ong, J.E. (1995). The ecology of mangrove conservation and management. Hydrobiologia, 295: 343-351.
ODA (1985). Project report 140: A forest inventory of the Sunderbans, Bangladesh. Survey, U.K.: Land resources development centre, Overseas Development Administration., Overseas Development Administration(ODA)
Pantulu, V.R. (1966). Contribution to the study of the biology and fishery of some estuarine fishes. PhD thesis, University of Calcutta.
Pasha, M. and Siddiqui, N. (2003). Sunderbans. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Islam S. (ed.) Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. pp. 133-138.
Prain, D. (1903). The flora of Sundarbans. Records of the Botanical Survey of India, 114: 231–272.
Rabbani, A.G. and Sarker, M.S. (1997). Study on the current status of the fish extraction and revenue collection from the Sundarbans Reserve Forest. A Project Thesis-Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh: 57 pp.
Rahman, M.M., Chongling, Y., Islam, K.S.and Haoliang, L. (2009). A Brief review on pollution and ecotoxicologic effect on Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in Bangladesh. IJEE. 1:369-382.
Rahman, M.R. and Asaduzzaman, M.R. (2013) Ecology of Sundarban, Bangladesh. J. Sci. Foundation, 8 (1&2): 35-47.
Rahman, M., Khatun, S., Hossain, M. B., Hassan, M. N. and Nowsad, A. A. K. M. (2013). Present Scenario of Landing and Distribution of Fish in Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16 (22): 1488.
Rahman, A.A. (2009). Seal the Deal in Copenhagen: The Most Vulnerable Communities Demand Tearfund.
Rahman, M.S. (2009). Ecology and management of Sundarban: A Rich Biodiversity of the World’s Largest Mangrove Ecosystem. URL: ht tp: / /docs.google.com/viewer.
Ray, S. (2008). Comparative study of virgin and reclaimed islands of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem through network analysis. Ecol. Model. 215:207-216.
Ruitenbeek, J. (1992). The rainforest supply price: A tool for evaluating rainforest conservation expenditure. Ecological economics, 6 (1): 57-78.
Aadi, M.L.K. (2010). Hurricane Sidr claims beautiful mangroves. URL: http://www.islamonline.net.
Saenger P (2002) Mangrove ecology, silviculture and conservation, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
Saenger, P., and McConchie, D. (2004). Heavy metals in mangroves: methodology, monitoring and management. Envis Forest Bulletin, 4, 52.
Sanyal, P. (1983). Mangrove tiger land, the Sundarbans of India. Tigerpaper, 10 (3): 1-4
Sanyal, P. (1999). Sundarbans-the largest mangrove diversity on globe. In: Guha Bakshi DN, Sanyal P, Naskar KR (eds) Sundarbans Mangal. Naya Prakash, Calcutta, pp. 428–448.
S.C.B.D. (2009). Connecting Biodiversity and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Report of the Second Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Biodiversity and Climate Change Montreal : Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Technical Series No 41: 126.
Seidensticker, J. and Hai, M. (1983). The Sundarbans Wildlife Management Plan: Conservation in the Bangladesh Coastal Zone. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Sen, N.and Naskar, K.R. (2003). Algal Flora of Sundarbans Mangals. Daya Publishing House, Delhi 110035.
Sen, T.K. (1975). Fish and fisheries aspects of the Sundarbans, West Bengal. Sci Cult., 41 (10): 500–502.
Shetty, H.P.C., Saha, S.B. and Ghosh, B.B. (1961). Observations on the distribution and fluctuations of plankton in the Hooghly–Matlah estuarine system with notes on their relation to commercial fish landings. Indian J Fish., 8 (8):326–363.
Siddiqi NA. 2001. Mangrove forest in Bangladesh (Institute of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Chittagong), pp201.
Singh, H.R., Chong, V.C., Sasekumar, A. and Lim, K.H. (1994). Value of mangroves as nursery and feeding grounds. In: Wilkinson CR, Suraphol S and Chou LM (eds.), Status Reviews. Proceedings of the Third ASEAN-Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resources, Chulalongkorn university, Bangkok 1:105-122.
Talwar, P.K.and Joglekar, A. (1970). On a new species of ‘Wak’ Lin 1938 (Pisces: Sciaenidae) from Hooghly estuary. J Int Fish Soc. India, 1:32–36.
Twilley, R.R., C hen, R. and Hargis, T. (1992). Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implica tion to carbon budget of tropical ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 64: 265-288.
Uddin, H. M. B. (2011). Exotic species invasion and biodiversity in Bangladesh forest ecosystems (Doctoral dissertation, Universität Bayreuth).
Uddin, M.S., van Steveninck, E.D.R., Stuip, M. and Shah, M.A.R., 2013. Economic valuation of provisioning and cultural services of a protected mangrove ecosystem: a case study on Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh. Ecosystem Services, 5, pp.88-93.
UNESCO (2007). Climate change threatens UNESCO World Heritage sites, UN. URL: http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/319.
Zaman, S., Bhattacharyya, S.B., Pramanick, P., Raha, A.K., Chakraborty, S.and Mitra, A. (2013). Rising water salinity: A threat to mangroves of Indian Sundarbans Water Insecurity: A Social Dilemma Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management 13:167-183.
Zöckler, C., Balachandran, S., Bunting, G.C., Fanck, M., Kashiwagi, M., Lappo, E.G., Maheswaran, G., Sharma, A., Syroechkovski, E.E. and Webb, K. (2005). The Indian Sunderbans: an important wintering site for Siberian waders. Wader Study Group Bull., 108: 42–46.
Ali, M., Kabir, M.A. and Hoque, A.T.M.R. (2006). People, policy, and perpetuity: Sustainability indicators of Bangladesh forestry. Electronic Green Journal. URL: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2c34v67q.
Alongi, D.M. (2002). Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environ. Cons.,29: 331-349.
Alongi, D. M. (2009). 'Paradigm Shifts in Mangrove Biology', In: Perillo, G., Wolanski, E., Cahoon, D. and Brinson, M. (eds) Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach; London, Elsevier.
Amin, M.N. (2002). Biodiversity and Floristic Composition of Sundarbans in Bangladesh, archives of EnviroNews - Newsletter of ISEB India. 8: 4.
Annandale, N. (1922). The marine elements in the fauna of Ganges. Bijdr Dierk. 22: 143–154.
Banerjee, A. (1998). Environment, population and human settlements of Sunderban Delta. 1st.
Banglapedia, (2010). National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. URL: http://banglapedia.net.english/index.htm.
Batagoda, B.M.S. (2003). The economic valuation of alternative uses of mangrove forests in Sri Lanka. UNEP/ Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, The Hague.
Bose, T., Baguli, T.K., Ghosh, A.K. and Naskar, K.R. (1999). A review of shell fish and fin fish species from the brackish water fisheries of the Sundarbans and their impact on the mangrove.
Bose, S. (2002). The Sundarbans Biosphere: A Study On Uncertainties And Impacts In Active Delta Region. Centre for Built Environment, Kolkata.
Champion, H.G. (1936). A preliminary survey of the forest types of India and Burma. Indian Forest Reocrd (New Series) 1: 1-286.
Chaudhuri, A.B. and Choudhury, A. (1994). Mangroves of the Sundarbans, India. IUCN, Bangkok. Mangroves of the Sun- derbans: Volume 1 India, IUCN, Bangkok.
Choudhury, M.A. (1984). Integrated Development of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh: Silvicultural Aspects of the Sundarbans, FAO Report No/TCP/BGD/ 23 09Wf, W/R003.
Choudhuri, A.B. and Choudhury, A. (1994). In Chowdhury, R.A. and Ahmed, I. (1994). History of forest management Bangladesh. In: Mangroves of the Sundarbans.
Hussain Z, Acharya G. (eds.), pp.155–180. IUCN Wetlands Program, Gland, Switzerland.
Das, S. K., Sarkar, P. K., Saha, R., Vyas, P., Danda, A. A. and Vattakavan, J. (2012). Status of Tigers in 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division, West Bengal, India. World Wide Fund for Nature-India, New Delhi.
Debnath, H,S, (2001), Sundarbans biosphere reserve (data collection and identification of gaps). State of art report, Biosphere Reserve Information Service (BRIS), MOEF project ecology. In: Guha Bakshi D N, Sanyal P, Naskar K R (eds) Sundarbans Mangal. Naya Prakash, Calcutta, pp 539–547 edition, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
D.F.O. (1995). Annual report, Bangladesh Forest Department, Khulna, Bangladesh. Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong. Nibedon Press Limited, Chittagong.
Food and Agriculture Organization (2000). State of World’s Forests 2003. FAO, Rome. Italy.
Gopal, B. and Chauhan, M. (2006). Biodiversity and its conservation in the Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem, Aquat. Sci. 68: 338–354.
Gopalkrishnan, V. (1971). The biology of the Hooghly–Matlah estuarine system (West Bengal-India) with special reference to its fisheries. J Mar Boil Asso India ,13 (2): 182–194.
Junk, W. J., Brown, M. T., Campbell, I-C., Finlayson, M., Gopal, B., Ramberg, L. and Warner, B. G., (2006). The comparative biodiversity of seven globally important wetlands: a synthesis. Aquatic Science, 68: 400–414.
Khan, M. (2011). Tigers In The Mangroves: Research and Conservation of the Tiger in The Sundarbans of Bangladesh. Aranyak Foundation. 189 p.
Hirway, I.and Goswami, S. (2007). Valuation of coastal resources: The case study of mangroves in Gijrat. Academic foundation, New Delhi: 170.
Hora, S.L. (1934). Brackish water animals of the Gangetic delta. Curr Sci 2:426–427.http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2BD001en.pdf.
Iftekhar, M.S. and Islam, M.R. (2004). Degeneration of Bangladesh’s Sundarbans mangroves: a management issue. The Int. For Rev., 2: 123-135.
India and their environmental implications. Environment International, 30:1089–1098
Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, RIS, 2001 (visited on 15/05/2015).
Islam, A.K.M.N. (1976). Contribution to the study of the marine algae of Bangladesh-Bibliotheca Phycologia. 19:15.
Islam, M.S.N. and Gnauck, A. (2009). Threats to the Sundarbans Mangrove Wetland Ecosystems from Transboundary Water Allocation in the Ganges Basin: A Preliminary Problem Analysis. Int. J. Ecol. Econ. Stat., 13: 64-78.
Islam, K.M.N. (2010). A study of the principal marketed value chains derived from the Sundarbans reserved forest. USAID, Bangladesh.
I.R.M.P. (1998). Integrated Resource Development of the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh. FAO/UNDP Project BGD/84/0561.
Jain, S.K.and Sastry, A.R.K. (1983). Botany of some tiger habitats in India. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. Pp. 40-44.
Kemp, S.W. (1917). Notes on the fauna of the Matlah River in the Gangetic delta. Rec Indian Mus., 13 (4): 233–241.
Khan, R.A. (2003). Fish faunal resources of Sundarbans estuarine system with special reference to the biology of some commercially important species. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Occasional paper 209:150pp.
Khatun, B.M.R. and Syed hafiz, (1987). Taxonomic studies in the genus Avicennia L. from Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Bot., 16 (1): 39–44.
Macintosh, D.J. (1982). Fisheries and aquaculture significance of mangrove swamps, with special reference to the Indo-West Pacific region. In: Muir, J.F. and Roberts, R.J. (eds.), Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Croom Helm, England, pp. 4–85.
Macintosh, D.J. and Ashton, E.C. (2002). A Review of Mangrove- Biodiversity Conservation and Management. Report to WorldBank. Centre for Tropical Ecosystem Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark. 8:71 pp.
Macnae, W. (1974). Mangrove Forest and Fisheries. FAO, Rome IOFC:DEV, 74:34-35
Management, Centre for Tropical Ecosystems Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Mandal, A.K. (2003). The Sundarbans of India: a development analysis. Indus Publishing Company (Retrieved 2009) 10-27.
Mandal, A.K. and Ghosh, R.K. (1989). Sundarbans - A Socio Bio-ecological study, Bookland Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta pp 8-9.
Mandal, A.K. and Nandi, N.C. (1989). Fauna of Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, West Bengal, India. Fauna of Conservation Areas, Zoological Survey of India, 3:116pp.
Mandal, B., Mukherjee, A., Sarkar, S. and Banerjee, S. (2012). Study on the Ornamental Fin Fish of Indian Sundarbans with Special Reference to Few Floral Sources for Carotenoid Pigmentation, World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences., 4 (6): 566-576.
Manna, S., Chaudhuri, K., Bhattacharyya, S.and Bhattacharyya, M. (2010). Dynamics of Sundarbans estuarine ecosystem: eutrophication induced threat to mang r o v e s S a l i n e S y s t ems 6 : 8 h t t p : / /www.salinesystems.org/content/6/1/8.
Matthes, H. and Kapetsky, J.M. (1988). Worldwide compendium of Mangrove associated Aquatic species of Economic Importance FAO, Rome FAO Fishery Circular No. 814:238.
Mitra, A., Banerjee, K. and Bhattacharyya, D.P. (2004). The other face of Mangroves (p. 185). Published by Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal (India) Press, Kolkata.
Mitra, A., Gangopadhyay, V., Dube, A., Schmidt, A.C.K. and Banerjee, K. (2009). Observed changes in water mass properties in the Indian Sundarbans (northwestern Bay of Bengal) during 1980–2007. Current Science, 97 (10): 1445-1452.
MoEF. (2004). Joint Tiger census - 2004, Bangladesh Forest Department under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). URL: http://www.bforest.gov.bd/.
Moorthy, P. (1995). Effects of UV-B radiation on mangrove environment: Physiological responses of Rhizophora apiculata Blume (p. 130). Ph.D thesis, Annamalai University, India.
Mukherjee, A.K. (1975). The Sundarbans of India and its biota. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 72: 1-20.
Naskar, K. (2009). Plant wealth of the lower Ganga Delta: an eco-taxonomical approach. 1:10-27.
Naskar, K.R. (2000). Ecology and environment of Indian Sundarbans in West Bengal, (in Bengal). in Paschimbanga published by the Department of Information and culture, Government of West Bengal.
Naskar, K.R. (2004). Manual of Indian Sundarbans. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi
Naskar, K.R. and Guha Bakshi, D.N. (1987). Mangrove swamps of the Sundarbans. Naya Prokash, Calcutta.
Naskar, K.R. and Mandal, R.N. (1999). Ecology and Biodiversity of Indian Mangroves. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
Ong, J.E. (1995). The ecology of mangrove conservation and management. Hydrobiologia, 295: 343-351.
ODA (1985). Project report 140: A forest inventory of the Sunderbans, Bangladesh. Survey, U.K.: Land resources development centre, Overseas Development Administration., Overseas Development Administration(ODA)
Pantulu, V.R. (1966). Contribution to the study of the biology and fishery of some estuarine fishes. PhD thesis, University of Calcutta.
Pasha, M. and Siddiqui, N. (2003). Sunderbans. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Islam S. (ed.) Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. pp. 133-138.
Prain, D. (1903). The flora of Sundarbans. Records of the Botanical Survey of India, 114: 231–272.
Rabbani, A.G. and Sarker, M.S. (1997). Study on the current status of the fish extraction and revenue collection from the Sundarbans Reserve Forest. A Project Thesis-Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh: 57 pp.
Rahman, M.M., Chongling, Y., Islam, K.S.and Haoliang, L. (2009). A Brief review on pollution and ecotoxicologic effect on Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in Bangladesh. IJEE. 1:369-382.
Rahman, M.R. and Asaduzzaman, M.R. (2013) Ecology of Sundarban, Bangladesh. J. Sci. Foundation, 8 (1&2): 35-47.
Rahman, M., Khatun, S., Hossain, M. B., Hassan, M. N. and Nowsad, A. A. K. M. (2013). Present Scenario of Landing and Distribution of Fish in Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16 (22): 1488.
Rahman, A.A. (2009). Seal the Deal in Copenhagen: The Most Vulnerable Communities Demand Tearfund.
Rahman, M.S. (2009). Ecology and management of Sundarban: A Rich Biodiversity of the World’s Largest Mangrove Ecosystem. URL: ht tp: / /docs.google.com/viewer.
Ray, S. (2008). Comparative study of virgin and reclaimed islands of Sundarban mangrove ecosystem through network analysis. Ecol. Model. 215:207-216.
Ruitenbeek, J. (1992). The rainforest supply price: A tool for evaluating rainforest conservation expenditure. Ecological economics, 6 (1): 57-78.
Aadi, M.L.K. (2010). Hurricane Sidr claims beautiful mangroves. URL: http://www.islamonline.net.
Saenger P (2002) Mangrove ecology, silviculture and conservation, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
Saenger, P., and McConchie, D. (2004). Heavy metals in mangroves: methodology, monitoring and management. Envis Forest Bulletin, 4, 52.
Sanyal, P. (1983). Mangrove tiger land, the Sundarbans of India. Tigerpaper, 10 (3): 1-4
Sanyal, P. (1999). Sundarbans-the largest mangrove diversity on globe. In: Guha Bakshi DN, Sanyal P, Naskar KR (eds) Sundarbans Mangal. Naya Prakash, Calcutta, pp. 428–448.
S.C.B.D. (2009). Connecting Biodiversity and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Report of the Second Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Biodiversity and Climate Change Montreal : Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Technical Series No 41: 126.
Seidensticker, J. and Hai, M. (1983). The Sundarbans Wildlife Management Plan: Conservation in the Bangladesh Coastal Zone. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Sen, N.and Naskar, K.R. (2003). Algal Flora of Sundarbans Mangals. Daya Publishing House, Delhi 110035.
Sen, T.K. (1975). Fish and fisheries aspects of the Sundarbans, West Bengal. Sci Cult., 41 (10): 500–502.
Shetty, H.P.C., Saha, S.B. and Ghosh, B.B. (1961). Observations on the distribution and fluctuations of plankton in the Hooghly–Matlah estuarine system with notes on their relation to commercial fish landings. Indian J Fish., 8 (8):326–363.
Siddiqi NA. 2001. Mangrove forest in Bangladesh (Institute of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Chittagong), pp201.
Singh, H.R., Chong, V.C., Sasekumar, A. and Lim, K.H. (1994). Value of mangroves as nursery and feeding grounds. In: Wilkinson CR, Suraphol S and Chou LM (eds.), Status Reviews. Proceedings of the Third ASEAN-Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resources, Chulalongkorn university, Bangkok 1:105-122.
Talwar, P.K.and Joglekar, A. (1970). On a new species of ‘Wak’ Lin 1938 (Pisces: Sciaenidae) from Hooghly estuary. J Int Fish Soc. India, 1:32–36.
Twilley, R.R., C hen, R. and Hargis, T. (1992). Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implica tion to carbon budget of tropical ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 64: 265-288.
Uddin, H. M. B. (2011). Exotic species invasion and biodiversity in Bangladesh forest ecosystems (Doctoral dissertation, Universität Bayreuth).
Uddin, M.S., van Steveninck, E.D.R., Stuip, M. and Shah, M.A.R., 2013. Economic valuation of provisioning and cultural services of a protected mangrove ecosystem: a case study on Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh. Ecosystem Services, 5, pp.88-93.
UNESCO (2007). Climate change threatens UNESCO World Heritage sites, UN. URL: http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/319.
Zaman, S., Bhattacharyya, S.B., Pramanick, P., Raha, A.K., Chakraborty, S.and Mitra, A. (2013). Rising water salinity: A threat to mangroves of Indian Sundarbans Water Insecurity: A Social Dilemma Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management 13:167-183.
Zöckler, C., Balachandran, S., Bunting, G.C., Fanck, M., Kashiwagi, M., Lappo, E.G., Maheswaran, G., Sharma, A., Syroechkovski, E.E. and Webb, K. (2005). The Indian Sunderbans: an important wintering site for Siberian waders. Wader Study Group Bull., 108: 42–46.
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Sundarbans mangrove deltaic system – An overview of its biodiversity with special reference to fish diversity. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(2), 1090-1099. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.926
