Production potential and economics of wheat, Triticum aestivum as influenced by different planting methods in Punjab, India
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Abstract
The burning of rice straw after rice harvest in the Rice-Wheat System can be overcome by direct seeding of wheat by in standing and loose rice straw. To find out the most appropriate method of wheat sowing after rice crop in Sri Muktsar Sahib district, a field experiment was conducted with five different sowing methods including zero tillage and happy seeder. Among the different planting methods maximum grain yield was obtained with the conventional (52.26 q/ha) and happy seeder without loose straw (51.93 q/ha) planting method as compared to happy seeder with loose straw (50.83 q/ha), zero tillage (49.80 q/ha) and conventional method with mulching (49.66 q/ha). However, the benefit-cost ratio was higher by happy seeder with (2.38:1) and without loose straw (2.35:1) as compared to zero tillage method (2.31:1) and conventional (2.14:1). Higher B:C ratio with happy seeder was also due to its lesser cost of cultivation as compared to conventional method of sowing. The higher net return obtained from happy seeder with and without loose straw Rs. 50104 and Rs. 51019/ha respectively as compared zero tillage method (Rs 48663/ha) and conventional tillage method (Rs. 49856/ha). Although the grain yield under conventional method of sowing was higher but it failed to produce higher net return and B:C ratio. Happy Seeder technology is a time savings, good option against burning of rice residue in Punjab.
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Keywords
B:C ratio, Happy seeder, Planting method, Wheat, Yield
References
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Azam, M.G., Zoebisch, A.M. and Wickramarachchi, S.K. (2008). Effects of cropping systems on selected soil structural properties and crop yields in Lam Phra Phloeng watershed - Northeast Thailand. Journal of Agronomy, 7:56-62.
Erdem, G., Yildirim, S. and Seven, I. (2006). The effect of soil tillage systems on wheat growth and yield in the dry land region of Turkey. Journal of Applied Science, 6:2408-2413.
Gathala, M. K., Kumar, V., Sharma, P. C., Saharawat, Y. S., Sharma, P. K., Jat, H. S., Singh, M., Kumar, A., Jat, M.L., Humphreys, E., Sharma, D. K., Sharma, S. and Ladha, J. K. (2009). Optimizing intensive cereal-based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 177:85-97.
Gathala, M.K. Ladha, J.K., Kumar, V., Saharawat, Y.S., Kumar, V., Sharma, P.K., Sharma, S., Pathak, H. (2011). Tillage and crop establishment affects sustain-ability of South Asian rice–wheat system. Agronomy Journal, 103: 961–971.
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Gupta, R., Gopal, R., Jat, M.L., Jat, R.K., Sidhu, H.S., Min-has, P.S., Malik, R.K. (2010). Wheat productivity in indo-gangetic plains of India during 2010: Terminal heat effects and mitigation strategies. PACA Newsletter, 14:1-11.
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Ladha, J.K., Kumar, V., Alam, M.M., Sharma, S., Gathala, M., Chandna, P., Saharawat, Y.S. and Balasubramanian, V. (2009). Integrating crop and resource management technologies for enhanced productivity, profitability, and sustainability of the rice-wheat system in South Asia. In “Integrated Crop and Resource Management in the Rice–Wheat System of South Asia” (J. K. Ladha, Y. Singh, O. Erenstein, and B. Hardy, Eds.), International Rice Research Institute, Los Banõs, Philippines. pp. 69–108.
Malik, R.K., Gupta, R.K., Singh, C.M., Yadav, A., Brar, S.S., Thakur, T.C., Singh, S.S., Singh, A.K., Singh., R. and Sinha, R.K. (2005). Accelerating the Adoption of Resource Conservation Technologies in Rice Wheat System of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Proceedings of Project Workshop, Directorate of Extension Education, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), June 1-2, 2005. Hisar, India.
Razzaq, A., Zafar, M.A. and Sabir, B.A. (1997). Control of insect pests on rice using tillage practices. Mechanizasion in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 28:29-30.
Saharawat, Y.S., Singh, B., Malik, R.K., Ladha, J.K., Gathala, M., Jat, M.L., Kumar, V. (2010). Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a ricewheat rotation in north-western IGP. Field Crops Research, 116: 260–267.
Singh, B. (2012). Incidence of the pink noctuid stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker), on wheat under two tillage conditions and three sowing dates in north-western plains of India. Journal of Entomology, 9(6): 368-376.
Singh, B., Shan, Y.H., Johnson-Beebout, S.E., Singh, Y. and Buresh, R.J. (2007). Crop residue management for low-land rice based cropping system in Asia. Advance in Agronomy, 98, 118-186.
Singh, H., Raheja, A., Sharma, R. and Kaur, T. (2013). Happy seeder - A conservation agriculture technology for managing rice residue for Central Punjab conditions. International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 6(2) : 355-358.
Singh, Y. and Sidhu, H.S. (2014). Management of Cereal Crop Residues for Sustainable Rice-Wheat Production System in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Proceed-ings Indian National Science Academy, 80 : 95-114
Tripathi, R.S., Raju,R. and Thimmappa, K. (2013). Impact of zero tillage on economics of wheat production in Hary-ana. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 26:101-108.
Anonymous (2008). Wheat crop health newsletter. Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal. 14(2):p 1.
Anonymous (2014a). Report of Annual progress report of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sri Muktsar Sahib for the year 2014-15. p 5.
Anonymous (2014b). Package and practices for cultivation of rabi crops. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
Azam, M.G., Zoebisch, A.M. and Wickramarachchi, S.K. (2008). Effects of cropping systems on selected soil structural properties and crop yields in Lam Phra Phloeng watershed - Northeast Thailand. Journal of Agronomy, 7:56-62.
Erdem, G., Yildirim, S. and Seven, I. (2006). The effect of soil tillage systems on wheat growth and yield in the dry land region of Turkey. Journal of Applied Science, 6:2408-2413.
Gathala, M. K., Kumar, V., Sharma, P. C., Saharawat, Y. S., Sharma, P. K., Jat, H. S., Singh, M., Kumar, A., Jat, M.L., Humphreys, E., Sharma, D. K., Sharma, S. and Ladha, J. K. (2009). Optimizing intensive cereal-based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 177:85-97.
Gathala, M.K. Ladha, J.K., Kumar, V., Saharawat, Y.S., Kumar, V., Sharma, P.K., Sharma, S., Pathak, H. (2011). Tillage and crop establishment affects sustain-ability of South Asian rice–wheat system. Agronomy Journal, 103: 961–971.
Gathala, M.K., Kumar, V., Sharma, P.C. Saharawat, Y.S., Jat, H.S., Singh, M., Kumar, A., Jat, M.L., Humphreys, E., Sharma, D.K., Sharma, S. and Ladha, J.K. (2013). Optimizing intensive cereal-based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 177: 85–97.
Gupta, R., Gopal, R., Jat, M.L., Jat, R.K., Sidhu, H.S., Min-has, P.S., Malik, R.K. (2010). Wheat productivity in indo-gangetic plains of India during 2010: Terminal heat effects and mitigation strategies. PACA Newsletter, 14:1-11.
Gupta, R.K. and Sayre K.D. (2007). Conservation agriculture in South Asia. Journal Agricultural Science, 145: 207-214.
Hira, G. S. (2009). Water management in northern states and the food security of India. Journal Crop Improvement, 23: 136-157
Jat, M.L. (2013). Green House Gases (GHGs) emission studies in contrasting rice establishment methods under rice-wheat rotation of Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Annual Progress Report. Bayer Crop Science GHG project. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), El Batán,Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico, C.P. 56130 Mexico.
Jat, M.L., Gathala, M.K., Ladha, J.K., Saharawat, Y.S., Jat, A.S., Sharma, S.K., Kumar, V., Gupta, R.K. (2009). Evaluation of precision land leveling and double ze-rotillage systems in the rice-wheat rotation: Water use, productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Soil Tillage Research, 105: 112–121.
Jat, M.L., Gathala, M.K., Saharawat, Y.S., Tetarwal, J.P., Gupta, R. and YadvinderSingh. (2013). Double no-till and permanent raised beds in maize–wheat rotation of north-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India: Effects on crop yields, water productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Field Crops Research, 149: 291–299.
Jat, M.L., Jat, R.K., Gupta, Raj, and Gopal, Ravi. (2011). Conservation agriculture in cereal systems of South Asia: effect on crop productivity and carbon-based sustainability index. In: Resilient food systems for a changing world, Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Conservation Agriculture Incorporating 3rd Farming Systems Design Conference, Brisbane Australia, 26-29 September, 2011, p 26- 27.
Jat, M.L., Malik, R.K., Saharawat, Y.S., Gupta, Raj, Mal, B. and Paroda, Raj (Eds). (2012). Regional Dialogue on Conservation Agricultural in South Asia. Asia Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI), International Maize and Wheat Improve-ment Center (CIMMYT), Indian Council of Agricul-tural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India. p 34.
Khuhro, G.A., Tunio, G.S., Maitlo, N. and Mari, N. (2002). Zerotillage sowing method of wheat followed by trans-planted rice in Rice-wheat system. Journal of Applied Science, 2:302-307.
Ladha, J.K., Kumar, V., Alam, M.M., Sharma, S., Gathala, M., Chandna, P., Saharawat, Y.S. and Balasubramanian, V. (2009). Integrating crop and resource management technologies for enhanced productivity, profitability, and sustainability of the rice-wheat system in South Asia. In “Integrated Crop and Resource Management in the Rice–Wheat System of South Asia” (J. K. Ladha, Y. Singh, O. Erenstein, and B. Hardy, Eds.), International Rice Research Institute, Los Banõs, Philippines. pp. 69–108.
Malik, R.K., Gupta, R.K., Singh, C.M., Yadav, A., Brar, S.S., Thakur, T.C., Singh, S.S., Singh, A.K., Singh., R. and Sinha, R.K. (2005). Accelerating the Adoption of Resource Conservation Technologies in Rice Wheat System of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Proceedings of Project Workshop, Directorate of Extension Education, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU), June 1-2, 2005. Hisar, India.
Razzaq, A., Zafar, M.A. and Sabir, B.A. (1997). Control of insect pests on rice using tillage practices. Mechanizasion in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 28:29-30.
Saharawat, Y.S., Singh, B., Malik, R.K., Ladha, J.K., Gathala, M., Jat, M.L., Kumar, V. (2010). Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a ricewheat rotation in north-western IGP. Field Crops Research, 116: 260–267.
Singh, B. (2012). Incidence of the pink noctuid stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker), on wheat under two tillage conditions and three sowing dates in north-western plains of India. Journal of Entomology, 9(6): 368-376.
Singh, B., Shan, Y.H., Johnson-Beebout, S.E., Singh, Y. and Buresh, R.J. (2007). Crop residue management for low-land rice based cropping system in Asia. Advance in Agronomy, 98, 118-186.
Singh, H., Raheja, A., Sharma, R. and Kaur, T. (2013). Happy seeder - A conservation agriculture technology for managing rice residue for Central Punjab conditions. International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 6(2) : 355-358.
Singh, Y. and Sidhu, H.S. (2014). Management of Cereal Crop Residues for Sustainable Rice-Wheat Production System in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Proceed-ings Indian National Science Academy, 80 : 95-114
Tripathi, R.S., Raju,R. and Thimmappa, K. (2013). Impact of zero tillage on economics of wheat production in Hary-ana. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 26:101-108.
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Production potential and economics of wheat, Triticum aestivum as influenced by different planting methods in Punjab, India. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(2), 777-781. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.872
