Mycoparasitic capabilities of diverse native strain of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
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Abstract
The Fusarium wilt of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder and Hansen is recognised as one of the most devastating disease and major yield limiting factor in tomato growing regions worldwide. For eco-friendly and sustainable management of the disease, 19 Trichoderma native isolates belonging to 3 species of the genus, T. harzianum, T. asperellum and T. virens were evaluated in vitro against the pathogen using dual culture method. Out of 19 isolates, 8 isolates showed mycoparasitism, 8 isolates showed antibiosis and remaining showed lysis. Microscopic observations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) growth in dual cultures revealed that growth inhibition occurred just before near to contact with the antagonist. All T. harzianum isolates tested exhibited coiling around the hyphae of FOL. Isolates of T. harzianum, showed good coiling and growth inhibition of the pathogen. The T. harzianum strains did not differ in coiling pattern and gave somewhat equal coiling performances. Strains of T. asperellum, showed coiling but the coiling pattern of all these strains was different. Only one strain of T. virens showed coiling out of 2 strains. Among them T. harzianum (SVPUTh91) showed the best performance in vitro as biological control agent against FOL followed by T. asperellum and T. virens, resulting in 83, 73 and 65% reduction in colony growth, respectively.
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Keywords
Antibiosis, Coiling, Fusarium, Lysis, Trichoderma
References
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Anees, M., Tronsmo, A., Edel-Hermann, V., Gordon, H.L., Héraud, C. and Steinberg, C. (2010). Characterization of field isolates of Trichoderma antagonistic against Rhizoctonia solani. Fungal Biol., 114: 691-701
Askew, D.J. and Laing, M.D. (1994). The in vitro screening of 118 Trichoderma isolates for antagonism to Rhizoctonia solani and an evaluation of different environmental sites of Trichoderma as sources of aggressive strains. Plant Soil, 159: 277–81
Avis, T.J., Hamelin, R.C. and Belanger, R. (2001). Approaches to molecular characterization of fungal biocontrol agents: some case studies. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 23: 8-12.
Biswas, K.K. and Das, N.D. (1999). Biological control of pigeon pea wilt caused by Fusarium udum with Trichoderma spp. Ann. Plant Protec. Sci., 7(1): 46-50
Brewer, D., Mason, F.G. and Taylor, A. (1987). The production of alamethicins by Trichoderma spp. Can. J. Microbiol., 33: 619-625.
Brimner, T.A. and Boland, G.J. (2003). A review of the non-target effects of fungi used to biologically control plant diseases. Agri. Ecosyst. Environ., 100: 3-16.
Cal, A., Larena, I., Sabuquillo, P. and Melgarejo, P. (2004). Biological control of tomato wilts. Recent Research Development in Crop Sci., 1: 97-115.
Chaube, H.S., Mishra, D.S., Varshney, S., and Singh, U.S. (2002). Biological control of plant pathogens by fungal antagonistic: Historical background, present status and future prospects. Annu. Rev. Plant Pathol., 2: 1-42.
Chet, I. (1987). Trichoderma applications, mode of action and potential as a biocontrol agent of soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. In: (Chet, I. ed.) Innovative approaches to plant disease control. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 137-160.
Chet, I. and Baker, R. (1980). Induction of suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia solani in soil. Phytopathol., 70: 994-998
Chet, I. and Baker, R. (1981). Isolation and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma hamatum from soil naturally suppressive to Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathol., 71: 286-290.
Chet, I. and Inbar, J. (1994). Biological control of fungal pathogen. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 48:37-43
Choudary, K.A., Reddy, K.R.N. and Reddy, M.S. (2007). Antifungal activity and genetic variability of Trichoderma harzianum isolates. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 37(2): 1-6
Claydon, N., Allan, M., Hanso, J.R. and Avent, A.G. (1987). Antifungal alkyl pyrones of Trichoderma harzianum. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 88: 503-513
Dennis, C. and Webster, J. (1971). Antagonism properties of species groups of Trichoderma, II production of volatile antibiotics Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 57: 41-48
Dubey, S.C. and Suresh, M. (2006). Randomly Amplified Polymeric DNA Markers for Trichoderma species and Antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing Chickpea Wilt. Journal Phytopathol., 154: 663-669.
Elad, Y. (2000). Biological control foliar pathogens by means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action. Crop Protect., 19: 709-714.
Elad, Y., David, D. R., Levi, T., Kapat, A., Krishner, B., Guvrin, E., and Levine, A. (1998b). Trichoderma har-zianum, T-39 mechanisms of biocontrol of foliar pathogens. In: (Lyr, H., Russell, P.E., Dehne, H.W. and Sisler, H.D. eds.) Modern fungicides and antifungal compounds II. Andover, Hampshire, UK: Intercept. 459-467.
Elad, Y., Krishner, B., Nitzani, Y., and Sztejnberg, A. (1998a). Management of powdery mildews and gray mold of cucumber by Trichoderma harzianum T39 and Ampelomyces quisqualis AQ10. Biol. Control, 43: 241-251.
Gams, W. and Bissett, J. (2002). Morphological and identifi-cation of Trichoderma. In: Kubicek, C.P. and Harman, G.E. (eds.). Trochoderma and Gliocladium: Basic biology, taxonomy and genetics. Taylor & Francis Ltd, London, UK, pp. 3-31.
Haran, S., Schickler, H. and Chet, I. (1996). Molecular mechanism of lytic enzymes involved in the biocontrol activity of T. harzianum. Microbiol. 142: 2321-2331
Harman, G.E., Howell, C.R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I., and Lorito, I.M. (2004). Trichoderma species-Opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nature Rev., 2: 43-56
Henis, Y. (1984). Biological control. In: (Klug, M. J. and Reddy, C.A. eds.) Current perspectives in microbial ecology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, pp. 353-361.
Inbar, J., Abransky, D. and Cohen, D. (1994). Plant growth enhancement and disease control by Trichoderma harzianum in vegetable seedlings grown under commercial conditions. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 100: 337-346.
Joshi, B.B., Bhatt, R.P. and Bahukhandi, D. (2010). Antagonistic and Plant growth activity of Trichoderma isolates of Western Himalaya. J. Environ. Biol., 6: 921-928
Kay, S.J. and Stewart, A. (1994). Evaluation of fungal antagonists for control of onion white rot in soil box trials. Plant Pathol., 43: 371–77.
Kucuk, C. and Kivanc, M. (2003). Isolation of Trichoderma spp. and determination of their antifungal, biochemical and physiological features. Turk. J. Biol., 27: 247-253
Lynch, J.M. (1990). Fungi as antagonists. In: New directions in biological control: Alternatives for suppressing agricultural pests and diseases, Liss, New York, 243-253.
Metcalf, D.D. and Wilson, C.C. (2001). The process of antagonism of Sclerothium cepivorum in white rot affected onion roots by Trichoderma koningii. Plant Pathol., 50: 249-257
NHB Database (2014). Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India (www.nhb.gov.in)
Ojha, S. and Chatterjee, N.C. (2011). Mycoparasitism of Trichoderma spp. in biocontrol of fusarial wilt of tomato. Archive Phytopathol. Plant Protec., 44(8): 771-782
Prasad, L., Sagar, S., Chaudhary, S., Kumar, N. and Tomar, A. (2012). Determination of biodiversity using ITS-PCR-CAPS markers for Trichoderma sp. from rhizospheric soil of different location in India. Vegetos, 25(2): 336-341.
Prasad, L., Singh, R., Mishra, P. and Rana, N.S. (2010). Biomanurial and biological efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum on red rot disease of sugarcane. Environment and Ecology 28(4): 2229-2231
Ramezani, H. (2008). Biological control of root-rot of eggplant caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. American Eurasian J. Agri. Envir. Sci., 4(2): 218-220
Ramezani, H. (2010). Antagonistic effects of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causal agent of tomato wilt. Plant Protec. Journal, 2(1): 167-173
Rifai, M.A. (1969). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Mycol. Pap., 116: 1–56.
Samuels, G.J., Chaverri, P., Farr, D.F. and McCray, E.B. (2002). Trichoderma Online. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA; Retrieved 28, August 2015 from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/taxadescriptions/keys/TrichodermaIndex.cfm
Sharma, K.K. and Singh, U.S. (2014). Cultural and morphological characterization of rhizospheric isolates of fungal antagonist Trichoderma. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6(2): 451-456.
Siameto, E.N., Okoth, S., Amugune, N.O. and Chege, N.C. (2011). Molecular characterization and identification of biocontrol isolates of Trichoderma harzianum from EMBU district, Kenia. Tropic. Subtropic. Agroecosyst., 13: 81-90
Sivan, A. and Chet, I. (1993). Integrated control of media on growth and interactions between a range of soilborne glasshouse pathogens and antagonistic fungi. Phytopathol., 10: 127-142
Srinon, W., Chuncheen, K., Jirattiwarutkul, K., Soytong, K. and Kanokmedhakul, S. (2006). Efficacies of antagonistic fungi against Fusarium wilt disease of cucumber and tomato and the assay of its enzyme activity. J. Agri. Technol., 2(2): 191-201.
Sundaramoorthy, S. and Balabaskar, P. (2013). Biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma spp. against wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. J. Appl. Biol. & Biotech., 3(1): 36-40
Tjamos, E.C., Papavizas, G.C. and Cook, R.J. (1992). Biological control of plant diseases: Progress and challenges for the future. Plenum Press, New York.
van Loon, L.C., Bakker, P.A. and Pieterse, C.M. (1998). Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 36: 453-488
Weller, D.M. (1988). Biological control of soil borne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 26: 379-469
Whipps, J.M., McQquilken and Budge, S.P. (1993). Use of fungal antagonists for biocontrol of damping-off and Sclerotinia disease. Pestic. Sci., 37: 309-313
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. and Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribo-somal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: (Innis, M.A. et al., eds.) PCR protocol: A guide to methods and appli-cations. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315-322.
Almassi, F., Ghisalberti, E.L. and Narbey, M.J. (1991). New antibiotics from stran of T. harzianum. J. Nat. Product, 54: 396-402
Anees, M., Tronsmo, A., Edel-Hermann, V., Gordon, H.L., Héraud, C. and Steinberg, C. (2010). Characterization of field isolates of Trichoderma antagonistic against Rhizoctonia solani. Fungal Biol., 114: 691-701
Askew, D.J. and Laing, M.D. (1994). The in vitro screening of 118 Trichoderma isolates for antagonism to Rhizoctonia solani and an evaluation of different environmental sites of Trichoderma as sources of aggressive strains. Plant Soil, 159: 277–81
Avis, T.J., Hamelin, R.C. and Belanger, R. (2001). Approaches to molecular characterization of fungal biocontrol agents: some case studies. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 23: 8-12.
Biswas, K.K. and Das, N.D. (1999). Biological control of pigeon pea wilt caused by Fusarium udum with Trichoderma spp. Ann. Plant Protec. Sci., 7(1): 46-50
Brewer, D., Mason, F.G. and Taylor, A. (1987). The production of alamethicins by Trichoderma spp. Can. J. Microbiol., 33: 619-625.
Brimner, T.A. and Boland, G.J. (2003). A review of the non-target effects of fungi used to biologically control plant diseases. Agri. Ecosyst. Environ., 100: 3-16.
Cal, A., Larena, I., Sabuquillo, P. and Melgarejo, P. (2004). Biological control of tomato wilts. Recent Research Development in Crop Sci., 1: 97-115.
Chaube, H.S., Mishra, D.S., Varshney, S., and Singh, U.S. (2002). Biological control of plant pathogens by fungal antagonistic: Historical background, present status and future prospects. Annu. Rev. Plant Pathol., 2: 1-42.
Chet, I. (1987). Trichoderma applications, mode of action and potential as a biocontrol agent of soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. In: (Chet, I. ed.) Innovative approaches to plant disease control. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 137-160.
Chet, I. and Baker, R. (1980). Induction of suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia solani in soil. Phytopathol., 70: 994-998
Chet, I. and Baker, R. (1981). Isolation and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma hamatum from soil naturally suppressive to Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathol., 71: 286-290.
Chet, I. and Inbar, J. (1994). Biological control of fungal pathogen. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 48:37-43
Choudary, K.A., Reddy, K.R.N. and Reddy, M.S. (2007). Antifungal activity and genetic variability of Trichoderma harzianum isolates. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 37(2): 1-6
Claydon, N., Allan, M., Hanso, J.R. and Avent, A.G. (1987). Antifungal alkyl pyrones of Trichoderma harzianum. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 88: 503-513
Dennis, C. and Webster, J. (1971). Antagonism properties of species groups of Trichoderma, II production of volatile antibiotics Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 57: 41-48
Dubey, S.C. and Suresh, M. (2006). Randomly Amplified Polymeric DNA Markers for Trichoderma species and Antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing Chickpea Wilt. Journal Phytopathol., 154: 663-669.
Elad, Y. (2000). Biological control foliar pathogens by means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action. Crop Protect., 19: 709-714.
Elad, Y., David, D. R., Levi, T., Kapat, A., Krishner, B., Guvrin, E., and Levine, A. (1998b). Trichoderma har-zianum, T-39 mechanisms of biocontrol of foliar pathogens. In: (Lyr, H., Russell, P.E., Dehne, H.W. and Sisler, H.D. eds.) Modern fungicides and antifungal compounds II. Andover, Hampshire, UK: Intercept. 459-467.
Elad, Y., Krishner, B., Nitzani, Y., and Sztejnberg, A. (1998a). Management of powdery mildews and gray mold of cucumber by Trichoderma harzianum T39 and Ampelomyces quisqualis AQ10. Biol. Control, 43: 241-251.
Gams, W. and Bissett, J. (2002). Morphological and identifi-cation of Trichoderma. In: Kubicek, C.P. and Harman, G.E. (eds.). Trochoderma and Gliocladium: Basic biology, taxonomy and genetics. Taylor & Francis Ltd, London, UK, pp. 3-31.
Haran, S., Schickler, H. and Chet, I. (1996). Molecular mechanism of lytic enzymes involved in the biocontrol activity of T. harzianum. Microbiol. 142: 2321-2331
Harman, G.E., Howell, C.R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I., and Lorito, I.M. (2004). Trichoderma species-Opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nature Rev., 2: 43-56
Henis, Y. (1984). Biological control. In: (Klug, M. J. and Reddy, C.A. eds.) Current perspectives in microbial ecology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, pp. 353-361.
Inbar, J., Abransky, D. and Cohen, D. (1994). Plant growth enhancement and disease control by Trichoderma harzianum in vegetable seedlings grown under commercial conditions. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 100: 337-346.
Joshi, B.B., Bhatt, R.P. and Bahukhandi, D. (2010). Antagonistic and Plant growth activity of Trichoderma isolates of Western Himalaya. J. Environ. Biol., 6: 921-928
Kay, S.J. and Stewart, A. (1994). Evaluation of fungal antagonists for control of onion white rot in soil box trials. Plant Pathol., 43: 371–77.
Kucuk, C. and Kivanc, M. (2003). Isolation of Trichoderma spp. and determination of their antifungal, biochemical and physiological features. Turk. J. Biol., 27: 247-253
Lynch, J.M. (1990). Fungi as antagonists. In: New directions in biological control: Alternatives for suppressing agricultural pests and diseases, Liss, New York, 243-253.
Metcalf, D.D. and Wilson, C.C. (2001). The process of antagonism of Sclerothium cepivorum in white rot affected onion roots by Trichoderma koningii. Plant Pathol., 50: 249-257
NHB Database (2014). Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India (www.nhb.gov.in)
Ojha, S. and Chatterjee, N.C. (2011). Mycoparasitism of Trichoderma spp. in biocontrol of fusarial wilt of tomato. Archive Phytopathol. Plant Protec., 44(8): 771-782
Prasad, L., Sagar, S., Chaudhary, S., Kumar, N. and Tomar, A. (2012). Determination of biodiversity using ITS-PCR-CAPS markers for Trichoderma sp. from rhizospheric soil of different location in India. Vegetos, 25(2): 336-341.
Prasad, L., Singh, R., Mishra, P. and Rana, N.S. (2010). Biomanurial and biological efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum on red rot disease of sugarcane. Environment and Ecology 28(4): 2229-2231
Ramezani, H. (2008). Biological control of root-rot of eggplant caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. American Eurasian J. Agri. Envir. Sci., 4(2): 218-220
Ramezani, H. (2010). Antagonistic effects of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causal agent of tomato wilt. Plant Protec. Journal, 2(1): 167-173
Rifai, M.A. (1969). A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Mycol. Pap., 116: 1–56.
Samuels, G.J., Chaverri, P., Farr, D.F. and McCray, E.B. (2002). Trichoderma Online. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA; Retrieved 28, August 2015 from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/taxadescriptions/keys/TrichodermaIndex.cfm
Sharma, K.K. and Singh, U.S. (2014). Cultural and morphological characterization of rhizospheric isolates of fungal antagonist Trichoderma. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6(2): 451-456.
Siameto, E.N., Okoth, S., Amugune, N.O. and Chege, N.C. (2011). Molecular characterization and identification of biocontrol isolates of Trichoderma harzianum from EMBU district, Kenia. Tropic. Subtropic. Agroecosyst., 13: 81-90
Sivan, A. and Chet, I. (1993). Integrated control of media on growth and interactions between a range of soilborne glasshouse pathogens and antagonistic fungi. Phytopathol., 10: 127-142
Srinon, W., Chuncheen, K., Jirattiwarutkul, K., Soytong, K. and Kanokmedhakul, S. (2006). Efficacies of antagonistic fungi against Fusarium wilt disease of cucumber and tomato and the assay of its enzyme activity. J. Agri. Technol., 2(2): 191-201.
Sundaramoorthy, S. and Balabaskar, P. (2013). Biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma spp. against wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. J. Appl. Biol. & Biotech., 3(1): 36-40
Tjamos, E.C., Papavizas, G.C. and Cook, R.J. (1992). Biological control of plant diseases: Progress and challenges for the future. Plenum Press, New York.
van Loon, L.C., Bakker, P.A. and Pieterse, C.M. (1998). Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 36: 453-488
Weller, D.M. (1988). Biological control of soil borne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 26: 379-469
Whipps, J.M., McQquilken and Budge, S.P. (1993). Use of fungal antagonists for biocontrol of damping-off and Sclerotinia disease. Pestic. Sci., 37: 309-313
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. and Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribo-somal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: (Innis, M.A. et al., eds.) PCR protocol: A guide to methods and appli-cations. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315-322.
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Mycoparasitic capabilities of diverse native strain of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(2), 769-776. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.871
