Germination and emergence of four rattan Calamus species of Western ghats in response to different pre-sowing seed treatments
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Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of ten pre-sowing treatments on germination parameter of the four Calamus species in the nursery of College of Forestry, Vellanikkara. Most of the pre-sowing treatments of Calamus spp. gave better performance compared to the control. Complete removal of outer pericarp and sarcotesta of each seed manually (T2), Sulphuric acid treatment for 3-5 minutes after removing sarcotesta (T6) and Hot water treatment (500C) after removing sarcotesta for two minutes followed by soaking in water for 12 hours (T7) were found promising in all the species. The higher germination percentage (83.82, 89.96), mean daily germination (0.020, 3.39), peak value of germination (0.026, 3.45) and germination value (0.00041, 11.56) and was recorded for Calamus thwaitesii and C. metzianus in treatment with GA3 (T9) respectively. The maximum germination percentage (27.74), MDG (0.41), PVG (0.46) and GV (0.20) for C. hookerianus in T7 (Hot water treatment (500C) after removing sarcotesta for two minutes followed by soaking in water for 12 hours), and highest MDG (0.078), PVG (0.91) and GV (0.0065) for C. travancoricus in T5 (Sulphuric acid treatment for 3-5 minutes without removing sarcotesta). The present study reiterated that the pre-sowing treatments hold major scope in the propagation of rattan seedlings which usually could not germinate well under ordinary conditions due to dormancy.
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Keywords
Calamus, Pre-sowing treatment, Germination per cent, Germination value, Pericarp and Sarcotesta
References
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Ahmad, D.H. (1983). The effect of sowing media on the germination of Calamus tnanan and Calatnus caesius. Malay. For., 46: 77-80.
Aminuddin, M. and Zollpatah, A.R. (1990). A note on germination characteristics of Calamus manan and Calamus tumidus under laboratory and nursery condi-tions. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2: 260-262.
Bagaloyos, A.P. (1988). Rattan seed collection and storage. In: Proceedings of the Colloquium on Rattan Propaga-tion, Sabah, Malaysia.
Baker WJ, Hedderson TA, Dransfield J. (2000). Molecular phylogenetics of Calamus (Palmae) and related rattan genera based on 5S nrDNA spacer sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 14: 218–231.
Bevilaqua, G.A.P., Peske, S.T., Sanros-Filho, B.G. and Boudel, L.M.L. (1993). Performance of irrigated rice seed treatment with growth regulators. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 15: 67-74.
Bovi, M.L.A. and Cardoso, M. (1976a). Germinação de sementes de açaizeiro I. Bragantia, 35(1): 50-56.
Bovi, M.L.A. and Cardoso, M. (1976b). Germinação de sementes de palmiteiro II. Bragantia, 35(1): 23-29.
Bowen, M.R. and Eusebio, T.V. (1982). Seed handling practices: four fast growing hardwoods for humid tropi-cal plantations in the eighties. Malay. For., 45: 534-547.
Broschat, T.K. (1994). Palm Seed Propagation. Minutes Horticulture, 360: 141-147.
Cibele, C.M., Marlene, L.A.B. and Sandra, H.S. (2009). Substrate moisture level effect on seedling emergency and vigor of peach palm. Rev. Bras. Frutic., 31(1) : 224-230.
Cunha, A.C.C. and Garden, M.A.G. (1995). Germinal poten-tial assessment in (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Black, white varieties (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and sword. Bulletin of Pará Emílio Goeldi Museum ,11: 55-60.
Cunha, R. and Casali, W.D. (1989). Efeito de substancias reguladoras decrescimento sobre a germinacao de sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L.).Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal , 1: 121-132.
Czabator, F.J. (1962). Germination value index combining speed and completeness of pine seed germination. For-est Science , 8: 386-396.
da Luz, P.B., Tavares, A.R., Paiva, P.D.O., Aguiar, F.F.A. and Kanashiro, S. (2008). Lady palm seed germination: effects of pre-germination treatments. Rev. Árvore, 32(5): .793-798.
Darus, H. A. and Aminah, H. (1985). Nursery techniques for Calamus manan and C. caesius at the Forest Research Institute nursery, Kepong, Malaysia. In: K. M. Wong and N. Manokaran (eds.), Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar, Kuala Lumpur, 2-4 October 1984. The Rattan Information Centre, Forest Research Institute, Kepong, pp 33-40.
Doughty, S.C., O'Rourke, E.N., Barrios E.P. and Mowers. R.P. (1986). Germination induction of pygmy date palm seed. Principes, 30: 85-87.
Dransfield, J., Tesors, F.O. and Manokaran, N. (2002). Rat-tan current research issues and prospects for conserva-tion and sustainable development. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome, (Italy). Forest Products Div. , 280 p.
Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W., Harley, M., Lewis, C., (2008). Genera Palmarum: The Evolution and Classification of Palms. Kew Publishing, London.
Elias, M.E.A., Ferreira, S.A.N. and Gentle, D.F.O. (2006). Seedling of emergency (Astrocaryum aculeatumastrocaryum aculeatum ) according to the position of sowing. Minutes Amazonica , 36: 385-388.
Emerson, I., Rubens, S., Pivetta, K.F.L. and Jose, C.B. (2003). Substrates and temperatures on germination of Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien. Rev. Bras. Sementes, 25(2): 63-69.
Ferreira, S.A.N., Gentle, D.F.O. (2006). Extraction, embebição and Astrocaryum aculeatum seed germination. Minutes Amazonica, 36: 141-146.
Figliolia, M.B., Yamazoe, G. and Silva, A. (1987). Germination of seeds of Euterpe edulis Mart. In laboratory conditions and farmed after pre-germination treatments. Forestry Institute Bulletin, 41: 343-353.
Flach, M. (1997). Sago Palm: Metroxylon Sagu Rottb. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops 13. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Gatersleben) And International Plant Genetic Recourses Institute, Rome Italy.
Frazao, F.M.F. and Pinheiro, C.U.B. (1981). Germination Experiments With of Babassu ( Orbignya Spp.). Are Luiz: Inst. Est. Babassu, (Handwriting).
Frazao, J.M.F., Pinheiro, C. U.B. and Kury, N.S. (1981). Germination experiments with of Babassu Orbignya Spp.-I. Luiz: Inst. Est. Babassu.
Generalao, M.L. (1977). Effect of pre-treatment media on the germination of Palasan (Calamus muximus Blanco) and Limuran (C. ornatus Blanco) seeds at Pagbilao, Quezon. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J., 2(3): 215-218.
Goel, C.L. (1992). Tips on cultivation and harvesting tech-niques of canes (rattans) in India. In: Chand, B. S. and Bhat, K.M (Eds.), Rattan Management and Utilisation. Proceedings of Rattan Seminar in India, 29-31 January 1992, Trichur, pp 174-179.
Hans Raj, Yadav S. and Bisht, N.S. (2014). Current status, issues and conservation strategies for Rattans of North-East India. Tropical Plant Research ,1(2): 1-7.
Hong, I.T., Rao, V.R. and Amaral, W. (2000). Rattan genetic resources conservations and use IPGRI’s perspective and strategy. Pp: 635-667.
Isnard, S. and Rowe, N.P. (2008). Mechanical role of the leaf sheath in rattans. New Phytologist. 177: 643–652.
Kitze, E.D. (1958). The Method for Palm Germinating Seeds. Principes 2: 5-8.
Lorenzi, H., Souza, H. M., Costa, J. T. M., Cerqueira, L. S. C. and Ferreira, E. (2004). Palms and Exotic Brazilian. New Odessa: Plantarum, 416p.
Maeda, J.A. (1987). Germination of seeds palm Archonto phoenix Alexandrae. In: National Afforestation Meeting, Urbana, pp 99-107.
Manokaran, N. (1978). Germination of fresh seeds of Malaysian rattans. Malay. For., 41: 319-324.
Martins-Corder, M.P., Missouri, C. and Witt, S. (2006). Seed germination and seedling growth of different progenies of Euterpe edulis Mart. Rev. Tree, 30(5): 701-709.
Meerow, A.W. (1991). Palm Seed Germination. Gainesville: Florida Cooperative Extension Service, 10p. (Bulletin, 274).
Nagao, M.A. and Sakai, W.S. (1979). Effect of growth regulators on seed germination of Archontophoenix alexandrae. Horticulture Science , 14: 182-183.
Nagao, M.A., Kanegawa, K. and Sakai, W.S. (1980). Accelerating Palm Seed Germination with Gibberelic Acid Scarification and Bottom Heat. Horticultural Sci-ence 15: 200-201.
Negreiros, G.F. and Perez, S.C.J.G. (2004). Response of palm seeds to accelerated ageing. The Brazilian Agricultural Research 39: 391-396.
Nodari, R. (1998). Palmiteiro fruit conservation (Euterpe edulis Martins) storage under various conditions. Revised Tree 22: 1-10.
Oak, W.P.E.R. (1994). Brazilian Forest Species: Recommendations Silviculturais Potentials and Use of Wood. Colombo: EMBRAPA forests, 640p.
Odetola, J.A. (1987). Studies on seed dormancy, viability, and ornamental palms germination. Principes 31: 24-30.
Penariol, A.P. (2007). Germinação e morfologia de sementes de Roystonea regia (Kunth) o.f. Cook (arecaceae). The-sis submitted to Universidade Estadual Paulista, Cam-pus De Jaboticabal.
Renuka, C. (1999). Indian rattan distribution-An update. Indian Forester,125(6): 591–598.
Siebert, S.F. (2012). The Nature and Culture of Rattan. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu.
Singh, S., Ray, B.K., Gogoi, S. and Deka, P.C. (1999). Ger-mination of rattan seeds in vivo and in vitro conditions. Annals of Biology 15: 9-12.
Sumanthakul, V. (1989). Preliminary studies on the seed germination of Calamus latifolius and C. longisetus. In: Rao, A. N. et al. (Eds), Recent Research on Rattan. Proceedings of the International Rattan Seminar. Nov., 1987. Chiangmai, Thailand. Kasetsart Univ. & IDRC, pp 116-121.
Sunderland, T.C.H. (1999). New research on African rattans: an important non-wood forest products from the forests of Central Africa. In: T.C.H. Sunderland, L.E. Clark & P. Vantomme (eds). The non-wood forest products of Central Africa: current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.
Swapon B. and Baruah, S. (1994). Technique for enhancing germination frequency of rattan seeds. Journal of the Agri-cultural Science Society of North-East India 7: 131-132.
Upreti, J. and Dhar, U. (1997). Study on seed germination of a leguminous liana - Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott. Seed Science and Technology, 25: 187-194.
Ahmad, D.H. (1983). The effect of sowing media on the germination of Calamus tnanan and Calatnus caesius. Malay. For., 46: 77-80.
Aminuddin, M. and Zollpatah, A.R. (1990). A note on germination characteristics of Calamus manan and Calamus tumidus under laboratory and nursery condi-tions. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2: 260-262.
Bagaloyos, A.P. (1988). Rattan seed collection and storage. In: Proceedings of the Colloquium on Rattan Propaga-tion, Sabah, Malaysia.
Baker WJ, Hedderson TA, Dransfield J. (2000). Molecular phylogenetics of Calamus (Palmae) and related rattan genera based on 5S nrDNA spacer sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 14: 218–231.
Bevilaqua, G.A.P., Peske, S.T., Sanros-Filho, B.G. and Boudel, L.M.L. (1993). Performance of irrigated rice seed treatment with growth regulators. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 15: 67-74.
Bovi, M.L.A. and Cardoso, M. (1976a). Germinação de sementes de açaizeiro I. Bragantia, 35(1): 50-56.
Bovi, M.L.A. and Cardoso, M. (1976b). Germinação de sementes de palmiteiro II. Bragantia, 35(1): 23-29.
Bowen, M.R. and Eusebio, T.V. (1982). Seed handling practices: four fast growing hardwoods for humid tropi-cal plantations in the eighties. Malay. For., 45: 534-547.
Broschat, T.K. (1994). Palm Seed Propagation. Minutes Horticulture, 360: 141-147.
Cibele, C.M., Marlene, L.A.B. and Sandra, H.S. (2009). Substrate moisture level effect on seedling emergency and vigor of peach palm. Rev. Bras. Frutic., 31(1) : 224-230.
Cunha, A.C.C. and Garden, M.A.G. (1995). Germinal poten-tial assessment in (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Black, white varieties (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and sword. Bulletin of Pará Emílio Goeldi Museum ,11: 55-60.
Cunha, R. and Casali, W.D. (1989). Efeito de substancias reguladoras decrescimento sobre a germinacao de sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L.).Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal , 1: 121-132.
Czabator, F.J. (1962). Germination value index combining speed and completeness of pine seed germination. For-est Science , 8: 386-396.
da Luz, P.B., Tavares, A.R., Paiva, P.D.O., Aguiar, F.F.A. and Kanashiro, S. (2008). Lady palm seed germination: effects of pre-germination treatments. Rev. Árvore, 32(5): .793-798.
Darus, H. A. and Aminah, H. (1985). Nursery techniques for Calamus manan and C. caesius at the Forest Research Institute nursery, Kepong, Malaysia. In: K. M. Wong and N. Manokaran (eds.), Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar, Kuala Lumpur, 2-4 October 1984. The Rattan Information Centre, Forest Research Institute, Kepong, pp 33-40.
Doughty, S.C., O'Rourke, E.N., Barrios E.P. and Mowers. R.P. (1986). Germination induction of pygmy date palm seed. Principes, 30: 85-87.
Dransfield, J., Tesors, F.O. and Manokaran, N. (2002). Rat-tan current research issues and prospects for conserva-tion and sustainable development. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome, (Italy). Forest Products Div. , 280 p.
Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W., Harley, M., Lewis, C., (2008). Genera Palmarum: The Evolution and Classification of Palms. Kew Publishing, London.
Elias, M.E.A., Ferreira, S.A.N. and Gentle, D.F.O. (2006). Seedling of emergency (Astrocaryum aculeatumastrocaryum aculeatum ) according to the position of sowing. Minutes Amazonica , 36: 385-388.
Emerson, I., Rubens, S., Pivetta, K.F.L. and Jose, C.B. (2003). Substrates and temperatures on germination of Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien. Rev. Bras. Sementes, 25(2): 63-69.
Ferreira, S.A.N., Gentle, D.F.O. (2006). Extraction, embebição and Astrocaryum aculeatum seed germination. Minutes Amazonica, 36: 141-146.
Figliolia, M.B., Yamazoe, G. and Silva, A. (1987). Germination of seeds of Euterpe edulis Mart. In laboratory conditions and farmed after pre-germination treatments. Forestry Institute Bulletin, 41: 343-353.
Flach, M. (1997). Sago Palm: Metroxylon Sagu Rottb. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops 13. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Gatersleben) And International Plant Genetic Recourses Institute, Rome Italy.
Frazao, F.M.F. and Pinheiro, C.U.B. (1981). Germination Experiments With of Babassu ( Orbignya Spp.). Are Luiz: Inst. Est. Babassu, (Handwriting).
Frazao, J.M.F., Pinheiro, C. U.B. and Kury, N.S. (1981). Germination experiments with of Babassu Orbignya Spp.-I. Luiz: Inst. Est. Babassu.
Generalao, M.L. (1977). Effect of pre-treatment media on the germination of Palasan (Calamus muximus Blanco) and Limuran (C. ornatus Blanco) seeds at Pagbilao, Quezon. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J., 2(3): 215-218.
Goel, C.L. (1992). Tips on cultivation and harvesting tech-niques of canes (rattans) in India. In: Chand, B. S. and Bhat, K.M (Eds.), Rattan Management and Utilisation. Proceedings of Rattan Seminar in India, 29-31 January 1992, Trichur, pp 174-179.
Hans Raj, Yadav S. and Bisht, N.S. (2014). Current status, issues and conservation strategies for Rattans of North-East India. Tropical Plant Research ,1(2): 1-7.
Hong, I.T., Rao, V.R. and Amaral, W. (2000). Rattan genetic resources conservations and use IPGRI’s perspective and strategy. Pp: 635-667.
Isnard, S. and Rowe, N.P. (2008). Mechanical role of the leaf sheath in rattans. New Phytologist. 177: 643–652.
Kitze, E.D. (1958). The Method for Palm Germinating Seeds. Principes 2: 5-8.
Lorenzi, H., Souza, H. M., Costa, J. T. M., Cerqueira, L. S. C. and Ferreira, E. (2004). Palms and Exotic Brazilian. New Odessa: Plantarum, 416p.
Maeda, J.A. (1987). Germination of seeds palm Archonto phoenix Alexandrae. In: National Afforestation Meeting, Urbana, pp 99-107.
Manokaran, N. (1978). Germination of fresh seeds of Malaysian rattans. Malay. For., 41: 319-324.
Martins-Corder, M.P., Missouri, C. and Witt, S. (2006). Seed germination and seedling growth of different progenies of Euterpe edulis Mart. Rev. Tree, 30(5): 701-709.
Meerow, A.W. (1991). Palm Seed Germination. Gainesville: Florida Cooperative Extension Service, 10p. (Bulletin, 274).
Nagao, M.A. and Sakai, W.S. (1979). Effect of growth regulators on seed germination of Archontophoenix alexandrae. Horticulture Science , 14: 182-183.
Nagao, M.A., Kanegawa, K. and Sakai, W.S. (1980). Accelerating Palm Seed Germination with Gibberelic Acid Scarification and Bottom Heat. Horticultural Sci-ence 15: 200-201.
Negreiros, G.F. and Perez, S.C.J.G. (2004). Response of palm seeds to accelerated ageing. The Brazilian Agricultural Research 39: 391-396.
Nodari, R. (1998). Palmiteiro fruit conservation (Euterpe edulis Martins) storage under various conditions. Revised Tree 22: 1-10.
Oak, W.P.E.R. (1994). Brazilian Forest Species: Recommendations Silviculturais Potentials and Use of Wood. Colombo: EMBRAPA forests, 640p.
Odetola, J.A. (1987). Studies on seed dormancy, viability, and ornamental palms germination. Principes 31: 24-30.
Penariol, A.P. (2007). Germinação e morfologia de sementes de Roystonea regia (Kunth) o.f. Cook (arecaceae). The-sis submitted to Universidade Estadual Paulista, Cam-pus De Jaboticabal.
Renuka, C. (1999). Indian rattan distribution-An update. Indian Forester,125(6): 591–598.
Siebert, S.F. (2012). The Nature and Culture of Rattan. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu.
Singh, S., Ray, B.K., Gogoi, S. and Deka, P.C. (1999). Ger-mination of rattan seeds in vivo and in vitro conditions. Annals of Biology 15: 9-12.
Sumanthakul, V. (1989). Preliminary studies on the seed germination of Calamus latifolius and C. longisetus. In: Rao, A. N. et al. (Eds), Recent Research on Rattan. Proceedings of the International Rattan Seminar. Nov., 1987. Chiangmai, Thailand. Kasetsart Univ. & IDRC, pp 116-121.
Sunderland, T.C.H. (1999). New research on African rattans: an important non-wood forest products from the forests of Central Africa. In: T.C.H. Sunderland, L.E. Clark & P. Vantomme (eds). The non-wood forest products of Central Africa: current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.
Swapon B. and Baruah, S. (1994). Technique for enhancing germination frequency of rattan seeds. Journal of the Agri-cultural Science Society of North-East India 7: 131-132.
Upreti, J. and Dhar, U. (1997). Study on seed germination of a leguminous liana - Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott. Seed Science and Technology, 25: 187-194.
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Germination and emergence of four rattan Calamus species of Western ghats in response to different pre-sowing seed treatments. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(2), 760-768. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.870
