Induction of reactive oxygen species in brain of Etroplus maculatus after exposure to bisphenol A
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Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate that bisphenol A, an environmental estrogen, exposed at 648 ?g/ L concentration for 96 h could induce reactive oxygen species in brain of cichlid fish, Etroplus maculatus. Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase showed a reduction
in the activities at 5% level of significance with concomitant increase in the level of hydrogen peroxide generation (from 1.546 ± 0.426 (control), 1.506 ± 0.217 (DMSO) to 1.888 ± 0.368 (24 h), 5.332 ± 0.589 (72 h), 2.392 ± 0.341 (96 h)) and lipid peroxidation (from 2.805 ± 0.33 (control), 2.401 ± 0.309 (DMSO) to 3.596 ±0.373 (24 h), 5.65 ± 0.306 (72 h), 3.834 ± 0.236 (96 h)). The brain marker enzyme, acetylcholinesterase decreased at 24, 72 and 96 h in time-dependent manner than that of control groups. The present findings summarize that the increased production of oxygen free radicals due to the exposure of an environmental estrogen, bisphenol A at sub lethal concentration (648 ?g/ L) for 96 h inhibited the activities of antioxidant enzymes thereby induced oxidative stress in brain of fish. The decreased activity of brain marker enzyme, acetylcholinesterase reflect the neurotoxicity of bisphenol A in brain of fish, Etroplus maculatus and this could be one of the possible mechanisms of bisphenol A-induced neurodevelopmental disorders in fish.
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Keywords
Acetyl cholinesterase, Bisphenol A, Brain, Etroplus maculatus, Oxidative stress, ROS
References
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Asifa, K.P. and Chitra, K.C. (2015b). Determination of median lethal concentration (LC50) and behavioral changes on the Cichlid fish, Etroplus maculatus exposed to chlordecone. Int. J. Sci. Res. 4: 1473-1475.
Batista, M.T.O., Junior, E.R., Feijó-Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, A.C., Rodrigues, E., Suda, C.N.K. and Vani, G.S. (2014). Tissue levels of the antioxidant enzymes super-oxide dismutase and catalase in fish Astyanax bimaculatus from the Una River Basin. Rev. Ambient. Água. 9; 621-631.
Bindhumol, V., Chitra, K.C. and Mathur, P.P. (2003). Bisphenol A induces reactive oxygen species generation in the liver of male rats. Toxicology 188: 117-124.
Carlberg, I. and Mannervik, B.J. (1985). Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 5474-5480.
Chitra, K.C., Latchoumycandane, C. and Mathur, P.P. (2002). Induction of oxidative stress by bisphenol A in the epididymal sperm of rats. Toxicology 185: 119-127.
Chitra, K.C. and Sajitha, R. (2014). Effect of bisphenol A on the antioxidant defense system and its impact on the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in the gill of fresh-water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. J. Cell Tissue Res. 14: 4219-4226.
Chitra, K.C. and Sr Maiby. (2014). Oxidative stress of bisphenol-A and its adverse effect on the liver of fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Int. J. Sci. Res. 3: 221-224.
Claiborne, A. (1985). Catalase activity. In: CRC Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. R Greenwald (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 283-284.
Diamanti?Kandarakis, E., Bourguignon, J.P., Giudice, L.C., Hauser, R., Prins, G.S., Soto, A.M., Zoeller, R.T. and Gore, A.C. (2009). Endocrine disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews 30: 293?342.
Ekambaram, P., Narayanan, M. and Jayachandran, T. (2012). Changes in Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Stressed Fish Brain. Int. J. Sci. Res. 3: 164-170.
Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Anders, V. and Featherstone, R.M. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 3: 88–95.
Fernandez-Vega, C., Sancho, E., Ferrando, M.D. and Andreu, E. (1999). Thiobencarb toxicity and plasma AChE inhibition in the European eel. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B. 34: 6273.
Halliwell, B. (1993). The role of oxygen radicals in human disease, with particular reference to the vascular system. Pathophysiol. Haemo. T. 23: 118-126.
Howe, S. R. and Borodinsky, L. (1998). Potential exposure to bisphenol A from food-contact use of polycarbonate resins. Food Addit Contam 15: 370-375.
Kabuto, H., Hasuike, S., Minagawa, N. and Shishibori, T. (2003). Effects of bisphenol A on the metabolisms of reactive oxygen species in mouse tissues. Environ. Res. 93: 31–35.
Kang, J.H., Aasi, D. and Katayama, Y. (2007) Bisphenol A in the aquatic environment and its endocrine-disruptive effects on aquatic organisms. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 37: 607-625.
Krishnan, A.V., Stathis, P., Permuth, S.F., Tokes, L. and Feldman, D. (1993). Bisphenol-A: An estrogenic sub-stance is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving. Endocrinology 132: 2279–2286.
Kuiper, G.G., Lemmen, J.G., Carlsson, B., Corton, J.C., Safe, S.H., van der Saag, P.T., van der Burg, B. and Gustafsson, J.A. (1998). Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 139: 4252?4263.
Kumamoto, T. and Oshio, S. (2013). Effect of fetal exposure to bisphenol A on brain mediated by X-chromosome inactivation. J. Toxicol. Sci. 38: 485-494.
Livingstone, D.R. (2001). Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42: 656-666.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265–275.
Marklund, S. and Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of su-peroxide anion radical in antioxidation of pyrogallol and a constituent assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem. 47: 469-474.
Meesters, R.J. and Wa, H.F.S. (2002). Simultaneous determi-nation of 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A in sewage sludge. Anal. Chem. 74: 3566–3574.
Miron, D.S., Crestani, M., Shettinger, M.R., Morsch, V.M., Baldisserotto, B., Tierno, M.A., Moraes, G. and Vieira, V.L.P. (2005). Effects of the herbicides clomazone, quinclorac, and metsulfuron methyl on acetylcholi-nesterase activity in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) (Heptapteridae). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 61: 98-403.
Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. and Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxidation in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 95: 351-358.
Pick, E. and Keisari, Y. (1981). Superoxide anion and H2O2 production by chemically elicited peritoneal macro-phages-induced by multiple nonphagocytic stimuli. Cell Immunol. 59: 301-318.
Revathy, V. and Chitra, K.C. (2015). Acute exposure to Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) influenced histopathologi-cal and behavioural modification on the freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). Int. J. Res. 2: 464-477.
Safe, S.H., Pallaroni, L., Yoon, K., Gaido, K., Ross, S., Saville, B. and McDonnell, D. (2001). Toxicology of environmental estrogens. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 13: 307–315.
Sahin, E. and Gumuslu, S. (2004). Alterations in brain anti-oxidant status, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in response to different stress models. Behav. Brain. Res. 155: 241-248.
Sikka, S.C. (2001). Relative impact of oxidative stress on male reproductive function. Curr. Med. Chem. 8: 851-862.
Sumi, N. and Chitra, K.C. (2015). Consequence of fullerene nanoparticle (C60) on oxygen consumption and behav-ioural modification in Etroplus maculatus. Int. J. Curr. Res. Rev. 7: 40-44.
Thiele, .J.J., Freisleben, H.J., Fuchs, J. and Ochsendorf, F.R. (1995). Ascorbic acid and urate in human seminal plasma: determination and interrelationships with chemiluminescence in washed semen. Human Reprod. 10: 110-115.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2012). Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application. U.S. Depart-ment of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration.
Vandenberg, L.N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N. and Welshons, W.V. (2007). Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reprod. Toxicol. 24:139?177.
Winston, G.W. and Di Giulio, R.T. (1991). Pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms. Aquat. Toxicol. 19: 137-161.
Zhang, Z., Alomirah, H., Cho, H.S., Li, Y.F., Liao, C., Minh, T.B., Mohd M.A., Nakata, H., Ren N. and Kannan K. (2011). Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and their implications for human exposure in several Asian coun-tries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45: 7044-7050.
Asifa, K.P. and Chitra, K.C. (2015a). Evaluation of LC50 and behavioural responses of bisphenol A in the cichlid fish, Etroplus maculatus. Int. J. Curr. Res. 7: 16725-16729.
Asifa, K.P. and Chitra, K.C. (2015b). Determination of median lethal concentration (LC50) and behavioral changes on the Cichlid fish, Etroplus maculatus exposed to chlordecone. Int. J. Sci. Res. 4: 1473-1475.
Batista, M.T.O., Junior, E.R., Feijó-Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, A.C., Rodrigues, E., Suda, C.N.K. and Vani, G.S. (2014). Tissue levels of the antioxidant enzymes super-oxide dismutase and catalase in fish Astyanax bimaculatus from the Una River Basin. Rev. Ambient. Água. 9; 621-631.
Bindhumol, V., Chitra, K.C. and Mathur, P.P. (2003). Bisphenol A induces reactive oxygen species generation in the liver of male rats. Toxicology 188: 117-124.
Carlberg, I. and Mannervik, B.J. (1985). Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 5474-5480.
Chitra, K.C., Latchoumycandane, C. and Mathur, P.P. (2002). Induction of oxidative stress by bisphenol A in the epididymal sperm of rats. Toxicology 185: 119-127.
Chitra, K.C. and Sajitha, R. (2014). Effect of bisphenol A on the antioxidant defense system and its impact on the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in the gill of fresh-water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. J. Cell Tissue Res. 14: 4219-4226.
Chitra, K.C. and Sr Maiby. (2014). Oxidative stress of bisphenol-A and its adverse effect on the liver of fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Int. J. Sci. Res. 3: 221-224.
Claiborne, A. (1985). Catalase activity. In: CRC Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. R Greenwald (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 283-284.
Diamanti?Kandarakis, E., Bourguignon, J.P., Giudice, L.C., Hauser, R., Prins, G.S., Soto, A.M., Zoeller, R.T. and Gore, A.C. (2009). Endocrine disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews 30: 293?342.
Ekambaram, P., Narayanan, M. and Jayachandran, T. (2012). Changes in Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Stressed Fish Brain. Int. J. Sci. Res. 3: 164-170.
Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Anders, V. and Featherstone, R.M. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 3: 88–95.
Fernandez-Vega, C., Sancho, E., Ferrando, M.D. and Andreu, E. (1999). Thiobencarb toxicity and plasma AChE inhibition in the European eel. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B. 34: 6273.
Halliwell, B. (1993). The role of oxygen radicals in human disease, with particular reference to the vascular system. Pathophysiol. Haemo. T. 23: 118-126.
Howe, S. R. and Borodinsky, L. (1998). Potential exposure to bisphenol A from food-contact use of polycarbonate resins. Food Addit Contam 15: 370-375.
Kabuto, H., Hasuike, S., Minagawa, N. and Shishibori, T. (2003). Effects of bisphenol A on the metabolisms of reactive oxygen species in mouse tissues. Environ. Res. 93: 31–35.
Kang, J.H., Aasi, D. and Katayama, Y. (2007) Bisphenol A in the aquatic environment and its endocrine-disruptive effects on aquatic organisms. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 37: 607-625.
Krishnan, A.V., Stathis, P., Permuth, S.F., Tokes, L. and Feldman, D. (1993). Bisphenol-A: An estrogenic sub-stance is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving. Endocrinology 132: 2279–2286.
Kuiper, G.G., Lemmen, J.G., Carlsson, B., Corton, J.C., Safe, S.H., van der Saag, P.T., van der Burg, B. and Gustafsson, J.A. (1998). Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology 139: 4252?4263.
Kumamoto, T. and Oshio, S. (2013). Effect of fetal exposure to bisphenol A on brain mediated by X-chromosome inactivation. J. Toxicol. Sci. 38: 485-494.
Livingstone, D.R. (2001). Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42: 656-666.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265–275.
Marklund, S. and Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of su-peroxide anion radical in antioxidation of pyrogallol and a constituent assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem. 47: 469-474.
Meesters, R.J. and Wa, H.F.S. (2002). Simultaneous determi-nation of 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A in sewage sludge. Anal. Chem. 74: 3566–3574.
Miron, D.S., Crestani, M., Shettinger, M.R., Morsch, V.M., Baldisserotto, B., Tierno, M.A., Moraes, G. and Vieira, V.L.P. (2005). Effects of the herbicides clomazone, quinclorac, and metsulfuron methyl on acetylcholi-nesterase activity in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) (Heptapteridae). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 61: 98-403.
Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. and Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxidation in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 95: 351-358.
Pick, E. and Keisari, Y. (1981). Superoxide anion and H2O2 production by chemically elicited peritoneal macro-phages-induced by multiple nonphagocytic stimuli. Cell Immunol. 59: 301-318.
Revathy, V. and Chitra, K.C. (2015). Acute exposure to Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) influenced histopathologi-cal and behavioural modification on the freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). Int. J. Res. 2: 464-477.
Safe, S.H., Pallaroni, L., Yoon, K., Gaido, K., Ross, S., Saville, B. and McDonnell, D. (2001). Toxicology of environmental estrogens. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 13: 307–315.
Sahin, E. and Gumuslu, S. (2004). Alterations in brain anti-oxidant status, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in response to different stress models. Behav. Brain. Res. 155: 241-248.
Sikka, S.C. (2001). Relative impact of oxidative stress on male reproductive function. Curr. Med. Chem. 8: 851-862.
Sumi, N. and Chitra, K.C. (2015). Consequence of fullerene nanoparticle (C60) on oxygen consumption and behav-ioural modification in Etroplus maculatus. Int. J. Curr. Res. Rev. 7: 40-44.
Thiele, .J.J., Freisleben, H.J., Fuchs, J. and Ochsendorf, F.R. (1995). Ascorbic acid and urate in human seminal plasma: determination and interrelationships with chemiluminescence in washed semen. Human Reprod. 10: 110-115.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2012). Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application. U.S. Depart-ment of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration.
Vandenberg, L.N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N. and Welshons, W.V. (2007). Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reprod. Toxicol. 24:139?177.
Winston, G.W. and Di Giulio, R.T. (1991). Pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms. Aquat. Toxicol. 19: 137-161.
Zhang, Z., Alomirah, H., Cho, H.S., Li, Y.F., Liao, C., Minh, T.B., Mohd M.A., Nakata, H., Ren N. and Kannan K. (2011). Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and their implications for human exposure in several Asian coun-tries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45: 7044-7050.
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Induction of reactive oxygen species in brain of Etroplus maculatus after exposure to bisphenol A. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(1), 386-391. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.804
