Geochemistry of some ferruginous soils of Kerala, India
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Abstract
The four representative ferruginous soils on lateritic cover developed over Precambrian rocks in parts of Kottayam of Kerala were studied to understand the weathering pattern and genesis through geochemistry. These soils are strongly to moderately acidic, reddish brown with low Cation exchange capacity CEC and base saturation having SiO2 - 33 to 57%, Al2O3 - 16-31%, Fe2O3 - 8 to 15% and TiO2 -0.7 to 1.4%. Kanjirapalli (P3) and Athirampuzha (P4) soil series were more intensely weathered as compared to the Kinalur (P1) and Chingavanam series (P2) with silica to alumina -iron ratio less than 2 and had a significant negative relationship with Chemical index of alteration CIA ( -0.75**), Harnois index ( -0.678**), Richie index (-0.953**) and Plagioclase Index of Weathering (-0.705**). The trace elemental concentration ranges were above the values of world soils having an enrichment index more than 1 in Kanjirapalli series (P3) and Ni contamination in genetic horizons (Ni > 200µgg-1 ). The cluster analysis showed similar major oxide concentration pattern in Group -1 and Group - 2 but varied in trace elemental pattern with Cr > Ba > Cu in Group - 1 and Cu > Cr > Ba in Group- 2 soils whereas Zr > Ni > Mn in Group - 3 to Ni > Mn > Zr in Group - 4 soils. The study further showed that differential rate of weathering in soils under tropical climate was further accelerated due to anthropogenic activities such as improper land use practices and deforestation on sleep slopes.
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Keywords
Chemical index of weathering, Enrichment index, Index of laterization, Kerala, Trace elements
References
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Bhattacharyya, T., Pal, D.K., Lal, S., Chandran, P. and Ray, S. K. (2006). Formation and persistence of Mollisols on Zeolitic Deccan basalt of humid tropical India. Ge-oderma, 136: 609–620.
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Jayawardena, U.deS. and Izawa, E. (1994). A new chemical index of weathering for metamorphic silicate rocks in tropical regions: A study from Sri Lanka. Engineering Geology. 36(3-4): 303-310.
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Bhattacharyya, T., Pal, D.K., Lal, S., Chandran, P. and Ray, S. K. (2006). Formation and persistence of Mollisols on Zeolitic Deccan basalt of humid tropical India. Ge-oderma, 136: 609–620.
Bhattacharyya, T., Sarkar, D., Sehgal, J.L., Velayutham, M., Gajbhiye, K.S., Nagar, A. P., Nimkhedkar, S. S., 2009. Soil Taxonomic Database of India and the States (1:250, 000 scale), NBSSLUP Publ. 143, NBSS&LUP, Nagpur, India, (266 pp).
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Brantley, S., Cesley, L.J. and Stillings, L.L. (1999). Isotopic Ratios and Release Rates of Strontium Measured from Weathering Feldspars,” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62: 1493–1500.
Burke, C., Benjamin, Heimsath, M. Arjun and White, F. Arthur (2006). Coupling chemical weathering with soil production across soil-mantled landscapes, Earth Surface. Process. Landforms DOI: 10.1002/esp.1443
Callender, E. (2004). Heavy metals in the environ-ment - historical trends. In H.D. Holland, K.K. Turekian (Executive Eds.),Treatise on Geochemistry(pp. 67–105), B.S. Lollar (Volume Ed.). Environ-mental Geochemistry (Vol. 9). Oxford: Elsevier-Pergamon.
Chadwick, O.A., Gavenda, R.T., Kelly, E.F., Ziegler, K., Olson, C.G., Elliott, W.C. and Hendricks, D.M. (2003). The impact of climate on the biogeochemical functioning of volcanic soils. Chemical Geology, 202: 195–223.
Chandran, P., Ray, S., Bhatacharyya, T., Srivastava, P., Krishnan, P. and Pal, D.K. (2005). Lateritic soils (Ultisols) of Kerala, India: their genesis and taxonomy. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 43:839-852.
Chittleborough D.J. (1991). Indices of Weathering for Soils and Paleosols Formed on Silicate Rocks. Austr. J. Earth Sci., 38: 115–120.
Cornu, S., Lucas, Y., Lebon, E., Ambrosid, J.P., Luizãoe, F., Rouillerf, J., Bonnayg, M. and Nealh, C. (1999). Evi-dence of titanium mobility in soil profiles, Manaus, central Amazonia. Geoderma, 91: 281–295.
Damodaran, A. (1955). Geology of the warkalli formation in parts of Trivandrurn District, Travancore State, Pro-gress report of GSI, (Unpubl.) 1954-1955.
Darmody, R.G., Thorn, C.E. and Allen, C.E. (2005). Chemi-cal weathering and boulder mantles, Kärkevagge, Swed-ish Lapland. Geomorphology, 67: 159–170.
Deepthy, R. and Balakrishnan, S. (2005). Climatic control on clay mineral formation: Evidence from weathering pro-files developed on either side of the Western Ghats. Jour. Earth System Sci., 114: 545-556.
Eswaran, H. and Raghu Mohan, N.G. (1973). The microfab-ric of petroplinthite. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., 37: 79-82.
Eswaran, H., De Coninck, F. and Varghese, T. (1990). Role of plinthite and related forms in soil degradation, In Advance in Soil Science, 11: 109-127.
Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G.M. (1995). Unrav-eling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleo weathering conditions and provenance. Geology 23 (10): 921-924.
FAO.(1998). Top soil characterization for sustainable land management. Land and Water Development Division Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service. Draft. Rome. 1998.51p.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2006). World reference base for soil resources 2006 A framework for international classification, correlation and communication.World Soil Resource Reports 103.Rome. Italy.127p.
Gidigasu, M.D. (1976). Laterite soil engineering. Develop-ment in geotechnical engineering. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
Gupta, A.S. and Seshagiri Rao, K. (2001). Weathering indi-ces and their applicability for crystalline rocks. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env., 60: 201-221.
Harindranath, C.S., Venugopal, K.R.,. Raghu Mohan, N.G., Sehgal, J.L. and Velayuthm, M. (1999). Soils of Goa for optimising land use. NBSSPubl.74. NBSS & LUP, Nagpur. P131.
Harnois, L (1988). The CIW index: A new chemical index of weathering. Sedimentary Geology, 55(3-4): 319-322
Hossain, H.M.Z., Roser, B.P. and Kimura, J.I.(2010). Petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary Sylhet succession, northeastern Bengal Basin, Bangladesh: Provenance and source area weath-ering. Sediment. Geol., 228: 171-183.
Jayawardena, U.deS. and Izawa, E. (1994). A new chemical index of weathering for metamorphic silicate rocks in tropical regions: A study from Sri Lanka. Engineering Geology. 36(3-4): 303-310.
Kalpage, F.S.C.P. (1974). Tropical soils, classification, fertility and management.University of Malya, Kaula Lumpur, pp294.
Kamath, S.U. (1985). Karnataka State Gazetteer: Uttara Kan-nada District, Gazetteer of India, Government of Karna-taka, Bangalore.
Kirkwood, K.A. and Nesbitt, H. W. (1991). Formation and Diagenesis of Weathering Profiles. The Journal of Geol. 97: 129–147.
Krishnan, P., Venugopal, K.R. and Sehgal, J.L (1996). Soils of Kerala for optimising land use. NBSSPubl. 48b . NBSS& LUP, Nagpur.P 54, Soil Series of India.10.
Little, M.G. and. Aeolus Lee, C.T. (2006). On the formation of an inverted weathering profile on Mount Kiliman-jaro, Tanzania: buried paleosol or groundwater weather-ing. Chemical Geology, 235: 205–221.
Jackson, M.L. (1975). Soil chemical analysis–advanced course. Univ. of Wisconsin, College of Agric., Dept. of Soil Sci., Madison, WI Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Moufti, A.M.B. (2010). Field, Mineralogical and Geochemi-cal Characteristics of As-Sarat Laterite Profiles, SW Saudi Arabia. JAKU: Earth Sci., 21, (2): 47-75.
Nahon, D. (2003). Weathering in tropical zone. Significance through ancient and still active mechanisms. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 335: 1109–1119.
Narayana Swamy (1992). Geochemistry and Genesis of Lat-erite in parts of Cannore District, North Kerala. Ph.D thesis. The Cochin University of Science and Technology. pp.1-111
Nesbitt H.W., Markovics, G., and Price R.C. (1980). Chemi-cal processes affecting alkalis and alkaline earths during continental weathering . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 44: 1659–1666.
Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G.M. (1982). Early Proterozoic climates and plate motion inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 299: 715-717.
Nesbitt, H.W. and Markovics, G. (1997). Weathering of granodioritic crust, long-term storage of elements in weathering profiles, and petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61: 1653–1670.
Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., McLennan, S.M. and Keays, R.R. (1996). Effects of chemical weathering and sorting on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments, with implications for provenance studies . The Journal of Geology. 104: 525–542.
Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. (2002). Methods of Soil Analysis, Prt-2: Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp.159-164.
Pal, D.K., Wani, S.P., Sharawat, K.L. and Srivastava, P.(2014). Red ferruginous soils of tropical Indian environments: A reviewof the pedogenic processes and its implications for edaphology.Catena. 121:260-278.
Parker, A. (1970). An Index of Weathering for Silicate Rocks, Geol. Mag., 107: 501–504.
Price, J.R. and Velbel, M.A. (2003). Chemical weathering indices applied to weathering profiles developed on heterogeneous felsic metamorphic parent rocks. Chemical Geology, 202: 397–416.
Price, R.C., Gray, C.M., Wilson, R.E., Frey, F.A. and Taylor, S.R. (1991). The effects of weathering on rare-earth element, Y and Ba abundances in tertiary basalts from southeastern Australia. Journal of Chemical Geology, 93: 245–265.
Ramahashay, B.C., Rao, K.S., Mehta, V.K. and Bhavana, P.R. (1987). Minerology and Geochemistry of lateritic soil profiles in Kerala, India. Chemical Geology. 6091-4):327-330.
Ranger, J., Allie, S., Gelhaye, D., Pollier, B., Turpault, M.P. and Granier, A. (2002). Nutrient budgets for a rotation of a Douglas-fir plantation in the Beaujolais (France) based on a chronosequence study. Forest Ecol Manag., 171: 3-16.
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Geochemistry of some ferruginous soils of Kerala, India. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(1), 196-207. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.773
