Tradescantia pallida-derived silver nanoparticles for the management of Aedes aegypti
Article Main
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a cosmopolitan vector of arboviral diseases like dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. The management of these diseases requires effective mosquito control strategies due to the lack of suitable medications and vaccines. In addition, the inefficacy of insecticides due to multiple resistances and environmental safety concerns has raised interest in the use of botanicals for this purpose. Hence, the present study synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at 3 mM AgNO3 using varying volumes (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mL) of aqueous leaf extract of Tradescantia pallida (Tp-AgNPs) and estimated their efficacy against Ae. aegypti larvae. The results showed the highest larvicidal potential of Tp-AgNPs at 3 mM of silver nitrate, the efficacy increasing with exposure time. The larval mortality increased by 9.31–34.58% after 48 h of treatment as compared to 24 h, while a noticeable increase of 45.15–53.53% was observed after 72 h of treatment. The efficient Tp-AgNPs were characterized using various biophysical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). The results showed that they were synthesized at 312 nm. The nanoparticles were mostly spherical, with a solid face-centred cubic structure and were widespread, ranging in size from 15 to 40 nm. The FT-IR bands indicated that plant phytochemicals were involved in both breaking down and stabilizing AgNPs. Overall, the results show that T. pallida-mediated silver nanoparticles are cost-effective and efficient larvicidal agents against Ae. aegypti. The study recommends using Tp-AgNPs as an alternate to traditional chemical insecticides for controlling mosquito vectors.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Aedes aegypti, Larvicidal activity, Mosquito control, Silver nanoparticles, Tradescantia pallida
References
Aabed, K. & Mohammed, A. E. (2021). Synergistic and antagonistic effects of biogenic silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics against some pathogenic microbes. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, 652362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.652362
Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Swami, B. L. & Ikram, S. (2016). A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise. Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2015.02.007
Amer, A. & Mehlhorn, H. (2006). Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 99(4), 466-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0182-3
Arshad, F., Naikoo, G. A., Hassan, I. U., Chava, S. R., El-Tanani, M., Aljabali, A. A. & Tambuwala, M. M. (2024). Bioinspired and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for medical applications: a green perspective. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 196(6), 3636-3669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04719-z
Arya, A., Tyagi, P. K., Bhatnagar, S., Bachheti, R. K., Bachheti, A. & Ghorbanpour, M. (2024). Biosynthesis and assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles utilizing Cassia occidentalis L. seed. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 7243. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57823-3
Benelli, G. (2019). Managing mosquitoes and ticks in a rapidly changing world–Facts and trends. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(5), 921-929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.06.007
Benelli, G. & Mehlhorn, H. (2016). Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control. Parasitology Research, 115(5), 1747-1754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-4971-z
Bhatt, S., Gething, P. W., Brady, O. J., Messina, J. P., Farlow, A. W., Moyes, C. L., ... & Hay, S. I. (2013). The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature, 496(7446), 504-507. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12060
Campos, E. V. R., de Oliveira, J. L., Abrantes, D. C., Rogério, C. B., Bueno, C., Miranda, V. R., ... & Fraceto, L. F. (2020). Recent developments in nanotechnology for detection and control of Aedes aegypti-borne diseases. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 102. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00102
Dash, G. K., Hassan, N. F. B. C., Hashim, M. H. B. & Muthukumarasamy, R. (2020). Pharmacognostic study of Tradescantia pallida (Rose) DR Hunt leaves. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 13(1), 233-236. 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00047.5
Dass, K., Mariappan, P., Ramya, P. & Prakash, N. (2024). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for mosquito control: A review of larvicidal activity from plant extracts. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 45(22), 242-266. https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i224677
de Assunção, M. A. S., Dourado, D., Dos Santos, D. R., Faierstein, G. B., Braga, M. E. M., Junior, S. A., ... & Formiga, F. R. (2024). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 15(1), 1566-1575. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.15.123
Dzhagan, V., Smirnov, O., Kovalenko, M., Mazur, N., Hreshchuk, O., Taran, N., ... & Zahn, D. R. (2022). Spectroscopic study of phytosynthesized Ag nanoparticles and their activity as SERS substrate. Chemosensors, 10(4), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10040129
Ekpoma, O. M., Olowo, U. C. & Aigbodion, F. I. (2022). Phytochemical constituents and larvicidal efficacy of Calopogonium mucunoides leaf and Chrysophyllum albidum seed extracts against the Aedes aegypti larvae. Biologija, 68(3). https://doi.org/10.6001/biologija.v68i3.4787
Elango, G., Rahuman, A. A., Bagavan, A., Kamaraj, C., Zahir, A. A. & Venkatesan, C. (2009). Laboratory study on larvicidal activity of indigenous plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Parasitology Research, 104(6), 1381-1388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1339-7
Elumalai, D., Ashok, K., Suresh, A. & Hemavathi, M. (2016). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle using Achyranthes aspera and its larvicidal activity against three major mosquito vectors. Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food, 9(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2015.08.002
Gope, A., Rawani, A. & Chatterjee, P. (2023). Evaluation of mosquito larvicidal activity of green synthesized crystalline silver nanoparticles using leaf and fruit extracts of Phyllanthus acidus L. (Phyllanthaceae). Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 15(4), 11722. https://doi.org/10.55779/nsb15411722
Kojom Foko, L. P., Hawadak, J., Verma, V., Belle Ebanda Kedi, P., Eboumbou Moukoko, C. E., Kamaraju, R., ... & Singh, V. (2023). Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1109841. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1109841
Ghosh, A., Chowdhury, N. & Chandra, G. (2012). Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 135(5), 581-598. 135(5).
Gnanadesigan, M., Anand, M., Ravikumar, S., Maruthupandy, M., Vijayakumar, V., Selvam, S., ... & Kumaraguru, A. K. (2011). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using mangrove plant extract and their potential mosquito larvicidal property. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(10), 799-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60197-1
Huq, S., Shawkat Ali, M., Islam, R., Manzoor, F. & Rahman, I. (2016). Biological evaluation of native and exotic plants of Bangladesh. J. App. Pharm., 8(226), 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1920-4159.1000226
Hussain, I., Singh, N. B., Singh, A., Singh, H. & Singh, S. C. (2016). Green synthesis of nanoparticles and its potential application. Biotechnology Letters, 38(4), 545-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-015-2026-7
Jabli, M. (2018). Extraction of eco-friendly natural dyes from Tradescantia pallida purpurea and cynomorium coccineum growing naturally in Tunisia. Trends Textile Eng. Fashion Technol, 1, 1-4. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89753077
Karthika, P., Balasubramanian, C. & Arul, D. (2025). Larvicidal efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Coleus aromaticus and Wrightia tinctoria against Aedes aegypti. Next Materials, 4, 100651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.100651
Khan, T. & Ali, G. S. (2020). Variation in surface properties, metabolic capping, and antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: comparison of bio-fabrication potential in phytohormone-regulated cell cultures and naturally grown plants. RSC Advances, 10(64), 38831-38840. doi: 10.1039/d0ra90116d.
Krishnaraj, C., Jagan, E. G., Rajasekar, S., Selvakumar, P., Kalaichelvan, P. T. & Mohan, N. J. C. S. B. B. (2010). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 76(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.10.008
Kumar, S., Govindarajan, M., Benelli, G. & AlSalhi, M. S. (2023). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Alternanthera sessilis leaf extract and their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 60(2), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119418900.ch5
Kumari, P., Sudeshna S., Bhartendu V., Bhushan, A. & Saini, V.P. (2025). Larvicidal effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against Aedes aegypti Larvae. J. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 28 (8):1743-58. 10.9734/jabb/2025/v28i82845
Lade, B. D., Gogle, D. P. & Nandeshwar, S. B. (2017). Nano bio pesticide to constraint plant destructive pests. J. Nanomed. Res., 6(3), 1-9. 10.15406/jnmr.2017.06.00158
Li, X., Xu, H., Chen, Z. S., & Chen, G. (2011). Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms and their applications. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2011(1), 270974. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/270974
Madbouly, S. A., Zhang, C. & Zhang, J. (2015). Plant oil-based nanocomposites. In Bio-based Plant Oil Polymers and Composites (pp. 149-165). Elsevier Inc., 10.1016/B978-0-323-35833-0.00009-8
Malla, R. K. & Chandra, G. (2023). Diospyros montana mediated reduction, stabilization, and characterization of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their mosquitocidal potentiality against dengue vector Aedes albopictus. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 17202. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44442-7
Marimuthu, S., Rahuman, A. A., Rajakumar, G., Santhoshkumar, T., Kirthi, A. V., Jayaseelan, C., ... & Kamaraj, C. (2011). Evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites. Parasitology Research, 108(6), 1541-1549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2212-4
Mehlhorn, H., Schmahl, G. & Schmidt, J. (2005). Extract of the seeds of the plant Vitex agnus castus proven to be highly efficacious as a repellent against ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and biting flies. Parasitology Research, 95(5), 363-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-004-1297-z
Naaz, R., Siddiqui, V. U., Ahmad, A., Qadir, S. U. & Siddiqi, W. A. (2024). Study of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Tradescantia pallida (purpurea) leaves extract. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 45(5), 990-1000. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2023.2190394
National center for vector borne diseases control (NCVBDP). (2025). Dengue situation in India: Dengue cases and deaths in the country. Government of India.
https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in
Okaiyeto, K., Hoppe, H. & Okoh, A. I. (2021). Plant-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Salvia officinalis: characterization and its antiplasmodial activity. Journal of Cluster Science., 32(1), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-020-01766-y
Okeke, E. S., Nweze, E. J., Anaduaka, E. G., Okoye, C. O., Anosike, C. A., Joshua, P. E. & Ezeorba, T. P. C. (2023). Plant-derived nanomaterials (PDNM): a review on pharmacological potentials against pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and some metabolic diseases. 3 Biotech, 13(9), 291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03713-w
Pan American Health Organization & World Health Organization. (2024). Epidemiological update: Dengue in the Region of the Americas, 29 March 2024. https://www.paho.org
Pandey, A. N., Sagar, R., Sagar, S. K., Singh, S. & Kapoor, N. (2025). Susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti larvae against temephos 50% EC in South Zone, Delhi, India. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 12(6), 65–70. https://www.doi.org/10.22271/23487941.2025.v12.i6a.872
Parthiban, E., Ramachandran, M., Jayakumar, M. & Ramanibai, R. (2019). Biocompatible green synthesized silver nanoparticles impact on insecticides resistant developing enzymes of dengue transmitted mosquito vector. SN Applied Sciences, 1(10), 1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1311-9
Peddi, S. P. & Sadeh, B. A. (2015). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Achyranthes aspera L. stem extract. Int. J. Phys. Res, 5(1), 41-54.
Pilaquinga, F., Morey, J., Duel, P., Yánez-Jácome, G. S., Chuisaca-Londa, E., Guzmán, K., ... & de las Nieves Piña, M. (2024). Rapid, low-cost determination of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ using a cellulose paper-based sensor and UV–vis method with silver nanoparticles synthesized with S. mammosum. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 45, 100680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100680
Pintong, A. R., Ampawong, S., Komalamisra, N., Sriwichai, P., Popruk, S., & Ruangsittichai, J. (2020). Insecticidal and histopathological effects of Ageratum conyzoides weed extracts against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. Insects, 11(4), 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040224
Poudel, D. K., Niraula, P., Aryal, H., Budhathoki, B., Phuyal, S., Marahatha, R. & Subedi, K. (2022). Plant-mediated green synthesis of AgNPs and their possible applications: a critical review. Journal of Nanotechnology, 2022(1), 2779237. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2 779237
Radwan, I. T., Bagato, N., Ebaid, M. S., Hegazy, M. M., Farghali, M. A., Selim, A., ... & Alkhaibari, A. M. (2024). Synthesis of eco-friendly lipid-magnetite nanocomposite encapsulated Poinciana extract as promising insecticide against Culex pipiens. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 30456. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81078-7
Rajesh, A. & Madhumitha, G. (2023). An insight into the insecticidal activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles. Colloid Journal, 85(5), 854-870. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061933X23600045
Salunkhe, R. B., Patil, S. V., Patil, C. D. & Salunke, B. K. (2011). Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungus Cochliobolus lunatus against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera; Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 109(3), 823-831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2328-1
Shaalan, E. A. S., Canyon, D., Younes, M. W. F., Abdel-Wahab, H. & Mansour, A. H. (2005). A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environment International, 31(8), 1149-1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.03.003
Shah, S. S., Maqbool, A., Zaman, S., Idrees, M., Anjum, A. A., Afzal, S., ... & Nisar, A. (2015). Role of Aedes and Culex in dissemination of dengue virus. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 47(1). 47(1):273-276
Shahzadi, I., Aziz Shah, S. M., Shah, M. M., Ismail, T., Fatima, N., Siddique, M., ... & Ayaz, A. (2022). Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Tradescantia pallida extract. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 907551. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.907551
Sharifi-Rad, M., Elshafie, H. S. & Pohl, P. (2024). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Lallemantia royleana leaf extract: their bio-pharmaceutical and catalytic properties. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 448, 115318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.115318
Sharma, A. & Lee, B. K. (2015). Synthesis and characterization of anionic/nonionic surfactant-interceded iron-doped TiO2 to enhance sorbent/photo-catalytic properties. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 229, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2015.04.042
Sharma, A., Kumar, S. & Tripathi, P. (2016). Evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of five indigenous weeds against an Indian strain of dengue vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Parasitology Research, 2016(1), 2857089. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2857089
Sharma, A., Kumar, S. & Tripathi, P. (2019). A facile and rapid method for green synthesis of Achyranthes aspera stem extract-mediated silver nanocomposites with cidal potential against Aedes aegypti L. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(4), 698-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.001
Sharma, A., Tripathi, P. & Kumar, S. (2020). One-pot synthesis of silver nanocomposites from Achyranthes aspera: An eco-friendly larvicide against: Aedes aegypti: L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 10(2), 54-64. 10.4103/2221-1691.275420
Sharma, R., Singh, A. & Kumar, P. (2024). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acacia sinuata seed extract and evaluation of larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 44(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-05161-1
Sulaiman, M., Muhammad, M. A. A., Sulaiman, A. S., Abubakar, A. L., Sharma, R., Shuaibu, A. M., ... & Tiwari, R. (2024). Antimicrobial potential and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Ocimum sanctum extract. BioRxiv, 2024-09. https://doi.org/10.1101/202 4.09.19.613829
Suman, T. Y., Elumalai, D., Kaleena, P. K. & Rajasree, S. R. (2013). GC–MS analysis of bioactive components and synthesis of silver nanoparticle using Ammannia baccifera aerial extract and its larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors. Industrial Crops and Products, 47, 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.20 13.03.010
Tan, J. B. L., Yap, W. J., Tan, S. Y., Lim, Y. Y. & Lee, S. M. (2014). Antioxidant content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of five plants from the Commelinaceae family. Antioxidants, 3(4), 758-769. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3040758
Thakkar, J., Kanda, A. & Deshmukh, S. G. (2009). Supply chain performance measurement framework for small and medium scale enterprises. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 16(5), 702-723. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770910987878
Tran, A., L’ambert, G., Lacour, G., Benoît, R., Demarchi, M., Cros, M., ... & Ezanno, P. (2013). A rainfall-and temperature-driven abundance model for Aedes albopictus populations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(5), 1698-1719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10051698
Vignesh, V., Anbarasi, K. F., Karthikeyeni, S., Sathiyanarayanan, G., Subramanian, P. & Thirumurugan, R. (2013). A superficial phyto-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their assessment on hematological and biochemical parameters in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 439, 184-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.04.011
Warikoo, R. & Kumar, S. (2014). Oviposition altering and ovicidal efficacy of root extracts of Argemone mexicana against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2(4), 11-17. 10.4137/IJIS.S19006
WHO. Dengue and severe dengue. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue. 2024.
WHO. Global Vector Control 2017–2030. World Health Organization. 2022
WHO. Dengue and severe dengue. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue. 2025.
Widatalla, H. A., Yassin, L. F., Alrasheid, A. A., Ahmed, S. A. R., Widdatallah, M. O., Eltilib, S. H. & Mohamed, A. A. (2022). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Nanoscale Advances, 4(3), 911-915. 10.1039/D1NA00509J
Xu, H. & Käll, M. (2002). Surface-plasmon-enhanced optical forces in silver nanoaggregates. Physical Review Letters, 89(24), 246802. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.246802
Yagoo, A., Milton, M. J., Vilvest, J. & Ahino Jessie, A. A. (2025). Mosquito larvicidal efficacy of β-isocostic acid formulation against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01557-w
Zenkin, K., Durmuş, S., Emre, D., Bilici, A. & Yılmaz, S. (2025). Salvia officinalis leaf extract-stabilized NiO NPs, ZnO NPs, and NiO@ ZnO nanocomposite: Green hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and supercapacitor application. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(7), 10149-10164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05808-7
Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Ran, F., Cui, Y., Liu, C., Zhao, Q., ... & Wang, S. (2017). A comparison between sphere and rod nanoparticles regarding their in vivo biological behavior and pharmacokinetics. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 4131. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03834-2
Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Swami, B. L. & Ikram, S. (2016). A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise. Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2015.02.007
Amer, A. & Mehlhorn, H. (2006). Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 99(4), 466-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0182-3
Arshad, F., Naikoo, G. A., Hassan, I. U., Chava, S. R., El-Tanani, M., Aljabali, A. A. & Tambuwala, M. M. (2024). Bioinspired and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for medical applications: a green perspective. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 196(6), 3636-3669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04719-z
Arya, A., Tyagi, P. K., Bhatnagar, S., Bachheti, R. K., Bachheti, A. & Ghorbanpour, M. (2024). Biosynthesis and assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles utilizing Cassia occidentalis L. seed. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 7243. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57823-3
Benelli, G. (2019). Managing mosquitoes and ticks in a rapidly changing world–Facts and trends. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(5), 921-929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.06.007
Benelli, G. & Mehlhorn, H. (2016). Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control. Parasitology Research, 115(5), 1747-1754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-4971-z
Bhatt, S., Gething, P. W., Brady, O. J., Messina, J. P., Farlow, A. W., Moyes, C. L., ... & Hay, S. I. (2013). The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature, 496(7446), 504-507. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12060
Campos, E. V. R., de Oliveira, J. L., Abrantes, D. C., Rogério, C. B., Bueno, C., Miranda, V. R., ... & Fraceto, L. F. (2020). Recent developments in nanotechnology for detection and control of Aedes aegypti-borne diseases. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 102. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00102
Dash, G. K., Hassan, N. F. B. C., Hashim, M. H. B. & Muthukumarasamy, R. (2020). Pharmacognostic study of Tradescantia pallida (Rose) DR Hunt leaves. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 13(1), 233-236. 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00047.5
Dass, K., Mariappan, P., Ramya, P. & Prakash, N. (2024). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for mosquito control: A review of larvicidal activity from plant extracts. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 45(22), 242-266. https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i224677
de Assunção, M. A. S., Dourado, D., Dos Santos, D. R., Faierstein, G. B., Braga, M. E. M., Junior, S. A., ... & Formiga, F. R. (2024). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 15(1), 1566-1575. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.15.123
Dzhagan, V., Smirnov, O., Kovalenko, M., Mazur, N., Hreshchuk, O., Taran, N., ... & Zahn, D. R. (2022). Spectroscopic study of phytosynthesized Ag nanoparticles and their activity as SERS substrate. Chemosensors, 10(4), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10040129
Ekpoma, O. M., Olowo, U. C. & Aigbodion, F. I. (2022). Phytochemical constituents and larvicidal efficacy of Calopogonium mucunoides leaf and Chrysophyllum albidum seed extracts against the Aedes aegypti larvae. Biologija, 68(3). https://doi.org/10.6001/biologija.v68i3.4787
Elango, G., Rahuman, A. A., Bagavan, A., Kamaraj, C., Zahir, A. A. & Venkatesan, C. (2009). Laboratory study on larvicidal activity of indigenous plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Parasitology Research, 104(6), 1381-1388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1339-7
Elumalai, D., Ashok, K., Suresh, A. & Hemavathi, M. (2016). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle using Achyranthes aspera and its larvicidal activity against three major mosquito vectors. Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food, 9(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2015.08.002
Gope, A., Rawani, A. & Chatterjee, P. (2023). Evaluation of mosquito larvicidal activity of green synthesized crystalline silver nanoparticles using leaf and fruit extracts of Phyllanthus acidus L. (Phyllanthaceae). Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 15(4), 11722. https://doi.org/10.55779/nsb15411722
Kojom Foko, L. P., Hawadak, J., Verma, V., Belle Ebanda Kedi, P., Eboumbou Moukoko, C. E., Kamaraju, R., ... & Singh, V. (2023). Phytofabrication and characterization of Alchornea cordifolia silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antiplasmodial, hemocompatibility and larvicidal potential. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1109841. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1109841
Ghosh, A., Chowdhury, N. & Chandra, G. (2012). Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 135(5), 581-598. 135(5).
Gnanadesigan, M., Anand, M., Ravikumar, S., Maruthupandy, M., Vijayakumar, V., Selvam, S., ... & Kumaraguru, A. K. (2011). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using mangrove plant extract and their potential mosquito larvicidal property. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(10), 799-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60197-1
Huq, S., Shawkat Ali, M., Islam, R., Manzoor, F. & Rahman, I. (2016). Biological evaluation of native and exotic plants of Bangladesh. J. App. Pharm., 8(226), 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1920-4159.1000226
Hussain, I., Singh, N. B., Singh, A., Singh, H. & Singh, S. C. (2016). Green synthesis of nanoparticles and its potential application. Biotechnology Letters, 38(4), 545-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-015-2026-7
Jabli, M. (2018). Extraction of eco-friendly natural dyes from Tradescantia pallida purpurea and cynomorium coccineum growing naturally in Tunisia. Trends Textile Eng. Fashion Technol, 1, 1-4. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89753077
Karthika, P., Balasubramanian, C. & Arul, D. (2025). Larvicidal efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Coleus aromaticus and Wrightia tinctoria against Aedes aegypti. Next Materials, 4, 100651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.100651
Khan, T. & Ali, G. S. (2020). Variation in surface properties, metabolic capping, and antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: comparison of bio-fabrication potential in phytohormone-regulated cell cultures and naturally grown plants. RSC Advances, 10(64), 38831-38840. doi: 10.1039/d0ra90116d.
Krishnaraj, C., Jagan, E. G., Rajasekar, S., Selvakumar, P., Kalaichelvan, P. T. & Mohan, N. J. C. S. B. B. (2010). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 76(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.10.008
Kumar, S., Govindarajan, M., Benelli, G. & AlSalhi, M. S. (2023). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Alternanthera sessilis leaf extract and their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 60(2), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119418900.ch5
Kumari, P., Sudeshna S., Bhartendu V., Bhushan, A. & Saini, V.P. (2025). Larvicidal effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against Aedes aegypti Larvae. J. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 28 (8):1743-58. 10.9734/jabb/2025/v28i82845
Lade, B. D., Gogle, D. P. & Nandeshwar, S. B. (2017). Nano bio pesticide to constraint plant destructive pests. J. Nanomed. Res., 6(3), 1-9. 10.15406/jnmr.2017.06.00158
Li, X., Xu, H., Chen, Z. S., & Chen, G. (2011). Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms and their applications. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2011(1), 270974. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/270974
Madbouly, S. A., Zhang, C. & Zhang, J. (2015). Plant oil-based nanocomposites. In Bio-based Plant Oil Polymers and Composites (pp. 149-165). Elsevier Inc., 10.1016/B978-0-323-35833-0.00009-8
Malla, R. K. & Chandra, G. (2023). Diospyros montana mediated reduction, stabilization, and characterization of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their mosquitocidal potentiality against dengue vector Aedes albopictus. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 17202. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44442-7
Marimuthu, S., Rahuman, A. A., Rajakumar, G., Santhoshkumar, T., Kirthi, A. V., Jayaseelan, C., ... & Kamaraj, C. (2011). Evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites. Parasitology Research, 108(6), 1541-1549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2212-4
Mehlhorn, H., Schmahl, G. & Schmidt, J. (2005). Extract of the seeds of the plant Vitex agnus castus proven to be highly efficacious as a repellent against ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and biting flies. Parasitology Research, 95(5), 363-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-004-1297-z
Naaz, R., Siddiqui, V. U., Ahmad, A., Qadir, S. U. & Siddiqi, W. A. (2024). Study of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Tradescantia pallida (purpurea) leaves extract. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 45(5), 990-1000. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2023.2190394
National center for vector borne diseases control (NCVBDP). (2025). Dengue situation in India: Dengue cases and deaths in the country. Government of India.
https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in
Okaiyeto, K., Hoppe, H. & Okoh, A. I. (2021). Plant-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Salvia officinalis: characterization and its antiplasmodial activity. Journal of Cluster Science., 32(1), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-020-01766-y
Okeke, E. S., Nweze, E. J., Anaduaka, E. G., Okoye, C. O., Anosike, C. A., Joshua, P. E. & Ezeorba, T. P. C. (2023). Plant-derived nanomaterials (PDNM): a review on pharmacological potentials against pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and some metabolic diseases. 3 Biotech, 13(9), 291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03713-w
Pan American Health Organization & World Health Organization. (2024). Epidemiological update: Dengue in the Region of the Americas, 29 March 2024. https://www.paho.org
Pandey, A. N., Sagar, R., Sagar, S. K., Singh, S. & Kapoor, N. (2025). Susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti larvae against temephos 50% EC in South Zone, Delhi, India. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 12(6), 65–70. https://www.doi.org/10.22271/23487941.2025.v12.i6a.872
Parthiban, E., Ramachandran, M., Jayakumar, M. & Ramanibai, R. (2019). Biocompatible green synthesized silver nanoparticles impact on insecticides resistant developing enzymes of dengue transmitted mosquito vector. SN Applied Sciences, 1(10), 1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1311-9
Peddi, S. P. & Sadeh, B. A. (2015). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Achyranthes aspera L. stem extract. Int. J. Phys. Res, 5(1), 41-54.
Pilaquinga, F., Morey, J., Duel, P., Yánez-Jácome, G. S., Chuisaca-Londa, E., Guzmán, K., ... & de las Nieves Piña, M. (2024). Rapid, low-cost determination of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ using a cellulose paper-based sensor and UV–vis method with silver nanoparticles synthesized with S. mammosum. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 45, 100680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100680
Pintong, A. R., Ampawong, S., Komalamisra, N., Sriwichai, P., Popruk, S., & Ruangsittichai, J. (2020). Insecticidal and histopathological effects of Ageratum conyzoides weed extracts against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. Insects, 11(4), 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040224
Poudel, D. K., Niraula, P., Aryal, H., Budhathoki, B., Phuyal, S., Marahatha, R. & Subedi, K. (2022). Plant-mediated green synthesis of AgNPs and their possible applications: a critical review. Journal of Nanotechnology, 2022(1), 2779237. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2 779237
Radwan, I. T., Bagato, N., Ebaid, M. S., Hegazy, M. M., Farghali, M. A., Selim, A., ... & Alkhaibari, A. M. (2024). Synthesis of eco-friendly lipid-magnetite nanocomposite encapsulated Poinciana extract as promising insecticide against Culex pipiens. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 30456. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81078-7
Rajesh, A. & Madhumitha, G. (2023). An insight into the insecticidal activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles. Colloid Journal, 85(5), 854-870. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061933X23600045
Salunkhe, R. B., Patil, S. V., Patil, C. D. & Salunke, B. K. (2011). Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungus Cochliobolus lunatus against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera; Culicidae). Parasitology Research, 109(3), 823-831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2328-1
Shaalan, E. A. S., Canyon, D., Younes, M. W. F., Abdel-Wahab, H. & Mansour, A. H. (2005). A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environment International, 31(8), 1149-1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.03.003
Shah, S. S., Maqbool, A., Zaman, S., Idrees, M., Anjum, A. A., Afzal, S., ... & Nisar, A. (2015). Role of Aedes and Culex in dissemination of dengue virus. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 47(1). 47(1):273-276
Shahzadi, I., Aziz Shah, S. M., Shah, M. M., Ismail, T., Fatima, N., Siddique, M., ... & Ayaz, A. (2022). Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Tradescantia pallida extract. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 907551. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.907551
Sharifi-Rad, M., Elshafie, H. S. & Pohl, P. (2024). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Lallemantia royleana leaf extract: their bio-pharmaceutical and catalytic properties. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 448, 115318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.115318
Sharma, A. & Lee, B. K. (2015). Synthesis and characterization of anionic/nonionic surfactant-interceded iron-doped TiO2 to enhance sorbent/photo-catalytic properties. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 229, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2015.04.042
Sharma, A., Kumar, S. & Tripathi, P. (2016). Evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of five indigenous weeds against an Indian strain of dengue vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Parasitology Research, 2016(1), 2857089. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2857089
Sharma, A., Kumar, S. & Tripathi, P. (2019). A facile and rapid method for green synthesis of Achyranthes aspera stem extract-mediated silver nanocomposites with cidal potential against Aedes aegypti L. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(4), 698-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.001
Sharma, A., Tripathi, P. & Kumar, S. (2020). One-pot synthesis of silver nanocomposites from Achyranthes aspera: An eco-friendly larvicide against: Aedes aegypti: L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 10(2), 54-64. 10.4103/2221-1691.275420
Sharma, R., Singh, A. & Kumar, P. (2024). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acacia sinuata seed extract and evaluation of larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 44(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-05161-1
Sulaiman, M., Muhammad, M. A. A., Sulaiman, A. S., Abubakar, A. L., Sharma, R., Shuaibu, A. M., ... & Tiwari, R. (2024). Antimicrobial potential and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Ocimum sanctum extract. BioRxiv, 2024-09. https://doi.org/10.1101/202 4.09.19.613829
Suman, T. Y., Elumalai, D., Kaleena, P. K. & Rajasree, S. R. (2013). GC–MS analysis of bioactive components and synthesis of silver nanoparticle using Ammannia baccifera aerial extract and its larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors. Industrial Crops and Products, 47, 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.20 13.03.010
Tan, J. B. L., Yap, W. J., Tan, S. Y., Lim, Y. Y. & Lee, S. M. (2014). Antioxidant content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of five plants from the Commelinaceae family. Antioxidants, 3(4), 758-769. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3040758
Thakkar, J., Kanda, A. & Deshmukh, S. G. (2009). Supply chain performance measurement framework for small and medium scale enterprises. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 16(5), 702-723. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770910987878
Tran, A., L’ambert, G., Lacour, G., Benoît, R., Demarchi, M., Cros, M., ... & Ezanno, P. (2013). A rainfall-and temperature-driven abundance model for Aedes albopictus populations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(5), 1698-1719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10051698
Vignesh, V., Anbarasi, K. F., Karthikeyeni, S., Sathiyanarayanan, G., Subramanian, P. & Thirumurugan, R. (2013). A superficial phyto-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their assessment on hematological and biochemical parameters in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 439, 184-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.04.011
Warikoo, R. & Kumar, S. (2014). Oviposition altering and ovicidal efficacy of root extracts of Argemone mexicana against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2(4), 11-17. 10.4137/IJIS.S19006
WHO. Dengue and severe dengue. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue. 2024.
WHO. Global Vector Control 2017–2030. World Health Organization. 2022
WHO. Dengue and severe dengue. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue. 2025.
Widatalla, H. A., Yassin, L. F., Alrasheid, A. A., Ahmed, S. A. R., Widdatallah, M. O., Eltilib, S. H. & Mohamed, A. A. (2022). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Nanoscale Advances, 4(3), 911-915. 10.1039/D1NA00509J
Xu, H. & Käll, M. (2002). Surface-plasmon-enhanced optical forces in silver nanoaggregates. Physical Review Letters, 89(24), 246802. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.246802
Yagoo, A., Milton, M. J., Vilvest, J. & Ahino Jessie, A. A. (2025). Mosquito larvicidal efficacy of β-isocostic acid formulation against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01557-w
Zenkin, K., Durmuş, S., Emre, D., Bilici, A. & Yılmaz, S. (2025). Salvia officinalis leaf extract-stabilized NiO NPs, ZnO NPs, and NiO@ ZnO nanocomposite: Green hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and supercapacitor application. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(7), 10149-10164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05808-7
Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Ran, F., Cui, Y., Liu, C., Zhao, Q., ... & Wang, S. (2017). A comparison between sphere and rod nanoparticles regarding their in vivo biological behavior and pharmacokinetics. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 4131. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03834-2
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Tradescantia pallida-derived silver nanoparticles for the management of Aedes aegypti. (2026). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 18(1), 312-324. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v18i1.7545
