Development and behavioural toxicity of deltamethrin on Rattus norvegicus following gestational exposure
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Abstract
Deltamethrin, a synthetic type II pyrethroid was used at acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels to evaluate the embryo toxic risk in rat offsprings. Commercial formulation of deltamethrin (Decis 2.8 EC) at the level of ADI (0.01 mg/kg bw/day) and ten times ADI (0.1 mg/kg bw/day) was given orally to female rats (Rattus norvegicus) after mating until the end of pregnancy. The rats which did not breed were sacrificed for uterine examination, total implantations and resorptions. No toxicological symptoms were found in the rats treated with ADI level of deltamethrin, however rats treated with 10 times ADI dose of deltamethrin appeared weak and less active. Rats treated with 10×ADI did not breed and resorptions and cysts were observed in their uterus and ovary respectively. In rats treated with ADI dose of deltamethrin, litter size was reduced, pups gained less body weight and their developmental parameters and behavioural milestones were delayed as compared to control rats pups. The results suggested that gestational exposure of deltamethrin on growth and viability of rat offsprings at ADI level also affected the development and behaviour of rat offsprings.
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Keywords
Behaviour, Deltamethrin, Development, Female rats, Rat pups
References
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Ahmad, L. (2010). Pathological effects of cypermethrin in rabbits. Ph.D dissertation. Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ahmad, L. and Khan, A. (2012). Pyrethroid-induced reproductive toxico-pathology in non-target species. Pak. Vet. J., 32: 1-9.
Ahmed N and Gupta P. K. (1988). Reproduction (one generation) toxicity of cypermethrin in rats. J. Environ. Biol., 9: 149-56.
Altman, J. and Sudarshan, K. (1975). Postnatal development of locomotion in the laboratory rat. Anim. Behav., 23: 896-920.
Aziz, M. H., Agrawal, A.K., Adhami, V. M., Shukla, Y. and Seth, P. K. (2001). Neurodevelopmental consequences of gestational exposure (GD14-GD20) to low dose deltamethrin in rats. Neurosci. Letters, 300 (3):161–165.
Berkowitz, G. S., Obel, J., Deych, E., Lapinski, R., Godbold, J., Liu, Z., Landrigan, P. J. and Wolff, M. S. (2003) Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic, urban cohort. Environ. Hlth. Perspect, 111: 79–84.
Bhaumik, A. and Gupta, P. K. (1990). Teratogenicity of deltamethrin in rats. Indian Vet. J., 67 (3): 213-219.
Biernacki, B., Wlodarczyk, B., Minta, M. and Juszkiewicz, T. (1995). Influence of cypermethrin on pregnancy and fetal development in rabbits. Med. Wet., 51: 31-33.
Eskenazi, B., Harley, K., Bradman, A., Weltzien, E., Jewell, N. P and Barr, D. B. (2004). Association of in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 112: 1116–1124.
Farag, A.T., Goda, N.F., Shaaban, N.A. and Mansee, A.H. (2007). Effects of oral exposure of synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin on the behavior of F1-progeny in mice. Reprod. Toxicol., 23: 560–567.
Gandhi, D.N., Panchal, G.M. and Dhull, D.K. (2014). Neuro-behavioral toxicity in progeny of rat mothers exposed to methylmercury during gestation. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità., 50: 28-37.
Garry, V.V. (2004). Pesticides and children. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol., 198 (2): 152–163
Gomes, M.S., Bernardi, M.M. and Spinosa, H.S. (1991a). Effects of prenatal pyrethroid insecticide exposure on the sexual development of rats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 33: 427-428.
Gomes, M.S., Bernardi, M.M. and Spinosa, H.S. (1991b). Pyrethroid insecticides and pregnancy: effect on physical and behavioural development of rats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 33: 315-317.
Huang, C. and Li, X. (2014). Maternal Cypermethrin |Exposure during the Perinatal Period Impairs Testicular Development in C57BL Male Offspring. PLoS ONE. 9 (5): 96781.
Husain, R. and Seth, P.K. (1991). Neurotoxic effects of deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid during early development in rats. Int. J. Toxicol. Occup. Env. Hlth., 1(1): 138.
James (2008). Evidence that mammalian sex ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormone levels around the time of conception. J. Endocrinol., 198: 3-15.
Kandil, A.M. (2006). Toxic Effects of Deltamethrin on the Pregnant Rats and Their Fetuses. J. Drug. Res., 27: 82-89.
Kumar, A. and Nagar, M. (2014). Histomorphometric study of testis in deltamethrin treated albino rats. Toxicology Reports.,1: 401-410.
Lapointe, G. and Nosal, G. (1979). A rat model of neurobehavioral development. Experientia Basel., 35: 205-207.
Lazarini, C.A., Florio, J.C., Lemonica, I.P. and Bernardi, M.M. (2001). Effects of prenatal exposure to deltamethrin on forced swimming behavior, motor activity, and striatal dopamine levels in male and female rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol., 23 (6): 665–673.
Lemos, A.J.J.M., Wanderley-Teixeira, V., Teixeira, A.A.C., FdCA, Silva., Oliveira, J.V. and de Siqueira, H.A.A. (2011). Response of Blastocyst-Endometrium Interactions in Albino Rats to Sublethal Doses of Biological and Synthetic Insecticides. Food Chem. Toxicol., 49: 2541-2547.
Li, X. and Rehman, N. (2008) Impact of androgen/estrogen ratio: lessons learned from the aromatase over expression mice. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 159: 1-9.
Li, X., Nokkala, E., Yan, W., Streng, T. and Saarinen, N. (2001). Altered structure and function of reproductive organs in transgenic male mice overexpressing human aromatase. Endocrinol., 142: 2435-2442.
McGregor, D.B. (2000). Pesticide residues in Food Deltamethrin International agency for research on cancer. Lyon, France.
McLachlan, J.A. (2001). Environmental signaling: what embryos and evolution teach us about endocrine disrupting chemicals? Endo. Rev., 22: 319-341.
Mocarelli, P., Gerthoux, P.M., Ferrari, E., Patterson, D.G. and Kieszak, S.M. (2000). Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring. Lancet., 355: 1858-1863.
Muthviveganandavel, V., Muthuraman, P., Muthu, S. and Srikumar, K. (2008). A study on low dose cypermethrin induced histopathology, lipid peroxidation and marker enzyme changes in male rat. Pesticide Biochem Physiol., 9:12-16.
Presibella, K.M., Kita, D.H., Carneiro, C.B., Andrade, A.J. and Dalsenter, P.R. (2005). Reproductive evaluation of two pesticides combined (deltamethrin and endosulfan) in female rats. Reprod. Toxicol., 20 (1): 95-101.
Schettgen, T., Koch, H.M., Drexler, H. and Angerer, J. (2002). Newgaschromatographic- mass spectrometric method for the determination of urinary pyrethroid metabolites in environmental medicine. J. Chromatogr. B .Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 778: 121–130.
Sharma, D. and Sangha, G.K. (2014). Triazophos induced oxidative stress and histomorphological changes in liver and kidney of female albino rats. Pest Biochem. Physiol., 110:71-80.
Sheet, L.P. (2000). A consideration of age-dependent differences in susceptibility to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides. Neurotoxicol., 21: 57–63.
Shukla, Y. and Taneja, P. (2002). Mutagenic potential of cypermethrin in mouse dominant lethal assay. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 21: 259-265.
Turner, K.J., Barlow, N.J., Struv., M.F., Wallance, D.G., Gaido, K.W., Dorman, D.C. and Foster, D.M.D. (2002). Effect of in utero exposure to the organophosphate insecticide Fenintrothion on Androgen- Dependent Reproductive development in the Crl: CD(SD)BR Rat. Toxicological Sci., 68: 17.
Ullah, M.S., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, N., Khan, M.Z. and Ahmad, I. (2006). Toxic effects of cypermethrin in female rabbits. Pak. Vet. J., 26: 193-196.
Wigle, D.T., Arbuckle, T.E., Turner, M.C., Bérubé, A. and Yang, Q. (2008). Epidemiologic evidence of relationships between reproductive and child health outcomes and environmental chemical contaminants. J. Toxicol. Environ. Hlth. B. Crit. Rev., 11: 373-317.
Wrenn, J.M., Rodwell, D.E., Goldenthal, E.I., Spider, E.J.C. and Rajasekaran, D. (1980). Three generation reproduction study in rats. CDPR. Mattawan, IRDC Study.
Xavier, R., Rekha, K. and Bairy and K.L. (2004). Health perspective of pesticide exposure and dietary management. Mal. J. Nutr., 10: 39-51.
Yousef, M.I., El-Demerdash. and Al-Salhen, K.S. (2003). Protective role of isoflavones against the toxic effect of cypermethrin on semen quality and testosterone levels of rabbits (Anglais, abstract in English). J. Environ. Sc. Hlth. B., 38: 463-478.
Zober, A., Hoffmann, G., Ott, M.G., Will, W. and Germann, C. (1995). Study of morbidity of personnel with potential exposure to vinclozolin. Occup. Environ. Med., 52: 233-241.
Ahmad, L. (2010). Pathological effects of cypermethrin in rabbits. Ph.D dissertation. Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ahmad, L. and Khan, A. (2012). Pyrethroid-induced reproductive toxico-pathology in non-target species. Pak. Vet. J., 32: 1-9.
Ahmed N and Gupta P. K. (1988). Reproduction (one generation) toxicity of cypermethrin in rats. J. Environ. Biol., 9: 149-56.
Altman, J. and Sudarshan, K. (1975). Postnatal development of locomotion in the laboratory rat. Anim. Behav., 23: 896-920.
Aziz, M. H., Agrawal, A.K., Adhami, V. M., Shukla, Y. and Seth, P. K. (2001). Neurodevelopmental consequences of gestational exposure (GD14-GD20) to low dose deltamethrin in rats. Neurosci. Letters, 300 (3):161–165.
Berkowitz, G. S., Obel, J., Deych, E., Lapinski, R., Godbold, J., Liu, Z., Landrigan, P. J. and Wolff, M. S. (2003) Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic, urban cohort. Environ. Hlth. Perspect, 111: 79–84.
Bhaumik, A. and Gupta, P. K. (1990). Teratogenicity of deltamethrin in rats. Indian Vet. J., 67 (3): 213-219.
Biernacki, B., Wlodarczyk, B., Minta, M. and Juszkiewicz, T. (1995). Influence of cypermethrin on pregnancy and fetal development in rabbits. Med. Wet., 51: 31-33.
Eskenazi, B., Harley, K., Bradman, A., Weltzien, E., Jewell, N. P and Barr, D. B. (2004). Association of in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 112: 1116–1124.
Farag, A.T., Goda, N.F., Shaaban, N.A. and Mansee, A.H. (2007). Effects of oral exposure of synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin on the behavior of F1-progeny in mice. Reprod. Toxicol., 23: 560–567.
Gandhi, D.N., Panchal, G.M. and Dhull, D.K. (2014). Neuro-behavioral toxicity in progeny of rat mothers exposed to methylmercury during gestation. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità., 50: 28-37.
Garry, V.V. (2004). Pesticides and children. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol., 198 (2): 152–163
Gomes, M.S., Bernardi, M.M. and Spinosa, H.S. (1991a). Effects of prenatal pyrethroid insecticide exposure on the sexual development of rats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 33: 427-428.
Gomes, M.S., Bernardi, M.M. and Spinosa, H.S. (1991b). Pyrethroid insecticides and pregnancy: effect on physical and behavioural development of rats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 33: 315-317.
Huang, C. and Li, X. (2014). Maternal Cypermethrin |Exposure during the Perinatal Period Impairs Testicular Development in C57BL Male Offspring. PLoS ONE. 9 (5): 96781.
Husain, R. and Seth, P.K. (1991). Neurotoxic effects of deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid during early development in rats. Int. J. Toxicol. Occup. Env. Hlth., 1(1): 138.
James (2008). Evidence that mammalian sex ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormone levels around the time of conception. J. Endocrinol., 198: 3-15.
Kandil, A.M. (2006). Toxic Effects of Deltamethrin on the Pregnant Rats and Their Fetuses. J. Drug. Res., 27: 82-89.
Kumar, A. and Nagar, M. (2014). Histomorphometric study of testis in deltamethrin treated albino rats. Toxicology Reports.,1: 401-410.
Lapointe, G. and Nosal, G. (1979). A rat model of neurobehavioral development. Experientia Basel., 35: 205-207.
Lazarini, C.A., Florio, J.C., Lemonica, I.P. and Bernardi, M.M. (2001). Effects of prenatal exposure to deltamethrin on forced swimming behavior, motor activity, and striatal dopamine levels in male and female rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol., 23 (6): 665–673.
Lemos, A.J.J.M., Wanderley-Teixeira, V., Teixeira, A.A.C., FdCA, Silva., Oliveira, J.V. and de Siqueira, H.A.A. (2011). Response of Blastocyst-Endometrium Interactions in Albino Rats to Sublethal Doses of Biological and Synthetic Insecticides. Food Chem. Toxicol., 49: 2541-2547.
Li, X. and Rehman, N. (2008) Impact of androgen/estrogen ratio: lessons learned from the aromatase over expression mice. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 159: 1-9.
Li, X., Nokkala, E., Yan, W., Streng, T. and Saarinen, N. (2001). Altered structure and function of reproductive organs in transgenic male mice overexpressing human aromatase. Endocrinol., 142: 2435-2442.
McGregor, D.B. (2000). Pesticide residues in Food Deltamethrin International agency for research on cancer. Lyon, France.
McLachlan, J.A. (2001). Environmental signaling: what embryos and evolution teach us about endocrine disrupting chemicals? Endo. Rev., 22: 319-341.
Mocarelli, P., Gerthoux, P.M., Ferrari, E., Patterson, D.G. and Kieszak, S.M. (2000). Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring. Lancet., 355: 1858-1863.
Muthviveganandavel, V., Muthuraman, P., Muthu, S. and Srikumar, K. (2008). A study on low dose cypermethrin induced histopathology, lipid peroxidation and marker enzyme changes in male rat. Pesticide Biochem Physiol., 9:12-16.
Presibella, K.M., Kita, D.H., Carneiro, C.B., Andrade, A.J. and Dalsenter, P.R. (2005). Reproductive evaluation of two pesticides combined (deltamethrin and endosulfan) in female rats. Reprod. Toxicol., 20 (1): 95-101.
Schettgen, T., Koch, H.M., Drexler, H. and Angerer, J. (2002). Newgaschromatographic- mass spectrometric method for the determination of urinary pyrethroid metabolites in environmental medicine. J. Chromatogr. B .Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 778: 121–130.
Sharma, D. and Sangha, G.K. (2014). Triazophos induced oxidative stress and histomorphological changes in liver and kidney of female albino rats. Pest Biochem. Physiol., 110:71-80.
Sheet, L.P. (2000). A consideration of age-dependent differences in susceptibility to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides. Neurotoxicol., 21: 57–63.
Shukla, Y. and Taneja, P. (2002). Mutagenic potential of cypermethrin in mouse dominant lethal assay. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 21: 259-265.
Turner, K.J., Barlow, N.J., Struv., M.F., Wallance, D.G., Gaido, K.W., Dorman, D.C. and Foster, D.M.D. (2002). Effect of in utero exposure to the organophosphate insecticide Fenintrothion on Androgen- Dependent Reproductive development in the Crl: CD(SD)BR Rat. Toxicological Sci., 68: 17.
Ullah, M.S., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, N., Khan, M.Z. and Ahmad, I. (2006). Toxic effects of cypermethrin in female rabbits. Pak. Vet. J., 26: 193-196.
Wigle, D.T., Arbuckle, T.E., Turner, M.C., Bérubé, A. and Yang, Q. (2008). Epidemiologic evidence of relationships between reproductive and child health outcomes and environmental chemical contaminants. J. Toxicol. Environ. Hlth. B. Crit. Rev., 11: 373-317.
Wrenn, J.M., Rodwell, D.E., Goldenthal, E.I., Spider, E.J.C. and Rajasekaran, D. (1980). Three generation reproduction study in rats. CDPR. Mattawan, IRDC Study.
Xavier, R., Rekha, K. and Bairy and K.L. (2004). Health perspective of pesticide exposure and dietary management. Mal. J. Nutr., 10: 39-51.
Yousef, M.I., El-Demerdash. and Al-Salhen, K.S. (2003). Protective role of isoflavones against the toxic effect of cypermethrin on semen quality and testosterone levels of rabbits (Anglais, abstract in English). J. Environ. Sc. Hlth. B., 38: 463-478.
Zober, A., Hoffmann, G., Ott, M.G., Will, W. and Germann, C. (1995). Study of morbidity of personnel with potential exposure to vinclozolin. Occup. Environ. Med., 52: 233-241.
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Development and behavioural toxicity of deltamethrin on Rattus norvegicus following gestational exposure. (2016). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.743
