A preliminary assessment of bird diversity in unprotected wetlands of Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India
Article Main
Abstract
There have been numerous studies on assessing bird diversity in protected wetlands, but those in unprotected wetlands are the least studied. The present study aimed to assess the bird species diversity of four unprotected wetlands located in Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India, from September 2024 to August 2025. The data was collected monthly using a point count of 20 m radius. Altogether, 119 bird species belonging to 104 genera, spread across 52 families and 19 orders, were observed. Passeriformes, with 51 species belonging to 23 families, had the highest diversity. Accipitridae (9 species; 7.56%) was the most dominant family. These wetlands supported 94 resident bird species, 23 winter visitors, one summer visitor i.e. Merops philippinus (Blue-tailed Bee-eater) and one passage visitor i.e. Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Chestnut Bittern). The unprotected wetlands provided habitat for three Near Threatened species – Esacus recurvirostris (Great Thick-knee), Cursorius coromandelicus (Indian Courser) and Ciconia episcopus (Asian Woollyneck), two Vulnerable species – Aythya ferina (Common Pochard) and Grus Antigone (Sarus Crane) and one Endangered species - Neophron percnopterus (Egyptian Vulture). Most species showed a declining global population trend (n=40) for e.g. Pernis ptilorhynchus (Oriental Honey-buzzard), Anas poecilorhyncha (Indian Spot-billed Duck), Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling-duck), Querquedula querquedula (Garganey), Sarkidiornis melanotos (Knob-billed Duck), Spatula clypeata (Northern Shoveler), Actitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper), Motacilla flava (Western Yellow Wagtail), Ardea purpurea (Purple Heron), Nycticorax nycticorax (Black-crowned Night-heron), Pseudibis papillosa (Red-naped Ibis), Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little Grebe). This study highlights the importance of unprotected wetlands as valuable bird habitats amid anthropogenic pressures, underscoring the need for immediate conservation measures.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Bird species richness, Global population trend, Human-dominant areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status, Migratory birds
References
Adhikari, J.N., Khatiwada, J.R., Adhikari, D., Sapkota, S., Bhattarai, B.P., Rijal, D. & Sharma, L.N. (2022). Comparison of bird diversity in protected and unprotected wetlands of western lowland of Nepal. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 14(1), 20371–20386. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7452.14.1.20371-20386
Amat, J.A. & Green, A.J. (2010). Waterbirds as bioindicators of environmental conditions (pp. 45–52). In Hurford, C., Schneider, M. & Cowx, I. (Eds.), Conservation monitoring in freshwater habitats (p. 187). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9278-7_5
Anand, J., Byju, H., Nefa, A., Abhijith, S., Reshi, O.R. & Aarif, K.M. (2023). Conservation significance of Changaram wetlands—a key wintering site for migratory shorebirds and other waterbirds in the western coast of Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 15(1), 22410–22418. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8089.15.1.22410-22418
Bakker, K.K. (2005). South Dakota all bird conservation plan. Wildlife division report 2005–09. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks.
Beresford, P., Barker, F.K., Ryan, P.G. & Crowe, T.M. (2005). African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeriformes): molecular systematic of several evolutionary “enigmas”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 272, 849-858 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2997
Bibby, C.J., Hill, D.A., Burgess, N.D. & Mustoe, S. (2000). Bird census techniques (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
BirdLife International. (2022). Country profile: India. BirdLife International. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/india
Chakravarty, S., Ghosh, S., Suresh, C., Dey, A. & Shukla, G. (2012). Deforestation: Causes, effects and control strategies (pp. 1–26). In Shukla, G. (Ed.), Global perspectives on sustainable forest management (p. 315). Intech Rijeka.
Cox, R.L. & Underwood, E.C. (2011). The importance of conserving biodiversity outside of protected areas in Mediterranean ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 6(1), e14508. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014508
Dar, S.A. & Dar, J.A. (2024). Linking carbon storage with land use dynamics in a coastal Ramsar wetland. Science of the Total Environment, 932, 173078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173078
Davidson, N.C. (2014). How much wetland has the world lost? Long–term and recent trends in global wetland area. Marine and Freshwater Research, 65, 934–941.
Dudley, N., Groves, C., Redford, K.H. & Stolton, S. (2014). Where now for protected areas? Setting the stage for the 2014 World Parks Congress. Oryx, 48(4), 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000519
eBird. (2025). eBird Uttar Pradesh. https://ebird.org/region/IN-UP
Ghermandi, A., Van Den Bergh, J.C.J.M., Brander, L.M., De Groot, H.LF. & Nunes, P.A.L.D. (2010). Values of natural and human‐made wetlands: A meta‐analysis. Water Resources Research, 46, 1–12.
GoUP. (2025). Government of Uttar Pradesh. District Gonda, Government of Uttar Pradesh. https://gonda.nic.in/
Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press & Christopher Helm.
IUCN. (2025). International union for conservation of nature. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2021–3). http://www.iucnredlist.org
Jha, K.K. (2015). Challenges in sustainable management of wetland-based sanctuaries of Uttar Pradesh with reference to avian diversity. Conference Paper. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291354765_Challenges_in_Sustainable_Managem ent_of_Wetland_Based_Sanctuaries_of_Uttar_Pradesh_with_Reference_to_Avian_diversity
Joshi, O., Singh, N. & Sathiyaselvam, P. (2024). Waterbird diversity of Saman Wetland Complex in Uttar Pradesh: a crucial site for India’s National Action Plan on migratory birds. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 16(6), 25373–25384. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8750.16.6.25373-25384
Kanaujia, A., Kumar, A., Kushwaha, S. & Kumar, A. (2013). Diversity of waterbirds in Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Science and Research, 4(1), 862-866.
Khan, M. & Khalid, M.A. (2024). Study on the diversity of bird population found at Sandi Bird Sanctuary, Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 27(2), 1753.
Khan, M.S., Atab, Z., Syed, A., Nawab, A., Ilyas, O. & Khan, A. (2013). Composition and conservation status of avian species at Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5(12), 4714–4721. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3419.4714-21
Kingsford, R.T., Basset, A. & Jackson, L. (2016). Wetlands: Conservation's poor cousins. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26, 892–916.
Kumar, A. & Kanaujia, A. (2017). A comparative study on avifaunal diversity, threats and conservational requirements of wetlands of Uttar Pradesh. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 9(2), 107-113.
Kumar, P., Rai, D. & Gupta, S.K. (2016). Wetland bird assemblage in rural ponds of Kurukshetra, India. Waterbirds, 39(1), 86-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/ 063.039.0111
KVK. (2025). Krishi Vigyan Kendra. District Profile—Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gonda. https://gonda.kvk4.in/district-profile.php
MacKinnon, J. & Philips, K. (1993). A Field Guide to Birds of Sumatra, Java and Bali. Oxford University Press, 512 pp.
Manral, U. & Khudsar, F.A. (2013). Assessment of wetland water quality and avian diversity of a human-modified floodplain wetland on river Yamuna. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 5(1), 25–33.
Mazumdar, S. (2019). Composition of avian communities in a human-modified wetland Okhla Bird Sanctuary, India: With notes on conservation initiatives. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 72, 31–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-017-0239-6
Mishra, H., Kumar, V. & Kumar, A. (2016). Foraging guild status, diversity and population structure of waders of the river Ganges in district Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4(6), 415-419.
Mishra, H., Kumar, V. & Kumar, A. (2020). Population structure and habitat utilization of migratory birds at Bakhira Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 52(1), 247–254.
MOEFCC. (2025). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. https://moef.gov.in/uploads/pdf-ploads/pdf_683d78bed6ae93.65077128.pdf
Muralikrishnan, S., Shanmugam, E., Nagendran, N. A. & Pandiaraja, D. (2023). Diversity and abundance of aquatic birds in Koonthankulam village pond, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 15(6), 23297–23306. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.66 12.15.6.23297-23306
Praveen, J., Jayapal, R. & Pittie, A. (2020). Taxonomic updates to the checklists of birds of India, and the South Asian region – 2020. Indian Birds, 16(1), 12–19.
Prigent, C., Papa, F., Aires, F., Jimenez, C., Rossow, W. & Matthews, E. (2012). Changes in land surface water dynamics since the 1990s and relation to population pressure. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051276
Rai, D. & Vanita. (2021). Community composition and status of avifaunal diversity in and around Ottu reservoir of Sirsa, Haryana, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(2), 593-606.
Rai, D. & Vanita. (2022). Bird community composition and current status in and around selected wetlands of district Sirsa, Haryana (India). Indian Forester, 148(2), 223-230.- https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2022/v148i2/160962
Rai, D. & Yadav, A. (2023). Avian community composition in and around Mandothi wetlands, Haryana, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(1), 408-421. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4385
Rai, D., Gulla, R., Chopra, G. & Kumar, P. (2019). Avifaunal community composition and current status in Basai Wetlands: an important bird area in Haryana, India. Indian Forester, 145(10), 971-985. http://indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/149234
Rajpar, M.N., Ahmad, S., Zakaria, M., Ahmad, A., Guo, X., Nabi, G. & Wanghe, K. (2022). Artificial wetlands as alternative habitat for a wide range of waterbird species. Ecological Indicators, 138(12), 108855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108855
Rani, S., Rani, A. & Rai, D. (2023). Assessment of diversity and IUCN status of birds at Sultanpur National Park (Haryana) India. Biology Bulletin, 50(6), 1304-1315.
Saygili, F., Yigit, N. & Bulut, S. (2011). The spatial and temporal distributions of waterbirds in Lakes Aksehir-Eber and Lake Koycegiz in western Anatolia, Turkey—a comparative analysis. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 35(4), 467–480.
Singh, J., Antil, S., Goyal, V. & Malik, V. (2020). Avifaunal diversity of Tilyar lake, Rohtak, Haryana, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 12(8), 15909–15915. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4700.12.8.15909-15915
Singh, K.P., Riyaz, M., Singh, G. & Syed, S. (2021). Avifaunal diversity of Jodhpur Jhal wetland Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) India: a preliminary survey. Journal on New Biological Reports, 10(2), 95-108.
Sundar, K.S.G & Kittur, S. (2013). Can wetlands maintained for human use also help conserve biodiversity? Landscape-scale patterns of bird use of wetlands in an agricultural landscape in north India. Biological Conservation, 168, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.201 3.09.016
Torre-Cuadros, M.D.L.A.L., Herrando-Perez, S. & Young, K.R. (2007). Diversity and structure patterns for tropical montane and premontane forests of central Peru, with an assessment of the use of higher-taxon surrogacy. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 2965–2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9155-9
Yadav, A. & Rai, D. (2024). Diversity and IUCN status of winter migratory avifauna of Mandothi wetlands, Haryana (India). Biology Bulletin, 51(4), 1197-1205. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023606572
Yadav, A. & Rai, D. (2025). Seasonal variations and migration phenology of the avifauna of Mandothi wetlands, India. Ornis Hungarica, 33(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2025-0017
Yashmita-Ulman. & Singh, M. (2021). Bird composition, diversity and foraging guilds in agricultural landscapes: A case study from eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13(8), 19011–19028. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7089.13.8.19011-19028
Yashmita-Ulman. & Singh, M. (2022). Avifaunal diversity in unprotected wetlands of Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 14(8), 21561–21578. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7067.14.8.21561-21578
Yashmita-Ulman. & Singh, M. (2025). A preliminary assessment of avifaunal diversity in Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary, Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 17(11), 27976-27984. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10160.17.11.27976-27984
Yashmita-Ulman. (2022). Bird diversity in riverscapes of Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Ecology, 49(1), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.55362/IJE/2022/3518
Yashmita-Ulman. (2023a). Bird diversity of Jagdishpur Jheel: an unprotected wetland in Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Ecology, 50(5), 1794-1800. https://doi.org/10.55362/IJE/2023/4139
Yashmita-Ulman. (2023b). Bird diversity of Acharya Narendra Deva University of agriculture & technology campus, Ayodhya. Indian Journal of Ecology, 50(1), 262–271.
Zedler, J.B. & Kercher, S. (2005). Wetland resources: Status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30, 39–74. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.05050 4.144248
Amat, J.A. & Green, A.J. (2010). Waterbirds as bioindicators of environmental conditions (pp. 45–52). In Hurford, C., Schneider, M. & Cowx, I. (Eds.), Conservation monitoring in freshwater habitats (p. 187). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9278-7_5
Anand, J., Byju, H., Nefa, A., Abhijith, S., Reshi, O.R. & Aarif, K.M. (2023). Conservation significance of Changaram wetlands—a key wintering site for migratory shorebirds and other waterbirds in the western coast of Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 15(1), 22410–22418. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8089.15.1.22410-22418
Bakker, K.K. (2005). South Dakota all bird conservation plan. Wildlife division report 2005–09. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks.
Beresford, P., Barker, F.K., Ryan, P.G. & Crowe, T.M. (2005). African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeriformes): molecular systematic of several evolutionary “enigmas”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 272, 849-858 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2997
Bibby, C.J., Hill, D.A., Burgess, N.D. & Mustoe, S. (2000). Bird census techniques (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
BirdLife International. (2022). Country profile: India. BirdLife International. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/india
Chakravarty, S., Ghosh, S., Suresh, C., Dey, A. & Shukla, G. (2012). Deforestation: Causes, effects and control strategies (pp. 1–26). In Shukla, G. (Ed.), Global perspectives on sustainable forest management (p. 315). Intech Rijeka.
Cox, R.L. & Underwood, E.C. (2011). The importance of conserving biodiversity outside of protected areas in Mediterranean ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 6(1), e14508. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014508
Dar, S.A. & Dar, J.A. (2024). Linking carbon storage with land use dynamics in a coastal Ramsar wetland. Science of the Total Environment, 932, 173078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173078
Davidson, N.C. (2014). How much wetland has the world lost? Long–term and recent trends in global wetland area. Marine and Freshwater Research, 65, 934–941.
Dudley, N., Groves, C., Redford, K.H. & Stolton, S. (2014). Where now for protected areas? Setting the stage for the 2014 World Parks Congress. Oryx, 48(4), 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000519
eBird. (2025). eBird Uttar Pradesh. https://ebird.org/region/IN-UP
Ghermandi, A., Van Den Bergh, J.C.J.M., Brander, L.M., De Groot, H.LF. & Nunes, P.A.L.D. (2010). Values of natural and human‐made wetlands: A meta‐analysis. Water Resources Research, 46, 1–12.
GoUP. (2025). Government of Uttar Pradesh. District Gonda, Government of Uttar Pradesh. https://gonda.nic.in/
Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press & Christopher Helm.
IUCN. (2025). International union for conservation of nature. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2021–3). http://www.iucnredlist.org
Jha, K.K. (2015). Challenges in sustainable management of wetland-based sanctuaries of Uttar Pradesh with reference to avian diversity. Conference Paper. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291354765_Challenges_in_Sustainable_Managem ent_of_Wetland_Based_Sanctuaries_of_Uttar_Pradesh_with_Reference_to_Avian_diversity
Joshi, O., Singh, N. & Sathiyaselvam, P. (2024). Waterbird diversity of Saman Wetland Complex in Uttar Pradesh: a crucial site for India’s National Action Plan on migratory birds. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 16(6), 25373–25384. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8750.16.6.25373-25384
Kanaujia, A., Kumar, A., Kushwaha, S. & Kumar, A. (2013). Diversity of waterbirds in Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Science and Research, 4(1), 862-866.
Khan, M. & Khalid, M.A. (2024). Study on the diversity of bird population found at Sandi Bird Sanctuary, Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 27(2), 1753.
Khan, M.S., Atab, Z., Syed, A., Nawab, A., Ilyas, O. & Khan, A. (2013). Composition and conservation status of avian species at Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5(12), 4714–4721. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3419.4714-21
Kingsford, R.T., Basset, A. & Jackson, L. (2016). Wetlands: Conservation's poor cousins. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26, 892–916.
Kumar, A. & Kanaujia, A. (2017). A comparative study on avifaunal diversity, threats and conservational requirements of wetlands of Uttar Pradesh. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 9(2), 107-113.
Kumar, P., Rai, D. & Gupta, S.K. (2016). Wetland bird assemblage in rural ponds of Kurukshetra, India. Waterbirds, 39(1), 86-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/ 063.039.0111
KVK. (2025). Krishi Vigyan Kendra. District Profile—Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Gonda. https://gonda.kvk4.in/district-profile.php
MacKinnon, J. & Philips, K. (1993). A Field Guide to Birds of Sumatra, Java and Bali. Oxford University Press, 512 pp.
Manral, U. & Khudsar, F.A. (2013). Assessment of wetland water quality and avian diversity of a human-modified floodplain wetland on river Yamuna. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 5(1), 25–33.
Mazumdar, S. (2019). Composition of avian communities in a human-modified wetland Okhla Bird Sanctuary, India: With notes on conservation initiatives. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 72, 31–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-017-0239-6
Mishra, H., Kumar, V. & Kumar, A. (2016). Foraging guild status, diversity and population structure of waders of the river Ganges in district Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4(6), 415-419.
Mishra, H., Kumar, V. & Kumar, A. (2020). Population structure and habitat utilization of migratory birds at Bakhira Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 52(1), 247–254.
MOEFCC. (2025). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. https://moef.gov.in/uploads/pdf-ploads/pdf_683d78bed6ae93.65077128.pdf
Muralikrishnan, S., Shanmugam, E., Nagendran, N. A. & Pandiaraja, D. (2023). Diversity and abundance of aquatic birds in Koonthankulam village pond, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 15(6), 23297–23306. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.66 12.15.6.23297-23306
Praveen, J., Jayapal, R. & Pittie, A. (2020). Taxonomic updates to the checklists of birds of India, and the South Asian region – 2020. Indian Birds, 16(1), 12–19.
Prigent, C., Papa, F., Aires, F., Jimenez, C., Rossow, W. & Matthews, E. (2012). Changes in land surface water dynamics since the 1990s and relation to population pressure. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051276
Rai, D. & Vanita. (2021). Community composition and status of avifaunal diversity in and around Ottu reservoir of Sirsa, Haryana, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(2), 593-606.
Rai, D. & Vanita. (2022). Bird community composition and current status in and around selected wetlands of district Sirsa, Haryana (India). Indian Forester, 148(2), 223-230.- https://doi.org/10.36808/if/2022/v148i2/160962
Rai, D. & Yadav, A. (2023). Avian community composition in and around Mandothi wetlands, Haryana, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(1), 408-421. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4385
Rai, D., Gulla, R., Chopra, G. & Kumar, P. (2019). Avifaunal community composition and current status in Basai Wetlands: an important bird area in Haryana, India. Indian Forester, 145(10), 971-985. http://indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/149234
Rajpar, M.N., Ahmad, S., Zakaria, M., Ahmad, A., Guo, X., Nabi, G. & Wanghe, K. (2022). Artificial wetlands as alternative habitat for a wide range of waterbird species. Ecological Indicators, 138(12), 108855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108855
Rani, S., Rani, A. & Rai, D. (2023). Assessment of diversity and IUCN status of birds at Sultanpur National Park (Haryana) India. Biology Bulletin, 50(6), 1304-1315.
Saygili, F., Yigit, N. & Bulut, S. (2011). The spatial and temporal distributions of waterbirds in Lakes Aksehir-Eber and Lake Koycegiz in western Anatolia, Turkey—a comparative analysis. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 35(4), 467–480.
Singh, J., Antil, S., Goyal, V. & Malik, V. (2020). Avifaunal diversity of Tilyar lake, Rohtak, Haryana, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 12(8), 15909–15915. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4700.12.8.15909-15915
Singh, K.P., Riyaz, M., Singh, G. & Syed, S. (2021). Avifaunal diversity of Jodhpur Jhal wetland Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) India: a preliminary survey. Journal on New Biological Reports, 10(2), 95-108.
Sundar, K.S.G & Kittur, S. (2013). Can wetlands maintained for human use also help conserve biodiversity? Landscape-scale patterns of bird use of wetlands in an agricultural landscape in north India. Biological Conservation, 168, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.201 3.09.016
Torre-Cuadros, M.D.L.A.L., Herrando-Perez, S. & Young, K.R. (2007). Diversity and structure patterns for tropical montane and premontane forests of central Peru, with an assessment of the use of higher-taxon surrogacy. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 2965–2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9155-9
Yadav, A. & Rai, D. (2024). Diversity and IUCN status of winter migratory avifauna of Mandothi wetlands, Haryana (India). Biology Bulletin, 51(4), 1197-1205. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023606572
Yadav, A. & Rai, D. (2025). Seasonal variations and migration phenology of the avifauna of Mandothi wetlands, India. Ornis Hungarica, 33(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2025-0017
Yashmita-Ulman. & Singh, M. (2021). Bird composition, diversity and foraging guilds in agricultural landscapes: A case study from eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13(8), 19011–19028. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7089.13.8.19011-19028
Yashmita-Ulman. & Singh, M. (2022). Avifaunal diversity in unprotected wetlands of Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 14(8), 21561–21578. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7067.14.8.21561-21578
Yashmita-Ulman. & Singh, M. (2025). A preliminary assessment of avifaunal diversity in Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary, Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 17(11), 27976-27984. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10160.17.11.27976-27984
Yashmita-Ulman. (2022). Bird diversity in riverscapes of Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Ecology, 49(1), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.55362/IJE/2022/3518
Yashmita-Ulman. (2023a). Bird diversity of Jagdishpur Jheel: an unprotected wetland in Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Ecology, 50(5), 1794-1800. https://doi.org/10.55362/IJE/2023/4139
Yashmita-Ulman. (2023b). Bird diversity of Acharya Narendra Deva University of agriculture & technology campus, Ayodhya. Indian Journal of Ecology, 50(1), 262–271.
Zedler, J.B. & Kercher, S. (2005). Wetland resources: Status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30, 39–74. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.05050 4.144248
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
A preliminary assessment of bird diversity in unprotected wetlands of Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India. (2026). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 18(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v18i1.7413
