Chemical composition and oil characterization of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) and Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) seeds from Rivers State, Nigeria
Article Main
Abstract
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) have faced several limitations in the past due to limited knowledge about their comparative chemical composition and nutritional properties. Accordingly, this research was designed to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritional profile of nutmeg and African nutmeg seeds, in addition to examining the physicochemical characteristics of the oils derived from them. Seed samples were obtained from a local market in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, and analysed using established standard methods to determine their nutritional constituents, chemical attributes, and oil quality parameters. Results showed that M. fragrans had a lower moisture content (7.770%) and a higher fat content (18.070%) than M. myristica (9.730% moisture; 14.100% fat). Phytochemical analysis revealed that seeds of M. myristica contained higher levels of saponins (8.183±0.099 mg/100g) and tannins (0.627±0.035 mg/100g), while those of M. fragrans were richer in flavonoids (7.510±0.086 mg/100g) and phytates (0.623±0.031 mg/100g), these compounds are associated with antioxidant activities. A higher seed oil yield was observed in M. fragrans (36.08%), while M. myristica yielded slightly less oil (32.47%). Chemical analyses indicated that the seed oil from M. myristica had higher iodine and peroxide values, whereas M. fragrans had a lower peroxide value and a relatively lower pH. Understanding these distinct profiles will support targeted applications in food and cosmetic industries.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Monodora myristica, Myristica fragrans, Physicochemical properties, Phytochemicals, Seed oil
References
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Agiriga, A. & Siwela, M. (2017). Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal: a plant with multiple food: a review. American Journal of Food Technology, 12(4), 271-284. DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2017.271.284
Aja, N. P. M., Nwachukwu, U.A. Ibiam., I.O. Igwenyi., C.E. Offor & U.O. Orji. Chemical constituents of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds from Abakaliki, Nigeria. American Journal for Phytomedicine & Clinical Therapeutics, 2 (2014), pp. 310-321.
Akinyede, A. I., Fagbeme, T. N., Osundahunsi, O. F. & Aluko, R. E. (2016). Physicochemical composition and oil characterization of Dioclea reflexa and Monodora myristica seeds. Applied Tropical Agriculture, 21(3), 1-11.
Akpabio, U. D. & Akpakpan, A. E. (2012). Evaluation of nutritive and anti-nutritive compositions of the seeds of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg). World Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4(1), 49-55.
Ali, A. (2010). A comparative study on nutrients and mineral molar ratio of some plant foods with recommended dietary allowances. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2, 104-108.
AOAC (2000). Official methods of analysis international (7th ed). Association of Analytical Chemists, Washinton DC.
AOCS (2001). Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists Society. 6th edition, AOCS Press campaigned.
Buthelezi, N. M. D., Tesfay, S. Z., Ncama, K. & Magwaza, L. S. (2019). Destructive and non-destructive techniques used for quality evaluation of nuts: A review. Scientia Horticulturae, 247, 138-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.12.008.
CODEX (2001). Codex standard for named vegetable oils. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization (WHO), Rome, Codex Alimentarius Commission (. 8).
Coulibaly, A., Kouakou, B. & Chen, J. (2011). Phytic acid in cereal grains: structure, healthy or harmful ways to reduce phytic acid in cereal grains and their effects on nutritional quality. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 1(1), 1-22. DOI: 10.3923/ajpnft.2011.1.22
da Silva, R. F., Pereira, A. G. & Castro, P. M. (2021). Environmental influences on seed nutrient composition: A review. Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 184(3), 243–256.
Edeoga, H. O., Omosun, G. & Uche, L. C. (2006). Chemical composition of Lyptis nsuaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum hybrids from Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(10), 892-895.
Elinge, C. M., Muhammad, A., Atiku, F. A., Itodo, A. U., Peni, I. J., Sanni, O. M. & Mbogo, A. N. (2012). Proximate, mineral ant anti-nutrient composition of pumpkin (cucurbita pepo L.) seeds extract. International Journal of Plant Research, 2(5), 146-150. doi: 10.5923/j.plant.20120205.02
Fraga-Corral, M., Otero, P., Cassani, L., Echave, J., Garcia-Oliveira, P., Carpena, M., Chamorro, F., Lourenço-Lopes, C., Prieto, M.A. & Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Traditional applications of tannin rich extracts supported by scientific data: chemical composition, bioavailability and bioaccessibility. Foods, 10, 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020251
Gänzle, M. G. (2020). Food fermentations for improved digestibility of plant foods – an essential ex situ digestion step in agricultural societies. Current Opinion in Food Science, 32, 124-132.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.202 0.04.002.
Harbone, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical methods. Chapman and Hall Limited, London.
Jarzębski, M., Siejak, P., Smułek, W., Fathordoobady, F., Guo, Y., Pawlicz, J. & Trzeciak, T. (2020). Plant extracts containing saponins affects the stability and biological activity of hempseed oil emulsion systems. Molecules, 25(11), 2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112696
Khan, F. J. (2018). Determination of saponification value, peroxide value and acid value of olive oil. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 7(8), 400-403.
Lahane, R. T., Ghorpade, D. & Gajanan Sanap, G. (2023). Exploring nutmeg (Myristica fragrans): A comprehensive review of its nutritional composition and potential health benefits. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications, 8(6), 2099-2104. DOI:10.35629/7781-080620992104
López-Moreno, M., Gracez-Rimón, M. & Miguel, M. (2022). Antinutrients: Lectins, goitrogens, phytates and oxalates, friends or foe? Journal of Functional Foods, 29, 104938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.104938
Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C. & Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(5), 727–747. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727
Muhammad, A. S., Humayun, P., Zafar, I. Z., Haq, N. & Hyder, K. (2012). Physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile and antioxidant activity of peanut oil. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(1), 435-440.
Okwu, D. E. (2004). Phytochemicals and vitamins contents of indigenous species of South-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 6, 30-37.
Oladiji, A. T., Yakubu, M. T., Idoko, A. S., Adeyemi, O. & Salawu, M. O. (2010). Studies on the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of the oil from ripe plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca). African Scientist Journal, 11(1):73-78.
Olaniyi, P., Babalola, O. O. & Mary, O. A. (2014). Physicochemical properties of palm kernel oil. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(5), 205-207.
Onwunka, G. I. (2005). Food analysis and instrumentation (theory and practice). Naphthalin Prints, Lagos.
Petrovic, B., Vukomanovic, P., Popovic, V. M. & Ljubica, S. T. (2022). Significance and efficacy of triterpene saponin herbal drugs with expectorant action in cough therapy. The Journal Agriculture and Forestry, 68(3):221-239. DOI:10.17707/AgricultForest.68.3.17
Phua, D. H., Zosel, A. & Heard, K. (2009). Dietary supplements and herbal medicine toxicities—When to anticipate them and how to manage them. International Journal of Emerging Medicine, 2(2), 69-76. doi: 10.1007/s12245-009-0105-z
Rachwal, K. & Gustaw, K. (2025). Plant-derived phytobiotics as emerging alternatives to antibiotics against foodborne pathogens. Applied Sciences, 15, 6774. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126774
Sajjadi, B., Raman, A. A. A. & Arandiyan, H. (2016). A comprehensive review on properties of edible and non-edible vegetable oil-based biodiesel: Composition, specifications and prediction models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 63, 62-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.035.
Sasikumar, B. (2021). Nutmeg - Origin, diversity, distribution and history. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 30(2), 131-141. DOI:10.25081/josac.2021.v30.i2.7250
Shahidi, F. & Yeo, J. D. (2018). Bioactivities of phenolics by focusing on suppression of chronic diseases: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(6), 1573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061573
Sule, W. F., Okonko, T. O., Omo-ogun, S., Nwanze, J. C., Ojezele, M. O., Ojezele, O. J., Ali, J. A., Soyemi, E. T. & Olaonipekun, T. O. (2011). Phytochemical properties and in-vitro antifungal activity of Senna alata Linn. Crude stem bark extract. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5(2), 176-183.
Thaez, M. A., Okoro, U. C. & Okeke, J. I. (2019). Effect of processing method on the nutritional composition of Monodora myristica seeds (African nutmeg). Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 44(5), 930-936.
Tugume, P. & Nyakoojo, C. (2009). Ethno-pharmacological survey of herbal remedies used in the treatment of paediatric diseases in Buhunga parish, Rukungiri district, Uganda. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19: 353. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2763-6
Udo, E. J., Ibia, T. O., Ogunwale, J. A., Ano, A. O. & Esu, I. E. (2009). Manual of Soil, plant and water analysis. Sibon books limited, Lagos.
Uyoh, Aniedi Edak., Chukwudi Umego. & Peter Osobase Aikpokpodion (2014a). Genetic diversity in African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) accessions from South Eastern Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(42), 4105-4111.
Uyoh, E. A., Chukwurah, P. N., Ita, E. E., Oparaugo, V. & Erete, C. (2014b). Evaluation of nutrients and chemical composition in underutilized Eremomastax (Lindau) species. International Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plants, 4(2), 124-130.
Uyoh, E. A., Ita, E. E. & Nwofia, G. E. (2013). Evaluation of the chemical composition of Tetraleura tetraptera (Schum and Thonn.) Taub. accessions from Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plants, 3(3), 386-394.
Varona, E., Tres, A., Rafecas, M., Vichi, S., Barroeta, A.C. & Guardiola, F. (2021). Methods to determine the quality of acid oils and fatty acid distillates used in animal feeding. MethodsX. 8, 101334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101334
Wang, F., Liang, L., Yu, M., Wang, W., Badar, I. H., Bao, Y., Zhu, K., Li, Y., Shafi, S., Li , D., Diao, Y., Efferth, T., Xue, Z. & Hua, X. (2024). Advances in antitumor activity and mechanism of natural steroidal saponins: A review of advances, challenges, and future prospects. Phytomedicine, 128, 155432. http://doi.org/10.10/16j.phymed.20 24.155432
Wang, X., Anwar, T., Qureshi, H. El-Beltagi, H. S., Sehar, Z., Solieya, D., Azizov, B., Rebouh, N. Y., Abbasov, M. A., Yakubov, F & Alomran, M. M. (2025). Plant-based traditional remedies and their role in public health: ethnomedicinal perspectives for a growing population. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 44, 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01036-5
Xiao, M. Y., Li, S., Pei, W. J., Gu, Y. L. & Piao, X. L. (2025). Natural Saponins on cholesterol-related diseases: Treatment and mechanism. Phytotherapy Research,39(3), 1292-1318. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8432
Zaynab, M., Sharif, Y., Abbas, S., Afzal, M. Z., Qasim, M., Khalofah, A., Ansari, A. J., Khan, K. A., Tao, L. & Li, S. (2021). Saponin toxicity as a key player in plant defense against pathogens. Toxicon, 193, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.009
Zhang, R., Zhai, Q., Yu, Y., Li, X., Zhang, F., Hou, Z., Cao, Y., Feng, J. & Peng, Xue. (2022). Safety assessment of crude saponins from Chenopodium quinoa husks: 90-day oral toxicity and gut microbiota & metabonomics study in rats. Food Chemistry, 375, 131655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131655
Afolayan, M., Akanji, F. & Idowu, D. (2014). Extraction and physicochemical analysis of some selected seed oils. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 2(2), 70-73. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v2i2.2203
Agiriga, A. & Siwela, M. (2017). Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal: a plant with multiple food: a review. American Journal of Food Technology, 12(4), 271-284. DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2017.271.284
Aja, N. P. M., Nwachukwu, U.A. Ibiam., I.O. Igwenyi., C.E. Offor & U.O. Orji. Chemical constituents of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds from Abakaliki, Nigeria. American Journal for Phytomedicine & Clinical Therapeutics, 2 (2014), pp. 310-321.
Akinyede, A. I., Fagbeme, T. N., Osundahunsi, O. F. & Aluko, R. E. (2016). Physicochemical composition and oil characterization of Dioclea reflexa and Monodora myristica seeds. Applied Tropical Agriculture, 21(3), 1-11.
Akpabio, U. D. & Akpakpan, A. E. (2012). Evaluation of nutritive and anti-nutritive compositions of the seeds of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg). World Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4(1), 49-55.
Ali, A. (2010). A comparative study on nutrients and mineral molar ratio of some plant foods with recommended dietary allowances. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2, 104-108.
AOAC (2000). Official methods of analysis international (7th ed). Association of Analytical Chemists, Washinton DC.
AOCS (2001). Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists Society. 6th edition, AOCS Press campaigned.
Buthelezi, N. M. D., Tesfay, S. Z., Ncama, K. & Magwaza, L. S. (2019). Destructive and non-destructive techniques used for quality evaluation of nuts: A review. Scientia Horticulturae, 247, 138-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.12.008.
CODEX (2001). Codex standard for named vegetable oils. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization (WHO), Rome, Codex Alimentarius Commission (. 8).
Coulibaly, A., Kouakou, B. & Chen, J. (2011). Phytic acid in cereal grains: structure, healthy or harmful ways to reduce phytic acid in cereal grains and their effects on nutritional quality. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 1(1), 1-22. DOI: 10.3923/ajpnft.2011.1.22
da Silva, R. F., Pereira, A. G. & Castro, P. M. (2021). Environmental influences on seed nutrient composition: A review. Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 184(3), 243–256.
Edeoga, H. O., Omosun, G. & Uche, L. C. (2006). Chemical composition of Lyptis nsuaveolens and Ocimum gratissimum hybrids from Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(10), 892-895.
Elinge, C. M., Muhammad, A., Atiku, F. A., Itodo, A. U., Peni, I. J., Sanni, O. M. & Mbogo, A. N. (2012). Proximate, mineral ant anti-nutrient composition of pumpkin (cucurbita pepo L.) seeds extract. International Journal of Plant Research, 2(5), 146-150. doi: 10.5923/j.plant.20120205.02
Fraga-Corral, M., Otero, P., Cassani, L., Echave, J., Garcia-Oliveira, P., Carpena, M., Chamorro, F., Lourenço-Lopes, C., Prieto, M.A. & Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Traditional applications of tannin rich extracts supported by scientific data: chemical composition, bioavailability and bioaccessibility. Foods, 10, 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020251
Gänzle, M. G. (2020). Food fermentations for improved digestibility of plant foods – an essential ex situ digestion step in agricultural societies. Current Opinion in Food Science, 32, 124-132.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.202 0.04.002.
Harbone, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical methods. Chapman and Hall Limited, London.
Jarzębski, M., Siejak, P., Smułek, W., Fathordoobady, F., Guo, Y., Pawlicz, J. & Trzeciak, T. (2020). Plant extracts containing saponins affects the stability and biological activity of hempseed oil emulsion systems. Molecules, 25(11), 2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112696
Khan, F. J. (2018). Determination of saponification value, peroxide value and acid value of olive oil. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 7(8), 400-403.
Lahane, R. T., Ghorpade, D. & Gajanan Sanap, G. (2023). Exploring nutmeg (Myristica fragrans): A comprehensive review of its nutritional composition and potential health benefits. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications, 8(6), 2099-2104. DOI:10.35629/7781-080620992104
López-Moreno, M., Gracez-Rimón, M. & Miguel, M. (2022). Antinutrients: Lectins, goitrogens, phytates and oxalates, friends or foe? Journal of Functional Foods, 29, 104938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.104938
Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C. & Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(5), 727–747. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727
Muhammad, A. S., Humayun, P., Zafar, I. Z., Haq, N. & Hyder, K. (2012). Physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile and antioxidant activity of peanut oil. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(1), 435-440.
Okwu, D. E. (2004). Phytochemicals and vitamins contents of indigenous species of South-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 6, 30-37.
Oladiji, A. T., Yakubu, M. T., Idoko, A. S., Adeyemi, O. & Salawu, M. O. (2010). Studies on the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of the oil from ripe plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca). African Scientist Journal, 11(1):73-78.
Olaniyi, P., Babalola, O. O. & Mary, O. A. (2014). Physicochemical properties of palm kernel oil. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(5), 205-207.
Onwunka, G. I. (2005). Food analysis and instrumentation (theory and practice). Naphthalin Prints, Lagos.
Petrovic, B., Vukomanovic, P., Popovic, V. M. & Ljubica, S. T. (2022). Significance and efficacy of triterpene saponin herbal drugs with expectorant action in cough therapy. The Journal Agriculture and Forestry, 68(3):221-239. DOI:10.17707/AgricultForest.68.3.17
Phua, D. H., Zosel, A. & Heard, K. (2009). Dietary supplements and herbal medicine toxicities—When to anticipate them and how to manage them. International Journal of Emerging Medicine, 2(2), 69-76. doi: 10.1007/s12245-009-0105-z
Rachwal, K. & Gustaw, K. (2025). Plant-derived phytobiotics as emerging alternatives to antibiotics against foodborne pathogens. Applied Sciences, 15, 6774. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126774
Sajjadi, B., Raman, A. A. A. & Arandiyan, H. (2016). A comprehensive review on properties of edible and non-edible vegetable oil-based biodiesel: Composition, specifications and prediction models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 63, 62-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.035.
Sasikumar, B. (2021). Nutmeg - Origin, diversity, distribution and history. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 30(2), 131-141. DOI:10.25081/josac.2021.v30.i2.7250
Shahidi, F. & Yeo, J. D. (2018). Bioactivities of phenolics by focusing on suppression of chronic diseases: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(6), 1573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061573
Sule, W. F., Okonko, T. O., Omo-ogun, S., Nwanze, J. C., Ojezele, M. O., Ojezele, O. J., Ali, J. A., Soyemi, E. T. & Olaonipekun, T. O. (2011). Phytochemical properties and in-vitro antifungal activity of Senna alata Linn. Crude stem bark extract. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5(2), 176-183.
Thaez, M. A., Okoro, U. C. & Okeke, J. I. (2019). Effect of processing method on the nutritional composition of Monodora myristica seeds (African nutmeg). Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 44(5), 930-936.
Tugume, P. & Nyakoojo, C. (2009). Ethno-pharmacological survey of herbal remedies used in the treatment of paediatric diseases in Buhunga parish, Rukungiri district, Uganda. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19: 353. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2763-6
Udo, E. J., Ibia, T. O., Ogunwale, J. A., Ano, A. O. & Esu, I. E. (2009). Manual of Soil, plant and water analysis. Sibon books limited, Lagos.
Uyoh, Aniedi Edak., Chukwudi Umego. & Peter Osobase Aikpokpodion (2014a). Genetic diversity in African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) accessions from South Eastern Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(42), 4105-4111.
Uyoh, E. A., Chukwurah, P. N., Ita, E. E., Oparaugo, V. & Erete, C. (2014b). Evaluation of nutrients and chemical composition in underutilized Eremomastax (Lindau) species. International Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plants, 4(2), 124-130.
Uyoh, E. A., Ita, E. E. & Nwofia, G. E. (2013). Evaluation of the chemical composition of Tetraleura tetraptera (Schum and Thonn.) Taub. accessions from Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plants, 3(3), 386-394.
Varona, E., Tres, A., Rafecas, M., Vichi, S., Barroeta, A.C. & Guardiola, F. (2021). Methods to determine the quality of acid oils and fatty acid distillates used in animal feeding. MethodsX. 8, 101334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101334
Wang, F., Liang, L., Yu, M., Wang, W., Badar, I. H., Bao, Y., Zhu, K., Li, Y., Shafi, S., Li , D., Diao, Y., Efferth, T., Xue, Z. & Hua, X. (2024). Advances in antitumor activity and mechanism of natural steroidal saponins: A review of advances, challenges, and future prospects. Phytomedicine, 128, 155432. http://doi.org/10.10/16j.phymed.20 24.155432
Wang, X., Anwar, T., Qureshi, H. El-Beltagi, H. S., Sehar, Z., Solieya, D., Azizov, B., Rebouh, N. Y., Abbasov, M. A., Yakubov, F & Alomran, M. M. (2025). Plant-based traditional remedies and their role in public health: ethnomedicinal perspectives for a growing population. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 44, 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01036-5
Xiao, M. Y., Li, S., Pei, W. J., Gu, Y. L. & Piao, X. L. (2025). Natural Saponins on cholesterol-related diseases: Treatment and mechanism. Phytotherapy Research,39(3), 1292-1318. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8432
Zaynab, M., Sharif, Y., Abbas, S., Afzal, M. Z., Qasim, M., Khalofah, A., Ansari, A. J., Khan, K. A., Tao, L. & Li, S. (2021). Saponin toxicity as a key player in plant defense against pathogens. Toxicon, 193, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.009
Zhang, R., Zhai, Q., Yu, Y., Li, X., Zhang, F., Hou, Z., Cao, Y., Feng, J. & Peng, Xue. (2022). Safety assessment of crude saponins from Chenopodium quinoa husks: 90-day oral toxicity and gut microbiota & metabonomics study in rats. Food Chemistry, 375, 131655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131655
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How to Cite
Chemical composition and oil characterization of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) and Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) seeds from Rivers State, Nigeria. (2026). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 18(1), 543-550. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v18i1.7297
