Biochars produced by slow carbonisation of three agricultural biomasses: physicochemical properties and potential for sustainable agro-environmental applications
Article Main
Abstract
Agricultural by-products, such as cashew nut shells (CNS), sorghum stems (SS), and corn stems (CS), constitute unutilized waste. However, these by-products can be used to produce biochar, which improves soil structure and fertility while contributing to water retention and carbon stability. The objectives of this research were to produce biochars from these three biomasses and to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of the biochars obtained [yield, pH, macro and micronutrient content, electrical conductivity (EC), infrared analysis (FTIR), specific surface area (SBET), morphology (SEM), and CHNS/O content]. A total of eighteen biochar samples were obtained by varying the carbonisation temperature (350 and 400 °C) and residence time (30, 60, and 120 min) in a muffle furnace. At a fixed temperature, yield decreases with increasing residence time, surface area, pH, and electrical conductivity. Among the eighteen types of biochar, the one derived from corn stalks had an apparent specific surface area of (35.07 m²/g). , followed by sorghum stalks (32.45 m²/g) and cashew nut shells (0.14 m²/g). The pH of the biochars is in the basic range (7.6–10.3). Furthermore, Krevelen's diagram reveals that biochars made from cashew nut shells are more stable in the long term, with the potential to persist for several centuries. These properties suggest that different types of biochar can be produced by adjusting production conditions and selecting biomass based on the soil characteristics in which it can be applied.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Biomass, Biochar, Carbon sequestration, Soil amendment
References
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Fuertes, A. B., Arbestain, M. C., Sevilla, M., Maciá-Agulló, J. A., Fiol, S., López, R., Smernik, R. J., Aitkenhead, W. P., Arce, F. & Macìas, F. (2010). Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation of corn stover. Soil Research, 48(7), 618-626.
Gaskin, J., Steiner, C., Harris, K., Das, K. C. & Bibens, B. (2008). Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Transactions of the ASABE, 51(6), 2061-2069.
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Godjo, T. (2017).Densification and analysis of the physical properties of bio-coal produced from the pyrolysis cashew nut shells in Benin. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 19(3), 614.
Godjo, T., Tagutchou, J.-P., Naquin, P. & Gourdon, R. (2015). Valorisation des coques d’anacarde par pyrolyse au Bénin. Environnement, Ingénierie & Développement.
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IBI (2015). Specification Standards : Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines for Biochar That Is Used in Soil (aka IBI Biochar Standards).
Jindo, K., Mizumoto, H., Sawada, Y., Sanchez-Monedero, M. A. & Sonoki, T. (2014a). Physical and chemical characterization of biochars derived from different agricultural residues. Biogeosciences, 11(23), 6613-6621.
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Joseph, U. E., Toluwase, A. O., Kehinde, E. O., Omasan, E. E., Tolulope, A. Y., George, O. O., Zhao, C. & Hongyan, W. (2020). Effect of biochar on soil structure and storage of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the aggregate fractions of an Albic soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1587412
Kadjo, B. S., Sako, M. K., Diango, K. A., Danlos, A. & Perilhon, C. (2024). Characterization and optimization of the heat treatment of cashew nutshells to produce a biofuel with a high-energy value. AIMS Energy, 12(2).
Khater, E. S., Bahnasawy, A., Hamouda, R., Sabahy, A., Abbas, W. & Morsy, O. M. (2024). Biochar production under different pyrolysis temperatures with different types of agricultural wastes. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 2625.
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Lehmann, J. (2007). Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(7), 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5%255B381:BITB%255D2.0.CO
Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J. & Rondon, M. (2006). Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems–a review. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 11, 403-427.
Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. (2015). Biochar for environmental management : An introduction. In Biochar for Environmental Management, (p. 1‑13). Routledge.
Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., Thies, J., Masiello, C. A., Hockaday, W. C. & Crowley, D. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota–a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(9), 1812-1836.
Leng, Z., Padhan, R.K. et & Sreeram, A. (2018) « Production of a sustainable paving material through chemical recycling of waste PET into crumb rubber modified asphalt », Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, p. 682-688.
McCall, M. A., Watson, J. S., Tan, J. S. W. & Sephton, M. A. (2025). Biochar stability revealed by FTIR and machine learning. ACS Sustainable Resource Management, 2(5), 842-852. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusres mgt.5c00104
McIntosh, C. & Hunt, J. (2013). Biochar + compost (technical white paper). Pacific biochar benefit corporation, United States
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Mohan, D., Pittman Jr, C. U. & Steele, P. H. (2006). Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil : A critical review. Energy & Fuels, 20(3), 848-889.
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Biochars produced by slow carbonisation of three agricultural biomasses: physicochemical properties and potential for sustainable agro-environmental applications. (2026). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 18(1), 452-465. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v18i1.7261
