Dynamics of ethyl para-methoxycinnamate in Kaempferia galanga L. with rhizome age, storage and bioefficacy of rhizome extract against mosquito larvae
Article Main
Abstract
Kaempferia galanga is an important medicinal plant with a major active principle, ethyl para-methoxy cinnamate (EPMC), which has diverse medicinal applications. It has a great scope for cultivation to provide raw material for EPMC extraction. The present study assessed the EPMC Content and Yield/ha in the 1st year of cultivation, the loss of EPMC in stored rhizomes, and the mosquito larvicidal effect. The plants were harvested from the 3rd-9th month of planting; morphometric observations were recorded, and EPMC content (%) was estimated by the Thin Layer Chromatography-UV-Spectrophotometer method. The assessed ranges were for EPMC content (8.077% - 18.443%) and EPMC yield/ha (4.062 kg/ha - 16.977kg/ha) on oven dry weight basis. For storage study, 2.5 yr-old harvested rhizome was cut into small sizes (10g) and stored separately under different regimes (Light, Dark), conditions (Open, Closed), and durations (0, 30, 60, and 90 days). The EPMC content was evaluated after 90 days of rhizome storage. The maximum EPMC content (2.475%) was recorded in the materials stored in open-dark conditions, a 42.638% decrease from the initial storage. The Individual effect of storage condition revealed EPMC content was higher in material stored in the dark (2.747%) than in the light (2.679%), and higher in the open condition (2.882%) than in the closed condition (2.544%). The efficacy of the ethanolic extract of K. galanga rhizome on mosquito larval mortality was studied using 7 concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm) applied for 4 hours. The LC 50 value was found to be 66.433 ppm (LL: 32.234 ppm – UL:136.915 ppm) and LC 90 value found to be 201.341 ppm (LL: 97.693 ppm – UL: 414.95 ppm).
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Ethyl para-methoxycinnamate, Kaempferia galanga, Mosquito larvae, LC 50 , LC 90 , Thin layer chromatography, Storage
References
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Liu B., Liu F., Chen C. & Gao H. (2010). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of ethyl P-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia Galanga L. rhizome and its apoptotic induction in human hepG2 cells. Nat. Prod. Res. 24 (20): 1927–1932. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.490913
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Muhammad Ihtisham Umar , Mohd Zaini Asmawi, Amirin Sadikun, Item J Atangwho, Mun Fei Yam, Rabia Altaf & Ashfaq Ahmed,(2012). Bioactivity-guided isolation of ethyl-pmethoxycinnamate, an anti-inflammatory constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. extracts. Molecules, 17(7):8720-34. DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078720
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Nazar S., Ravikumar S. & Prakash Williams G. (2008). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants along the southwest coast of India. J. Herbs, Spices Med. Plants 14 (3–4), 219–239. DOI:10.1080/1049647080 2598917
Nezhadali, A., Nabavi, M., Rajabian, M., Akbarpour, M., Pourali, P. & Amini, F. (2014). Chemical variation of leaf essential oil at different stages of plant growth and in vitro antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae from Iran. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2014.05.001
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Redwane, A., Lazrek, H.B., Bouallam, S., Markouk, M., Amarouch, H. & Jana, M.( 2002). Larvicidal activity of extracts from Querus Lusitania var infectoria galls (Oliv). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79: 261-263. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00390-7
Seth A. & Maurya S. K.. (2014). Potential medicinal plants and trditional ayaurvedic ap-proach towards urticaria, an allergic skin disorder. Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 6 (5), 172–177. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282877302_
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Thenmozhi, M. Vikram E. N. T., M. Gokul & G. Sathiya Balan.(2025). Mosquito repellent and larvicidal activity of a gel formulation from the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 18(9):4396-0. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00630
Sulaiman, M.R.; Zakaria, Z.A.; Daud, I.A.; Ng, F.N.; Ng, Y.C. & Hidayat, M.T.(2008). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves in animal models. J. Nat. Med.,62: 221–227. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-007-0210-3
Suzana S., Irawati N. & Budiati T.(2011). Synthesis octyl p-methoxycinnamate as sunblock by transesterification reaction with the starting material ethyl p- methoxycinnamate. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 2 (2) :217-221. OI:10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev2iss2pp217-221
Umar M.I., Asmawi M.Z., Sadikun A., Malik A., Majid S.A., R Al-Suede , Loiy Elsir Ahmed L.E.A., Altaf R. & Ahamed M.B.K.(2014). Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from kaempferia galanga inhibits inflammation by suppressing interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and angiogenesis by blocking endothelial functions. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 69(2):134–144. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2014(02)10
Umar M.I., Asmawi M.Z., Sadikun A., Atangwho I.J., Altaf R. & Ahmed A.(2012). “Bioactivity-guided isolation of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an anti-inflammatory constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. Extracts”. Molecules, 17:8720-8734. doi: 10.3390/molecules17078720
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Vittalrao, A.M.; Shanbhag, T.; Kumari, M.; Bairy, K.L. & Shenoy, S.(2011). Evaluation of antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in rats. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 55, 13–24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22315806/
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Ali, H., Yesmin, R., Satter, A., Habib, R. & Yeasmin, T. (2018). Antioxidant and antineoplastic activities of methanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. Rhizome against ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. J. King Saud Univ. Sci., 30 (3), 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2017.05.009.
AlSalhi, M. S., Elumalai, K., Devanesan, S., Govindarajan, M. Krishnappa, K. & Maggi, F.(2020). The aromatic ginger Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) essential oil and its main compounds are effective larvicidal agents against Aedes vittatus and Anopheles maculatus without toxicity on the non-target aquatic fauna. Industrial Crops and Products,158, 113012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113012.
Choochote, W., Kanjanapothi, D., Panthong, A., Taesotikul, T., Jitpakdi, A. & Chaithong, U., Pitasawat, B.(1999).Larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent effects of Kaempferia galanga. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Health ,30 (3): 470–476.
Choochote, W.; Chaithong, U.; Kamsuk, K.; Jitpakdi, A.; Tippawangkosol, P.; Tuetun, B.; Champakaew, D. & Pitasawat, B.(2007). Repellent activity of selected essential oils against aedes aegypti. Fitoterapia, 78: 359–364. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.02.006
Shirin Fatima, Sandeep Kumar & Yogeshwar Mishra. (2000). “In vitro plantlet production system for Kaempferia galanga, a rare Indian medicinal herb,” Plant cell, Tissue & Org cult., 63:193-197. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010635920518
Ganesan, P., Samuel, R., Mutheeswaran, S., Pandikumar, P., Daniel Reegan,A., Aremu, A.O. & Ignacimuthu,S.(2023). Phytocompounds for mosquito larvicidal activity and their modes of action: A review, South African Journal of Botany,152: 19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.11.028.
He, Z.H., Yue, G.G., Lau, C.B., Ge, W., & But, P.P. (2012), Antiangiogenic effects and mechanisms of trans-ethyl p-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., J. Agric. Food Chem., 60 (45), 11309– 11317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef].
Ismiarni Komala I. , Supandi , Nurhasni , Ofa Suzanti Betha , Eka Putri , Syarifatul Mufidah , Muhammad Fikry Awaludin , Mida Fahmi , Muhammad Reza & Nurkhayati Putri Indriyani.(2018).Structure-aactivity relationship study on the ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate as an anti-inflammatory agent, Indones. J. Chem., 18 (1), 60–65, https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.26162.
Jang, Y.S., Kim, M.K., Ahn, Y.J. & Lee, H.S. (2002). Larvicidal activity of Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology, 45(3): 131-134.
Kitani, S., Yoshida, M., Boonlucksanawong, O., Panbangred, W., Anuegoonpipat, A., Kurosu, T. & Nihira, T. (2018). Cystargamide B, a cyclic lipodepsipeptide with protease inhibitory activity from Streptomyces sp. J. Antibiot. 71 (7), 662–666. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41429-018-0044-0.
Ko, H.J., Kim, H.J., Kim, S.Y., Yun, H.Y., Baek, K.J., Kwon, N.S., Wan, K.W., Choi, H.R., Park, K.C. & Kim, D.S.( 2014). Hypopigmentary effects of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga. Phytother Res., 28, 274–279. https://doi.org/10. 1002/ptr.4995.
Kumar, A. (2020).Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and uses of traditional medicinal plant Kaempferia galanga L. – An overview, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 253:1-19, 112667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112667.
Lakshmanan, D., Werngren, J., Jose, L., Suja, K.P., Nair, M.S., Varma, R.L., Mundayoor, S., Hoffner, S. & Kumar, R.A. (2011). Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from a traditional anti-tuberculosis medicinal herb inhibits drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Fitoterapia, 82 (5), 757–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2011.03.006.
Lallo, S., Hardianti, B., Sartini, S., Ismail, I., Laela, D. & Hayakawa, Y. (2022). Ethyl P-methoxycinnamate: An active anti-metastasis agent and chemosensitizer targeting NFκB from Kaempferia galanga for melanoma cells. Life, 12(3), 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12030337
Liu B., Liu F., Chen C. & Gao H. (2010). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of ethyl P-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia Galanga L. rhizome and its apoptotic induction in human hepG2 cells. Nat. Prod. Res. 24 (20): 1927–1932. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.490913
Liu, X.C., Liang, Y., Shi, W.P., Liu, Q.Z., Zhou, L., & Liu, Z.L. (2014). Repellent and insecticidal effects of the essential oil of Kaempferia galanga rhizomes to Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelidae), J. Econ. Entomol.:107 (4), 1706– 1712. DOI: 10.1603/ec13491
Mohamad S. A., Kuppusamy Elumalai K., Devanesan S.., Marimuthu Govindarajan M., Krishnappa K. & Maggi F.(2020).The aromatic ginger Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) essential oil and its main compounds are effective larvicidal agents against Aedes vittatus and Anopheles maculatus without toxicity on the non-target aquatic fauna . Industrial Crops and Products 158, 113012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.202 0.113012
Muhammad Ihtisham Umar , Mohd Zaini Asmawi, Amirin Sadikun, Item J Atangwho, Mun Fei Yam, Rabia Altaf & Ashfaq Ahmed,(2012). Bioactivity-guided isolation of ethyl-pmethoxycinnamate, an anti-inflammatory constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. extracts. Molecules, 17(7):8720-34. DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078720
Nayak,S. & Chand,R. 2002.Dynamics of spilanthol in Spilanthes acmella Murr. In plant growth and development. Indian Drugs. 39(8):419-421.
Nazar S., Ravikumar S. & Prakash Williams G. (2008). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants along the southwest coast of India. J. Herbs, Spices Med. Plants 14 (3–4), 219–239. DOI:10.1080/1049647080 2598917
Nezhadali, A., Nabavi, M., Rajabian, M., Akbarpour, M., Pourali, P. & Amini, F. (2014). Chemical variation of leaf essential oil at different stages of plant growth and in vitro antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae from Iran. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2014.05.001
Park K. M., Choo J. H., Sohn J. H., Lee S. H. & Hwang J. K. (2005). Antibacterial activity of panduratin a isolated from Kaempferia Pandurata against Porphyromonas Gingivalis . Food Sci. Biotechnol., 14, 286–289.
Parvez M A K, et al. (2005). “Antimicrobial activities of the petroleum ether, methanol & acetone extracts of Kaempferia galanga L, rhizome.” J. Life Earth Sci., 1, pp. 25-29. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242270031
Pitasawat B, Choochote W, Kanjanapothi D, Panthong A, Jitpakdi A & Chaithong U. Screening for larvicidal activity of ten carminative plants. Southeast Asian J. Trop Med Public Health. 1998 Sep;29(3):660-2. PMID: 10437975.
Raya K..B., Ahmad S.H., Farhana S.F., Munirah M., Tajidin N.E. & Parvez A. (2015).Changes in phytochemical contents in different parts of (Burm. Clinacanthus nutans f.) Lindau due to storage duration. Bragantia, Campinas, 74(4): 445-452. DOI:10.1590/1678-4499.0469
Redwane, A., Lazrek, H.B., Bouallam, S., Markouk, M., Amarouch, H. & Jana, M.( 2002). Larvicidal activity of extracts from Querus Lusitania var infectoria galls (Oliv). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79: 261-263. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00390-7
Seth A. & Maurya S. K.. (2014). Potential medicinal plants and trditional ayaurvedic ap-proach towards urticaria, an allergic skin disorder. Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., 6 (5), 172–177. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282877302_
Shravani. G; Divya Sri. K; Dayanika Jadav; Navya. P; Nivarna Reddy M; Prof. Dr. Madhavi. M & Mahesh. L. (2023). "Evaluating the efficacy of thyme, camphor, and eucalyptus essential oils as larvicides against Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes." , International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT), 8(5):766-768. 7953914,https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.
Singh P, Singh U, Shukla M & Singh R.L. (2010). Variation of some phytochemicals in methi and saunf plants at different stages of development. Journal of Herbalmedicine and Toxicology, 4(2): 93-99. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85827004
Thenmozhi, M. Vikram E. N. T., M. Gokul & G. Sathiya Balan.(2025). Mosquito repellent and larvicidal activity of a gel formulation from the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 18(9):4396-0. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00630
Sulaiman, M.R.; Zakaria, Z.A.; Daud, I.A.; Ng, F.N.; Ng, Y.C. & Hidayat, M.T.(2008). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves in animal models. J. Nat. Med.,62: 221–227. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-007-0210-3
Suzana S., Irawati N. & Budiati T.(2011). Synthesis octyl p-methoxycinnamate as sunblock by transesterification reaction with the starting material ethyl p- methoxycinnamate. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 2 (2) :217-221. OI:10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev2iss2pp217-221
Umar M.I., Asmawi M.Z., Sadikun A., Malik A., Majid S.A., R Al-Suede , Loiy Elsir Ahmed L.E.A., Altaf R. & Ahamed M.B.K.(2014). Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from kaempferia galanga inhibits inflammation by suppressing interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and angiogenesis by blocking endothelial functions. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 69(2):134–144. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2014(02)10
Umar M.I., Asmawi M.Z., Sadikun A., Atangwho I.J., Altaf R. & Ahmed A.(2012). “Bioactivity-guided isolation of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an anti-inflammatory constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. Extracts”. Molecules, 17:8720-8734. doi: 10.3390/molecules17078720
37. Vincent, K.A., Mathew, K.M. & Hariharan, M., (1992). Micropropagation of Kaempferia galanga L..—A medicinal plant. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 28(2), pp.229-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055522
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Dynamics of ethyl para-methoxycinnamate in Kaempferia galanga L. with rhizome age, storage and bioefficacy of rhizome extract against mosquito larvae. (2026). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 18(1), 181-189. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v18i1.7206
