Enhancing shelf-life of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) using biopolymer-based silver nanoparticle coatings
Article Main
Abstract
Mango fruits harvested at the right maturity ripen quickly but have a short shelf life, are prone to moisture loss, and are susceptible to microbial spoilage, resulting in severe post-harvest losses. This experiment was undertaken with the major objectives of increasing shelf life while maintaining quality. The study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated with different biopolymers (beeswax, arabic gum, chitosan, and guar gum), which formed the treatments, using the dip-coating method in two mango varieties, namely Alphonso and Bangalora. The AgNPs were green-synthesised using Sauropus androgynus (Chekkurmanis) leaf extracts and further characterised using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the presence of the nanomaterial. The coated fruits were stored at ambient room temperature, and their physiological and biochemical attributes were systematically monitored throughout the storage period which extended up to 16 days. The results revealed that postharvest treatments with beeswax (20% v/v) incorporated with AgNPS showed the most promising effects, extending shelf life to 16.72 days (Alphonso) and 18.86 days (Bangalora), compared to 12.8 days in uncoated fruits. This treatment also significantly reduced physiological weight loss (12%), maintained higher firmness (up to 14.43 N), and delayed increases in total soluble solids, sugars, and carotenoids. This research highlights the potential use of S. androgynus mediated AgNP-based biopolymer coatings as a sustainable postharvest method to prolong the shelf life of mangoes, making this the first report on mangoes with retention of fruit quality under ambient storage.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Biopolymer, Green synthesis, Nanoparticles, Postharvest, Shelf-life
References
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Bambalele, N. L., Mditshwa, A., Magwaza, L. S. & Tesfay, S. Z. (2023). Postharvest effect of gaseous ozone on physicochemical quality, carotenoid content and shelf-life of mango fruit. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 9(1). doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2247678
Bambalele, N. L., Mditshwa, A., Magwaza, L. S. & Tesfay, S. Z. (2021). Recent advances on postharvest technologies of mango fruit: a review. International Journal of Fruit Science, 21(1), 565-586. doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1918605
Basumatary, I. B., Mukherjee, A., Katiyar, V. & Kumar, S. (2022). Biopolymer-based nanocomposite films and coatings: Recent advances in shelf-life improvement of fruits and vegetables. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(7), 1912-1935. doi.org/10.1080/104083 98.2020.1848789
Bender, R. J., Brecht, J. K. & Sargent, S. A. (2021). Low storage temperature for tree ripe mangoes under controlled atmospheres with elevated CO2 concentrations. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(3), 1161-1166. doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10727
Bhavi, S. M., Thokchom, B., Singh, S. R., Bajire, S. K., Shastry, R. P., Srinath, B. S., Bhat, S. S., Dupadahalli, K., Govindasamy, C., Chalekar, S. R., Harini, B. P. & Yarajarla, R. B. (2025). Syzygium malaccense leaf extract-mediated silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and biomedical evaluation in Caenorhabditis elegans and lung cancer cell line. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 18(1), 2456624. doi.org/10.1080/175182 53.2025.2456624
De, M. & Dey, S. R. (2025). Problems and prospects of mango export from India in light of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). In Community Resilience and Climate Change Challenges: Pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (pp. 375-400). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Du, Y., Yang, F., Yu, H., Yao, W. & Xie, Y. (2022). Controllable fabrication of edible coatings to improve the match between barrier and fruits respiration through layer-by-layer assembly. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 15(8), 1778-1793. doi.org/10.1007/s11947-022-02848-7
Eshetu, A., Ibrahim, A. M., Forsido, S. F. & Kuyu, C. G. (2019). Effect of beeswax and chitosan treatments on quality and shelf life of selected mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars. Heliyon, 5(1) e01116. doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01116
Ghasemi, S., Dabirian, S., Kariminejad, F., Koohi, D. E., Nemattalab, M., Majidimoghadam, S., Zamani, E. & Yousefbeyk, F. (2024). Process optimization for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rubus discolor leaves extract and its biological activities against multi-drug-resistant bacteria and cancer cells. Scientific Reports, 14(1). 4130. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54702-9
Gill, P. P. S., Jawandha, S. K., Singh, N. P., Kaur, S. & Kaur, P. (2024). Role of gum arabic combined with cinnamic acid coating on quality and cell wall degradation enzymes of mango fruits at low temperature. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 259, 129088. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202 3.129088
Hasan, M. K., Alam, A., Islam, M. R., Akhtaruzzaman, M. & Biswas, M. (2024). Evaluating the potential of 1-methylcyclopropene treatments on physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and shelf life of mango fruits under different storage conditions. Heliyon, 10(15), e34695. doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34695
Hedge, J. E. & B. T. Hofreiter. (1962). Carbohydrate chemistry 17 (Eds. Whister R.L & Be Miller, J.N.) Academic Press. Newyork.
Hmmam, I., Ali, M. A. S. & Abdellatif, A. (2023). Alginate-based zinc oxide nanoparticles coating extends storage life and maintains quality parameters of mango fruits “cv. Kiett”. Coatings, 13(2), 362. doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020362
Hmmam, I., Zaid, N. M., Mamdouh, B., Abdallatif, A., Abd-Elfattah, M. & Ali, M. (2021). Storage behavior of “Seddik” mango fruit coated with CMC and guar gum-based silver nanoparticles. Horticulturae, 7(3), 44. doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7030044
Jensen, A. Chlorophylls and carotenoids. In handbook of phycological methods: Physiological and biochemical methods; Hellebust, J.A.,Craigie, J.S., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1978; pp. 59–70
Kumar, N., Pratibha, Upadhyay, A., Trajkovska Petkoska, A., Gniewosz, M. & Kieliszek, M. (2023). Extending the shelf life of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits by using edible coating based on xanthan gum and pomegranate peel extract. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 17(2), 1300-1308. doi.org/10.1007/s11694-022-01706-6
Loo, Y. Y., Rukayadi, Y., Nor-Khaizura, M. A. R., Kuan, C. H., Chieng, B. W., Nishibuchi, M. & Radu, S. (2018). In vitro antimicrobial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against selected gram-negative foodborne pathogens. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1555.c doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01555
Marappan, K., Arumugam, V. A. & Khanchana, K. (2024). Improvement of shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) by edible coatings. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15(3), 781-784.
Min, K. H., Shin, J. W., Ki, M. R. & Pack, S. P. (2023). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles on biosilica diatomite: Well-dispersed particle formation and reusability. Process Biochemistry, 125, 232-238. /doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.018
Mishra, M., Shukla, P. K., Jaiswal, R., Ravi, S. C., Pravesh, K. S., Singh, S. K. & Damodaran, T. (2024). Sustainable bagging technology in mango value chain using cluster approach in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Farming, 74(10), 14-17.
Nasrin, T. A. A., Rahman, M. A., Arfin, M. S., Islam, M. N. & Ullah, M. A. (2020). Effect of novel coconut oil and beeswax edible coating on postharvest quality of lemon at ambient storage. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2(2020), 1-7. doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2019.100019
Odetayo, T., Tesfay, S. & Ngobese, N. Z. (2022). Nanotechnology‐enhanced edible coating application on climacteric fruits. Food Science & Nutrition, 10(7), 2149-2167. doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2557
Parvin, N., Rahman, A., Roy, J., Rashid, M. H., Paul, N. C., Mahamud, M. A., Imran, S., Sakil, M. A., Uddin, F. M. J., Molla, M. E., Khan, M. A., Kabir, M. H. & Kader, M. A. (2023). Chitosan coating improves postharvest shelf-life of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Horticulturae, 9(1), 64. doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010064
Pérez-Meza, N. B., Ayala-Tafoya, F., Vélez-de la Rocha, R., López-Orona, C. A., Martínez-Gallardo, J. Á., Muy-Rangel, M. D. & San-Martín-Hernández, C. (2024). The Nutritional, Mineral, and Nutraceutical quality is differentially affected by the mango cultivar. Horticulturae, 10(10), 1082. doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101082
Perumal, A. B., Nambiar, R. B., Sellamuthu, P. S. & Emmanuel, R. S. (2021). Use of modified atmosphere packaging combined with essential oils for prolonging post-harvest shelf life of mango (cv. Banganapalli and cv. Totapuri). LWT, 148, 111662. doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111662
Qambrani, S., Talpur, F. N., Panhwar, A. A., Afridi, H. I., Talpur, M. K., Khan, A. & Hab, S. A. (2022). Development of guar gum-based coating with castor oil for improved postharvest quality of fresh mangoes using response surface methodology. Applied Food Research, 2(2), 100220. doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2022.100220
Ren, Y., Xue, Y., Tian, D., Zhang, L., Xiao, G. & He, J. (2020). Improvement of postharvest anthracnose resistance in mango fruit by nitric oxide and the possible mechanisms involved. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(52), 15460-15467. doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04270
Restrepo, C. V. & Villa, C. C. (2021). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles, influence of capping agents, and dependence on size and shape: A review. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 15, 100428. doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100428
Ritu, Verma, K. K., Das, A. & Chandra, P. (2023). Phytochemical-based synthesis of silver nanoparticle: mechanism and potential applications. BioNanoScience, 13(3), 1359-1380. doi.org/10.1007/s12668-023-01125-x
Rosman, N., Malek, N. S. A., Omar, H., Hajar, N., Buniyamin, I., Abdullah, S., Razak, A. R. A., Mahmood, M. R. & Asli, N. A. (2024). Impact of Zinc Oxide-Corn Starch coating on mango Postharvest to extend shelf life. Food Biophysics, 20(1)., 1-14. doi.org/10.1007/s11483-024-09895-x
Saleem, M. S., Ejaz, S., Anjum, M. A., Nawaz, A., Naz, S., Hussain, S., Ali, S. & Canan, İ. (2020). Postharvest application of gum arabic edible coating delays ripening and maintains quality of persimmon fruits during storage. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 44(8), e14583. doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14583
Sati, A., Ranade, T. N., Mali, S. N., Yasin, H. K. A. & Pratap, A. (2025). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs): Comprehensive insights into bio/synthesis, Key influencing factors, Multifaceted applications, and Toxicity─A 2024 Update. ACS Omega. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c11045
Singh, A., Shukla, A. N., Kumar, S., Swain, D. & Tomer, G. (2024a). Constraints associated with the production and marketing of mango in central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh India. Plant Archives, 24, Special Issue (GABELS), 749-755.
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How to Cite
Enhancing shelf-life of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) using biopolymer-based silver nanoparticle coatings. (2026). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 18(1), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v18i1.7194
