Molecular identification and genetic variation of Alternaria species isolated from leaves of ornamental plants using Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing
Article Main
Abstract
Alternaria species are pathogens that cause significant economic losses in ornamental plants. The present study focused on the molecular identification and genetic diversity of Alternaria species, a common fungal genus that includes pathogens causing plant diseases. Accurate identification and understanding of the genetic relationships of Alternaria species are important for managing plant diseases. This study included 100 samples collected from several plant species: Ivy plant (Convolvulus), Chrysanthemum plant (Chrysanthemum), Infernal (Bougainville), Rubber plant (Ficus), Cardina flower (Gardenia) infected with fungi. All samples cultured on PDA medium and purified with the single-spore method, followed by Polymerase Chain Reactions PCR identification through internal transcribed spacer ITS1 and ITS4 gene and sanger or next-generation sequencing of positive samples to construct a phylogenetic tree. Preliminary results showed the presence of Alternaria in 23 of the 100 samples, which were confirmed by PCR. Genetic sequencing revealed 10 newly recorded isolates, which were registered with National Center for Biotechnolo gy Information (NCBI) under the following names: A.infectoria strainWS1-iqOR053817.1, strainWS3-iqOR064285.1,strainWS5-iqOR064342.1,strainWS9-iqOR083596.1,strainWS10-iqOR083599.1, A.angustivoidea strainWS4-iqOR064286.1, A. tenuissima strainWS2-iqOR053945.1 , strainWS7-iq OR083592.1, Alternaria burnsii strainWS8-iq , OR088248.1 , A. alternate strain WS6-iqOR072637.1. These species were classified into groups based on their genetic patterns. This molecular study confirmed the association of various Alternaria species with ornamental plants and revealed the importance of ITS for diagnosing and identifying genetic diversity within the genus Alternaria.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Alternaria species, Genetic diversity, Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, Ornamental plant
References
Adeyemo, A. & Schmidt-Heydt, M. (2024). Expansion of the multi-locus gene alignment approach to improve identification of the fungal species Alternaria alternata. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 421, 110746. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110746.
Al-Healy, N.A. & Al-Taee, W.S. (2023). Biodiversity of some species of Alternaria fungi causing spotting in ornamental plants. Rafidain Journal of Science, 32(1): 90-101. http://doi.org/10.33899/rjs.2023.177291
Almashhadani, M. A. & Qassim, W. S. (2025a). Bioactivity of silver nanoparticles produced by the aqueous extract of local Trichoderma longibrachiatum isolates against some types of MDR bacteria. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 16(1),e25037. http://doi.org/10.1 5421/0225037
Almashhadani, M.A. & Qassim, W. S (2025b).Phenotypic and molecular diagnosis of Trichoderma spp. isolated from the local soil of Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 17(2): 934 – 942. http://doi.org/10.31018/ jans.v17i2.6595
Al-Nuaimy, M. M. T. & Mulla Abed, F. N. (2021). Isolation and identification of Phytophthora infestans from some citrus trees by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing technique in Iraq. Biochem. Cell., Arch. 21, 1, pp. 769-776, 2021. DocID: https://connectjournals.com/03896.2021.21.769.
Al-Nuaimy, M. M. T., Masyab, H. M. & AL-Shekhany, Y. N. (2025). Antifungal activity of turmeric extract (Curcuma longa Linn) fortified with silver nanoparticles against pathogenic fungi. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 20, 1, January, 2025, pp. 203-210. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.200122.
Altomare, C., Logrieco, A. F. & Gallo, A. (2021). Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi: Risk and management. A challenge for future global food safety and security. Encyclopedia of Mycology. 1,64-93. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819990-9.00032-9
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. & Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215(3), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
Armitage, A. D., Cockerton, H. M., Sreenivasaprasad, S., Woodhall, J., Lane, C. R., Harrison, R. J. & Clarkson, J. P. (2020). Genomics evolutionary history and diagnostics of the alternaria alternata species group including apple and Asian pear pathotypes. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10:1-17. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03124.
Bacha, S. A. S., Li, Y., Nie, J., Xu, G., Han, L. & Farooq, S. (2023). Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1139757.
Barnett, H. L. & Hunter, B. B. (1972). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minnesota.
Barzee, T. J., Cao, L., Pan, Z. & Zhang, R. (2021). Fungi for future foods. Journal of Future Foods, 1(1), 25-37. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2021.09.002
Bellemain, E., Carlsen, T., Brochmann, C., Coissac, E., Taberlet, P. & Kauserud, H. (2010). ITS as an environmental DNA barcode for fungi: an in silico approach reveals potential PCR biases. BMC microbiology, 10, 1-9.
Carvalho, L. M., Souza, B. & de Sousa, A. L. V. (2019). Ornamental plants. Natural enemies of insect pests in neotropical agroecosystems: Biological Control and Functional Biodiversity, 355-368.
Dang, H. X., Pryor, B., Peever, T. & Lawrence, C. B. (2015). The Alternaria genomes database: a comprehensive resource for a fungal genus comprised of saprophytes, plant pathogens, and allergenic species. BMC Genomics, 16,239-248. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1430-7
Daughtrey, M. & Buitenhuis, R. (2020). Integrated pest and disease management in greenhouse ornamentals. Integrated pest and disease management in greenhouse crops, Pp. 625-679. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22304-5-22.
DeMers, M. (2022). Alternaria alternata as endophyte and pathogen. Microbiology, 168(3), 001153. http://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001153
Dettman, J. R. & Eggertson, Q. (2021). Phylogenomic analyses of Alternaria section Alternaria: A high-resolution, genome-wide study of lineage sorting and gene tree discordance. Mycologia, 113(6):1-15 http://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2021.1950456
Dettman, J. R., Eggertson, Q. A. & Kim, N. E. (2023). Species diversity and molecular characterization of Alternaria section Alternaria isolates collected mainly from cereal crops in Canada. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14:1-11. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1194911.
Ellis, M.B. (1971). Demtiaceous hypomycetes. Commonwealth mycological institute. Kew, Surry, England. P. 608
Escrivá, L., Oueslati, S., Font, G. & Manyes, L. (2017). Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed: An overview. Journal of Food Quality, 1: 1569748. http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1569748
Fathy, W. A., Techen, N., Elsayed, K. N., Essawy, E. A., Tawfik, E., Alwutayd, K. M. & Ross, S. A. (2023). Applying an internal transcribed spacer as a single molecular marker to differentiate between Tetraselmis and Chlorella species. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1228869. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228869
Haro, M. L. M., Cabrera, G., Pinto, V. F. & Patriarca, A. (2023). Alternaria toxins in tomato products from the Argentinean market. Food Control, 147, 109607.
Hmood , A.H. & Qassim, W. S. (2023) .The pathogenicity of strains of fungi Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. and revealing their toxic effects using the HPLC technique. College of Basic Education Researchers Journal. 19(4): 867-881.
Ismail, A. M., Elshewy, E. S., El-Ganainy, S. M., Magistà, D., Hamouda, A. F., Alhudaib, K. A. & Almaghasla, M. I. (2023). Mycotoxins from tomato pathogenic Alternaria alternata and their combined cytotoxic effects on human cell lines and male albino rats. Journal of Fungi, 9(3), 282. http://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030282
Jayawardena, R. S., Hyde, K. D., de Farias, A. R. G., Bhunjun, C. S., Ferdinandez, H. S., Manamgoda, D. S. & Thines, M. (2021). What is a species in fungal plant pathogens?. Fungal Diversity, 109(1), 239-266. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00484-8
Lee, H. B., Patriarca, A. & Magan, N. (2015). Alternaria in food: ecophysiology, mycotoxin production and toxicology. Mycobiology, 43(2), 93-106. http://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.2.93
Leiminger, J. H., Auinger, H. J., Wenig, M., Bahnweg, G. & Hausladen, H. (2013). Genetic variability among Alternaria solani isolates from potatoes in Southern Germany based on RAPD-profiles. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 120, 164-172. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356470
Li, Y.X., Dong, X.F., Yang, A.L. & Zhang, H.B. (2022) .Diversity and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and local plants. PeerJ., 10:e13012. http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13012.
Lodovica Gullino, M. & Wardlow, L. R. (2002). Ornamentals. In integrated pest and disease management in greenhouse crops (pp. 486-505). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. http://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47585-5_3
Mohammadi, A. & Bahramikia, S. (2019). Molecular identification and genetic variation of Alternaria species isolated from tomatoes using ITS1 sequencing and inter simple sequence repeat methods. Current Medical Mycology, 5(2), 1-8. http://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.5.2.1154
Ozkilinc, H., Rotondo, F., Pryor, B. M. & Peever, T. L. (2018). Contrasting species boundaries between sections Alternaria and Porri of the genus Alternaria. Plant Pathology, 67(2), 303-314. http://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12749.
Perez-Nadales, E., Nogueira, M. F. A., Baldin, C., Castanheira, S., El Ghalid, M., Grund, E. & Wendland, J. (2014). Fungal model systems and the elucidation of pathogenicity determinants. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 70, 42-67. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2014.06.011
Qassim, W. S., Mohamad, I.J. & Saadi, A.M. (2024a) The inhibitory effect of the cloves Syzygium aromaticum on the growth of Candida albicans. Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research, 10( 6): 180 -194. http://doi.org/10. 21608/jbaar.2024.335177
Qassim, W. S., Mohamed, A. H. & Hamdoon, Z. K. (2024b). Biological control of root rot fungi in cowpea. Sabrao J. Breed. Genet, 56(1), 302-309 http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.27.
Rajarammohan, S., Paritosh, K., Pental, D. & Kaur, J. (2019). Comparative genomics of Alternaria species provides insights into the pathogenic lifestyle of Alternaria brassicae a pathogen of the Brassicaceae family. BMC Genomics, 20, 1-13.
Rocha, C. S., Rocha, D. C., Kochi, L. Y., Carneiro, D. N. M., Dos Reis, M. V. & Gomes, M. P. (2022). Phytoremediation by ornamental plants: a beautiful and ecological alternative. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-19. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17307-7
Rokas, A. (2022). Evolution of the human pathogenic lifestyle in fungi. Nature Microbiology, 7(5), 607-619. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01112-0
Saeed, H. K., Alsammak, E. G. & Haddad, M. F. (2024). Draft genome sequencing of microcoleus sp. HI-ES Isolated from freshwater in Iraq: Cyanobacterial strain. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ), 8(1), 129-134. http://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_40_24
Saleem, A. & El-Shahir, A. A. (2022). Morphological and molecular characterization of some Alternaria species isolated from tomato fruits concerning mycotoxin production and polyketide synthase genes. Plants, 11(9), 1168. http://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091168
Salem-Bango, Z., Price, T. K., Chan, J. L., Chandrasekaran, S., Garner, O. B. & Yang, S. (2023). Fungal whole-genome sequencing for species identification: from test development to clinical utilization. Journal of Fungi, 9(2), 183-196. http://doi.org/10.3390/jof9020183
Schmey, T., Tominello‐Ramirez, C. S., Brune, C. & Stam, R. (2024). Alternaria diseases on potato and tomato. Molecular Plant Pathology, 25(3), 1 - 19. http://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13435
Somma, S., Amatulli, M. T., Masiello, M., Moretti, A. & Logrieco, A. F. (2019). Alternaria species associated to wheat black point identified through a multilocus sequence approach. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 293, 34-43. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.01.001
Taha, H.H. & Ramadan, N.A. (2017). Induction of broad bean plants resistance against Alternaria alternata Using K2HPO4 and H2O2 . Al-Rafidain Journal of science, 26(1): 63-73.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. (2021). MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(7), 3022-3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120
Younis, N.Q. & Al-taee, W. S. (2020). Indicating the toxic effect and testing the efficiency of biological and chemical resistance on fungus isolations’ types of Alternaria sp. Isolated from Citrus Trees. College of Basic Education Researchers Journal, 16(2):951-976.
Zelmat L., Mbasani Mansi J., Aouzal, S., Gaboun F., Khayi S., Ibriz M., El Guilli M. & Mentag R. (2021). Genetic diversity and population structure of moroccan isolates belong to Alternaria spp. Causing black rot and brown spot in Citrus. International Journal of Genomics, 2021: 9976969, 11 pages . http://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9976969
Al-Healy, N.A. & Al-Taee, W.S. (2023). Biodiversity of some species of Alternaria fungi causing spotting in ornamental plants. Rafidain Journal of Science, 32(1): 90-101. http://doi.org/10.33899/rjs.2023.177291
Almashhadani, M. A. & Qassim, W. S. (2025a). Bioactivity of silver nanoparticles produced by the aqueous extract of local Trichoderma longibrachiatum isolates against some types of MDR bacteria. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 16(1),e25037. http://doi.org/10.1 5421/0225037
Almashhadani, M.A. & Qassim, W. S (2025b).Phenotypic and molecular diagnosis of Trichoderma spp. isolated from the local soil of Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 17(2): 934 – 942. http://doi.org/10.31018/ jans.v17i2.6595
Al-Nuaimy, M. M. T. & Mulla Abed, F. N. (2021). Isolation and identification of Phytophthora infestans from some citrus trees by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing technique in Iraq. Biochem. Cell., Arch. 21, 1, pp. 769-776, 2021. DocID: https://connectjournals.com/03896.2021.21.769.
Al-Nuaimy, M. M. T., Masyab, H. M. & AL-Shekhany, Y. N. (2025). Antifungal activity of turmeric extract (Curcuma longa Linn) fortified with silver nanoparticles against pathogenic fungi. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 20, 1, January, 2025, pp. 203-210. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.200122.
Altomare, C., Logrieco, A. F. & Gallo, A. (2021). Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi: Risk and management. A challenge for future global food safety and security. Encyclopedia of Mycology. 1,64-93. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819990-9.00032-9
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. & Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215(3), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
Armitage, A. D., Cockerton, H. M., Sreenivasaprasad, S., Woodhall, J., Lane, C. R., Harrison, R. J. & Clarkson, J. P. (2020). Genomics evolutionary history and diagnostics of the alternaria alternata species group including apple and Asian pear pathotypes. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10:1-17. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03124.
Bacha, S. A. S., Li, Y., Nie, J., Xu, G., Han, L. & Farooq, S. (2023). Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1139757.
Barnett, H. L. & Hunter, B. B. (1972). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minnesota.
Barzee, T. J., Cao, L., Pan, Z. & Zhang, R. (2021). Fungi for future foods. Journal of Future Foods, 1(1), 25-37. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2021.09.002
Bellemain, E., Carlsen, T., Brochmann, C., Coissac, E., Taberlet, P. & Kauserud, H. (2010). ITS as an environmental DNA barcode for fungi: an in silico approach reveals potential PCR biases. BMC microbiology, 10, 1-9.
Carvalho, L. M., Souza, B. & de Sousa, A. L. V. (2019). Ornamental plants. Natural enemies of insect pests in neotropical agroecosystems: Biological Control and Functional Biodiversity, 355-368.
Dang, H. X., Pryor, B., Peever, T. & Lawrence, C. B. (2015). The Alternaria genomes database: a comprehensive resource for a fungal genus comprised of saprophytes, plant pathogens, and allergenic species. BMC Genomics, 16,239-248. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1430-7
Daughtrey, M. & Buitenhuis, R. (2020). Integrated pest and disease management in greenhouse ornamentals. Integrated pest and disease management in greenhouse crops, Pp. 625-679. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22304-5-22.
DeMers, M. (2022). Alternaria alternata as endophyte and pathogen. Microbiology, 168(3), 001153. http://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001153
Dettman, J. R. & Eggertson, Q. (2021). Phylogenomic analyses of Alternaria section Alternaria: A high-resolution, genome-wide study of lineage sorting and gene tree discordance. Mycologia, 113(6):1-15 http://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2021.1950456
Dettman, J. R., Eggertson, Q. A. & Kim, N. E. (2023). Species diversity and molecular characterization of Alternaria section Alternaria isolates collected mainly from cereal crops in Canada. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14:1-11. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1194911.
Ellis, M.B. (1971). Demtiaceous hypomycetes. Commonwealth mycological institute. Kew, Surry, England. P. 608
Escrivá, L., Oueslati, S., Font, G. & Manyes, L. (2017). Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed: An overview. Journal of Food Quality, 1: 1569748. http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1569748
Fathy, W. A., Techen, N., Elsayed, K. N., Essawy, E. A., Tawfik, E., Alwutayd, K. M. & Ross, S. A. (2023). Applying an internal transcribed spacer as a single molecular marker to differentiate between Tetraselmis and Chlorella species. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1228869. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228869
Haro, M. L. M., Cabrera, G., Pinto, V. F. & Patriarca, A. (2023). Alternaria toxins in tomato products from the Argentinean market. Food Control, 147, 109607.
Hmood , A.H. & Qassim, W. S. (2023) .The pathogenicity of strains of fungi Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. and revealing their toxic effects using the HPLC technique. College of Basic Education Researchers Journal. 19(4): 867-881.
Ismail, A. M., Elshewy, E. S., El-Ganainy, S. M., Magistà, D., Hamouda, A. F., Alhudaib, K. A. & Almaghasla, M. I. (2023). Mycotoxins from tomato pathogenic Alternaria alternata and their combined cytotoxic effects on human cell lines and male albino rats. Journal of Fungi, 9(3), 282. http://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030282
Jayawardena, R. S., Hyde, K. D., de Farias, A. R. G., Bhunjun, C. S., Ferdinandez, H. S., Manamgoda, D. S. & Thines, M. (2021). What is a species in fungal plant pathogens?. Fungal Diversity, 109(1), 239-266. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00484-8
Lee, H. B., Patriarca, A. & Magan, N. (2015). Alternaria in food: ecophysiology, mycotoxin production and toxicology. Mycobiology, 43(2), 93-106. http://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.2.93
Leiminger, J. H., Auinger, H. J., Wenig, M., Bahnweg, G. & Hausladen, H. (2013). Genetic variability among Alternaria solani isolates from potatoes in Southern Germany based on RAPD-profiles. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 120, 164-172. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356470
Li, Y.X., Dong, X.F., Yang, A.L. & Zhang, H.B. (2022) .Diversity and pathogenicity of Alternaria species associated with the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and local plants. PeerJ., 10:e13012. http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13012.
Lodovica Gullino, M. & Wardlow, L. R. (2002). Ornamentals. In integrated pest and disease management in greenhouse crops (pp. 486-505). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. http://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47585-5_3
Mohammadi, A. & Bahramikia, S. (2019). Molecular identification and genetic variation of Alternaria species isolated from tomatoes using ITS1 sequencing and inter simple sequence repeat methods. Current Medical Mycology, 5(2), 1-8. http://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.5.2.1154
Ozkilinc, H., Rotondo, F., Pryor, B. M. & Peever, T. L. (2018). Contrasting species boundaries between sections Alternaria and Porri of the genus Alternaria. Plant Pathology, 67(2), 303-314. http://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12749.
Perez-Nadales, E., Nogueira, M. F. A., Baldin, C., Castanheira, S., El Ghalid, M., Grund, E. & Wendland, J. (2014). Fungal model systems and the elucidation of pathogenicity determinants. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 70, 42-67. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2014.06.011
Qassim, W. S., Mohamad, I.J. & Saadi, A.M. (2024a) The inhibitory effect of the cloves Syzygium aromaticum on the growth of Candida albicans. Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research, 10( 6): 180 -194. http://doi.org/10. 21608/jbaar.2024.335177
Qassim, W. S., Mohamed, A. H. & Hamdoon, Z. K. (2024b). Biological control of root rot fungi in cowpea. Sabrao J. Breed. Genet, 56(1), 302-309 http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.27.
Rajarammohan, S., Paritosh, K., Pental, D. & Kaur, J. (2019). Comparative genomics of Alternaria species provides insights into the pathogenic lifestyle of Alternaria brassicae a pathogen of the Brassicaceae family. BMC Genomics, 20, 1-13.
Rocha, C. S., Rocha, D. C., Kochi, L. Y., Carneiro, D. N. M., Dos Reis, M. V. & Gomes, M. P. (2022). Phytoremediation by ornamental plants: a beautiful and ecological alternative. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-19. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17307-7
Rokas, A. (2022). Evolution of the human pathogenic lifestyle in fungi. Nature Microbiology, 7(5), 607-619. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01112-0
Saeed, H. K., Alsammak, E. G. & Haddad, M. F. (2024). Draft genome sequencing of microcoleus sp. HI-ES Isolated from freshwater in Iraq: Cyanobacterial strain. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ), 8(1), 129-134. http://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_40_24
Saleem, A. & El-Shahir, A. A. (2022). Morphological and molecular characterization of some Alternaria species isolated from tomato fruits concerning mycotoxin production and polyketide synthase genes. Plants, 11(9), 1168. http://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091168
Salem-Bango, Z., Price, T. K., Chan, J. L., Chandrasekaran, S., Garner, O. B. & Yang, S. (2023). Fungal whole-genome sequencing for species identification: from test development to clinical utilization. Journal of Fungi, 9(2), 183-196. http://doi.org/10.3390/jof9020183
Schmey, T., Tominello‐Ramirez, C. S., Brune, C. & Stam, R. (2024). Alternaria diseases on potato and tomato. Molecular Plant Pathology, 25(3), 1 - 19. http://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13435
Somma, S., Amatulli, M. T., Masiello, M., Moretti, A. & Logrieco, A. F. (2019). Alternaria species associated to wheat black point identified through a multilocus sequence approach. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 293, 34-43. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.01.001
Taha, H.H. & Ramadan, N.A. (2017). Induction of broad bean plants resistance against Alternaria alternata Using K2HPO4 and H2O2 . Al-Rafidain Journal of science, 26(1): 63-73.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. (2021). MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(7), 3022-3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120
Younis, N.Q. & Al-taee, W. S. (2020). Indicating the toxic effect and testing the efficiency of biological and chemical resistance on fungus isolations’ types of Alternaria sp. Isolated from Citrus Trees. College of Basic Education Researchers Journal, 16(2):951-976.
Zelmat L., Mbasani Mansi J., Aouzal, S., Gaboun F., Khayi S., Ibriz M., El Guilli M. & Mentag R. (2021). Genetic diversity and population structure of moroccan isolates belong to Alternaria spp. Causing black rot and brown spot in Citrus. International Journal of Genomics, 2021: 9976969, 11 pages . http://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9976969
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Molecular identification and genetic variation of Alternaria species isolated from leaves of ornamental plants using Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. (2026). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 18(1), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v18i1.7168
