Toxicological evaluation of histoarchitectural alterations in various tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations of atrazine
Article Main
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, primarily widely used herbicides such as atrazine, pose substantial risks to aquatic ecosystems. Atrazine is commonly detected in surface waters and has been shown to impair growth, physiological processes, and reproductive functions in aquatic organisms. The present study aimed to examine the sub-lethal toxicological effects of atrazine on Danio rerio (zebrafish), with particular attention to growth performance, enzymatic biomarkers, and organ-specific tissue damage. Juvenile zebrafish were exposed to atrazine at concentrations of 0.83, 1.25, and 2.5 ppm for 100 days. Growth parameters were measured, and biochemical assays were conducted to assess hepatic and cellular damage marker glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity. Histopathological analyses of liver, gill, and gonadal tissues were performed to identify structural and functional impairments. Atrazine exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in body weight and total length, indicating impaired somatic development. Significant increases in GOT and GPT levels were detected, which suggest hepatocellular damage and increased tissue stress. Histological analyses identified severe pathological changes, including hepatocyte degeneration, gill lamellar fusion, and testicular atrophy. Distinct male- and female-specific responses further supported the dose-dependent nature of atrazine-induced toxicity. The findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of atrazine induces significant physiological, biochemical, and histopathological disturbances in Danio rerio. These results highlight the detrimental impacts of atrazine on fish health and development and emphasize the need for strengthened regulatory controls and continuous monitoring of herbicide contamination in aquatic environments.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Atrazine, Danio rerio, Enzyme activity, Growth inhibition, Histopathology
References
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Carvalho, R.P.R. & Machado-Neves, M. (2025). Exploring the endocrine-disrupting potential of atrazine for male reproduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Biology, 25(1), 100989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2024.100989
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Chevalier, C., Denis, C., Nedjar, S.A., Ledoré, Y., Silvestre, F., Schaerlinger, B. & Milla, S. (2024). Comparative study of the growth, stress status and reproductive capabilities of four wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio) lines. Biological Research, 57(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-024-00599-8
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Fan, Y., Dong, Y., Gai, Z., Zhang, Y. & Han, M. (2025). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp05 protects against ethanol-induced liver injury in zebrafish through metabolic and microbiota modulation. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 22584. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-71951-y
Flura, M.M., Alam, M.A., Rahman, M.H., Didar, M.A.K., Ali, A., Rashid, M.H. & Mahmud, Y. (2022). Length–weight relationship and relative condition factor of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. American Journal of Life Science Innovation, 1(2), 21–28.
Fujii, J. (2024). Redox remodeling of central metabolism as a driving force for cellular protection, proliferation, differentiation, and dysfunction. Free Radical Research, 58(10), 606–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2023.2298082
Jesna, P., Das, B.K., Sarkar, D.J., Krishnani, K.K., Chadha, N.K. & Hemaprasanth, K. (2024). Effect of nano-formulated cypermethrin, a parasiticide, on Labeo rohita fingerlings: biochemical, haematological, and stress responses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(55), 63863–63875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-28652-2
Lozano, I.E., Lo Nostro, F.L., Llamazares Vegh, S., Lagraña, A., Marino, D.J., Czuchlej, C. & de la Torre, F.R. (2024). Impact of antiparasitic used in livestock: Effects of ivermectin-spiked sediment in Prochilodus lineatus, an inland fishery species of South America. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(32), 45425–45440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29174-w
Maia, M.E., Martins, R.X., Carvalho, M., Félix, L.M., Marques-Santos, L.F. & Farias, D. (2025). Effects of atrazine, diuron, and glyphosate mixtures on zebrafish embryos: acute toxicity and oxidative stress responses. Ecotoxicology, 34(2), 304–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-024-02654-3
Malik, M.A., Sardar, P., Munilkumar, S., Varghese, T., Kumar, S., Gupta, G. & Bhat, N.M. (2024). Comparative evaluation of raw and fermented Eichhornia crassipes leaf meal in the diet of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings: Effects on growth performance, body composition and haematobiochemical responses. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 310, 115947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.115947
Onwudiegwu, C., Nabebe, G. & Izah, S.C. (2025). Environmental and public health implications of pesticide residues: From soil contamination to policy interventions. Greener Journal of Biological Sciences, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15580/gjbs.2025.1.120424187
Patel, S.S., Trangadia, B.J., Patel, U.D., Delvadiya, R.S., Makwana, A.A., Raval, S.H. & Fefar, D.T. (2024). Toxic effects of dibutyl phthalate on testes of adult zebrafish: Evaluation of oxidative stress parameters and histopathology. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(43), 55610–55623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30837-3
Porteus, C.S., Waples, E., Dempsey, A., Paull, G. & Wilson, R.W. (2024). A survey of water chemistry used in zebrafish facilities and their effects on early zebrafish development. F1000Research, 13, 168. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151154.1
Qadir, M., Iqbal, A., Hussain, A., Hussain, A., Shah, F., Yun, B.W. & Mun, B.G. (2024). Exploring plant–bacterial symbiosis for eco-friendly agriculture and enhanced resilience. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(22), 12198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212198
Rangasamy, B., Ashokan, A.P., Ramesh, M. & Narayanasamy, A. (2020). Responses of metabolic enzymes (GOT, GPT and LDH) in Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanorods under short-term exposure. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contamination, 15(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.5132/eec.2020.01.09
Abu-Zahra, N.I., Gouda, M., Elseify, M.M., Abass, M.E., El-Gohary, M.S. & El-Sokary, E.T., 2025. Azolla pinnata mitigates pendimethalin induced immunotoxicity, oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Oreochromis niloticus. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 16226. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96757-2
Ruan, Y., Li, X., Zhai, G., Lou, Q., Jin, X., He, J. & Yin, Z. (2024). Estrogen signaling inhibits amh and gsdf expression during the critical period of sexual fate determination in zebrafish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(3), 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031740
Samardzija, D., Pogrmic-Majkic, K., Fa, S., Glisic, B., Stanic, B.& Andric, N. (2016). Atrazine blocks ovulation via suppression of Lhr and Cyp19a1 mRNA and estradiol secretion in immature gonadotropin-treated rats. Reproductive Toxicology, 61, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.03.045
Saxena, V. (2025). Water quality, air pollution, and climate change: Investigating the environmental impacts of industrialization and urbanization. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 236, 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-06773-2
Schweizer, M., Dieterich, A., Betz, S., Leim, D., Prozmann, V., Jacobs, B. & Triebskorn, R. (2022). Fish health in the Nidda as an indicator for ecosystem integrity: A case study for Central European small streams in densely populated areas. Environmental Sciences Europe, 34(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00599-4
Shuklan, P., Raj, A., Chauhan, K., Madan, P. & Rani, S. (2023). Systematic toxicity of cypermethrin and behavioral alterations in albino rats. ACS Omega, 8(16), 14766–14773. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c00694
Smol, M., Mejia, A., Gastaldi, M. & D'Adamo, I. (2025). Environmental indicators for assessment of circular economy implementation in the water and wastewater sector. Business Strategy and the Environment, 34(2), 1993–2011. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3652
Suárez, M.D., Trenzado, C.E., García-Gallego, M., Furné, M., García-Mesa, S., Domezain, A., Alba, I. & Sanz, A. (2015). Interaction of dietary energy levels and culture density on growth performance and metabolic and oxidative status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Engineering, 67, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2015.06.001
Tao, H., Wang, J., Bao, Z., Jin, Y. & Xiao, Y. (2023). Acute chlorothalonil exposure influences intestinal barrier function and micro-environment in mice. Science of the Total Environment, 894, 165038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165038
Wu, K., Yue, Y., Zhou, L., Zhang, Z., Shan, H., He, H. & Ge, W. (2025). Disrupting Amh and androgen signaling reveals their distinct roles in zebrafish gonadal differentiation and gametogenesis. Communications Biology, 8(1), 371. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-025-06936-0
Wu, Y., Lin, Y., Lin, B., Huang, Y., Yu, Z., Ma, Y. & Shu, H. (2024). Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on energy metabolism, immune response, and apoptosis in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1495068. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1495068
Yıldırım, Ö., Acar, Ü., Tezel, R., Erden, Y., Bilge, G. & Yapici, S. (2025). Dose-dependent hemato-biochemical and genotoxic responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to flupyradifurone. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, 1676992. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1676992
Zaman, M., Zuberi, A., Younas, W., Noorullah, M., Lodhi, F.A. & Khan, A. (2025). Potential toxicological assessment of 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) in Ctenopharyngodon idella: LC₅₀ determination, acute and sublethal effects on physiological, immunological, and histopathological indicators. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 51(5), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-024-01360-6
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Toxicological evaluation of histoarchitectural alterations in various tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations of atrazine. (2026). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 18(1), 385-398. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v18i1.7112
