Effect of using Hevea seed meal at different levels on Isa brown laying hen performance and egg quality
Article Main
Abstract
Egg consumption remains high in developing countries, yet the cost of poultry feed poses a significant challenge for farmers, limiting their ability to use commercial options. To address this, alternative feed sources for egg-laying hens need to be explored. In Côte d'Ivoire, Hevea brasiliensis trees’ seeds are abundant but largely underutilized. These seeds have potential as dietary supplements in layer feed. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of incorporating H. brasiliensis seed meal into a white corn-based diet on laying performance, egg quality, yolk color, and composition. A total of 300 hens, 32 weeks of age, were randomly assigned to 30 pens with 10 hens per pen, and distributed across six dietary treatments with 5 replicates each over a period of 13 weeks. Two control groups received diets based on either yellow corn (Ye) or white corn (Wh). The remaining groups were fed on white corn diets supplemented with H. brasiliensis seed meal at inclusion rates of 2.5% (He2.5), 5% (He5), 7.5% (He7.5), and 10% (He10). The He2.5 diet led to improved egg production. Additionally, increasing levels of Hevea seed meal were associated with a decrease in yolk total cholesterol. However, higher inclusion rates also led to progressively yellow yolk colour compared to white corn-based diets. But, it did not fully restore the deep yellow pigmentation typically achieved with yellow corn. In conclusion, incorporating H. brasiliensis seed meal into white corn-based diets may be a cost-effective strategy to enhance egg production and reduce cholesterol content in eggs, though it may affect yolk pigmentation.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Egg cholesterol, Egg yolk colour, Hens, Hevea seed meal
References
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Akinsanmi, S.K., Igbasan, F.A., Agbede, J.O. & Joachim, C.O. (2020). Effects of equi-protein replacement of soybean meal with graded levels of differently processed rubber seed meal on health status of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(1), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i1.192
Akinwumi, A.O., Oshodi, O.A., Atandah, R.A., Okunlola, O.O., Adeosun, O., Odeleye, B.D., Abdulhameed, K.O. & Akinwumi, B.S. (2022). Quality evaluation of eggs from isa brown as influenced by natural antioxidants and storage time. Research & Review in Biology, 37(9), 108-117. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2022/v37i930555
AOAC (2007). Association of official analytical chemists. Official methods of analysis, 18th ed.; Association of official analytical chemists international: Arlington, VA, USA.
Asante-Addo, C. & Weible, D. (2020). Imported versus domestic chicken consumption in Ghana: Do attitudes and perceptions matter? Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 32(5), 503-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2020.1751767
Council Directive 1999/74/EC Laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens; The council of the european union: Brussels, Belgium, 1999.
Bray, H.J. & Ankeny, R.A. (2017). Happy chickens lay tastier eggs: motivations for buying free-range eggs in Australia. Anthrozoös, 30(2), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2017.1310986
Dabbou, S., Cattaneo, A., Cattapan, F., Malinverni, R., Macchi, E., Manenti, I., Todesco, S., Poloni, E., Rosà, R., Santori, D., Meneguz, M., Pertot, I. & Sezzi, E. (2025). Impact of live black soldier fly larvae supplementation on laying hen performance, stress levels and excreta microbiota. Poultry Science, 104, 105418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.105418
Debbarma, G., Samanta, A.K., Buragohain, R., Das, B.K., Behera, P., Debbarma, M. & Paul, A. (2023). Effect of rubber seed meal (Hevea brasiliensis) on blood biochemical parameters and enzyme profiles of broiler birds. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 14(4), 590-599. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2023.3381
Deng, S., Xing, T., Li, C., Xu, X. & Zhou, G. (2022). The effect of breed and age on the growth performance, carcass traits and metabolic profile in breast muscle of chinese indigenous chickens. Foods, 11(3), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030483
Dilawar, M.A., Mun, H.S., Rathnayake, D., Yang, E.J., Seo Y.S., Park H.S. & Yang, C.J. (2021). Egg quality parameters, production performance and immunity of laying hens supplemented with plant extracts. Animals, 11(4), 975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11040975
Directive 63/2010/EU on the protection of animals used for experimental purposes; The european parliament: Strasbourg, France; The council of the european union: Brussels, Belgium, 2010.
EFSA (2007). Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on request from the commission related to cyanogenic compounds as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 434, 1–67. https://10.2903/j.efsa.2007.434
Erdaw, M.M. & Beyene, W.Ts. (2022). Trends, prospects and the socio-economic contribution of poultry production in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Review. World's Poultry Science Journal, 78(3), 835-852. https://doi.org/10.1080/0043933 9.2022.2092437
EUC (European Union Council) (1999). Council directive 1999/74/EC of 19 July 1999 laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens. Official Journal of the European Communities, L203 (5), 53-57.
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane Stanley, G.M. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226(1), 497-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)64849-5
Garamu, K. (2019). Assessment and characterization of egg quality of south african and indigenous breeds. Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences, 12(5), 555846. https://doi.org/10.19080/jdvs.2019.12.555846
Huang, S., Baurhoo, B. & Mustafa, A. (2020). Effects of feeding extruded flaxseed on layer performance, total tract nutrient digestibility, and fatty acid concentrations of egg yolk, plasma and liver. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104(5), 1365-1374. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13364
ISO, 6703-2. (1984). Qualité de l’eau–Détermination des cyanures totaux et des cyanures libres par analyse en flux contin, 1, 11p. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#!iso:std:522 08:fr
Khempaka, S., Maliwan, P., Okrathok, S. & Molee, W. (2018). Digestibility, productive performance, and egg quality of laying hens as affected by dried cassava pulp replacement with corn and enzyme supplementation. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50(6), 1239-1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1550-6
Koné, G.A. (2019). Effet de l'incorporation de tourteaux de graines d'hévéa (Hevea brasiliensis) ou de tourteaux d'anacarde (Anacardium occidentale) sur les performances de pintades (Numida meleagris) en Côte d'Ivoire. Thèse unique N°: 2019-14, Université Bretagne Loire, Agrocampus Ouest, 235 p.
Koné, A.G., Good, M. & Kouba, M. (2020). Performance of guinea fowl fed hevea (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meal or cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) meal as a substitute for soybean meal. Animal, 14(1), 206-214. https://doi.org/10.1017/s175173111900185x
Koné, G.A., Tiho, T., Kouakou, N.D.V., Yapi, Y.M., N’Guessan, K.R., Good, M. & Kouba, M. (2024). Performance, egg quality, and composition in isa brown laying hens fed with different levels of Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour. Animals, 14, 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192868
Kouassi, G.F., Koné, G.A., Good, M., Assidjo, N.E. & Kouba, M. (2020). Effect of Hevea brasiliensis seed meal or Euphorbia heterophylla seed supplemented diets on performance, physicochemical and sensory properties of eggs and egg yolk fatty acid profile in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Poultry Science, 99(1), 342-349. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez500
Kuietche, M.H., Tadondjou, D.C, Tadjong, N.R., Mouaffo, L.J., Fostso, Kana, J.R. & Teguia, A. (2023). Effects of Desmodium uncinatum leaf meal in the diet on lohmann brown hens’ laying performance and eggs quality. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 13(1), 166-178. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2023.131012
Liu, J., Zhao, L., Zhao, Z., Wu, Y., Cao, J., Cai, H., Yang, P. & Wen, Z. (2022). Rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) seed oil supplementation attenuates immunological stress and inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide-challenged laying hens. Poultry Science, 101(9), 102040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102040
Matho, A., Ciemeni Aimee, M., Mouchili, M., Mube, K.H., Defang Fualefac, H., Fonteh, F., Teguia, A. & Tchoumboue, J. (2021). The effects of processed rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meal on the chemical composition of ration, feed intake and nutrients digestibility in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 11(3), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2021.16
Morris, S.S., Beesabathuni, K. & Headey, D. (2018). An egg for everyone: Pathways to universal access to one of nature’s most nutritious foods. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14(S3), e12679. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12679
Okrathok, S., Pasri, P., Thongkratok, R., Molee, W. & Khempaka, S. (2018). Effects of cassava pulp fermented with Aspergillus oryzae as a feed ingredient substitution in laying hen diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 27(2), 188-197. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfx057
Pasin, G., Smith, G.M. & O'Mahony, M. (1998). Rapid determination of total cholesterol in egg yolk using commercial diagnostic cholesterol reagent. Food Chemistry, 61(1-2), 255-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(97)00072-1
Sharmin, F., Sarker, Md.S.K., Sarker, N.R. & Faruque, S. (2021). Dietary effect of moringa oleifera on native laying hens’egg quality, cholesterol and fatty-acid profile. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 1544-1553. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2021.1987846
Tan, C., Selamat, J., Jambari, N.N., Sukor, R., Murugesu, S. & Khatib, A. (2021). Muscle and serum metabolomics for different chicken breeds under commercial conditions by GC-MS. Foods, 10(9), 2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092174
Terfa, Z.G., Garikipati, S., Kassie, G.T., Dessie, T. & Christley, R.M. (2019). Understanding farmers’ preference for traits of chickens in rural ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 50(4), 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12502
Thangaraj, P. (2016). Proximate composition analysis. In: pharmacological assays of plant-based natural products. Progress in Drug Research, 71. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26811-8_5
Tunde, A., Ayantunde, A., Mulubrhan, B. & Adegbola, T.A. (2022). Livestock feed resources in the West African Sahel. Agronomy Journal, 114(1), 26-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20955
Udo, M.D., Ekpo, U. & Ahamefule, F.O. (2018). Effects of processing on the nutrient composition of rubber seed meal. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17(3), 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.201 6.06.001
UN (United Nations). (2024). Accessed on Oct. 03. 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/news/world-population-prospects-2019-0
Wen, Z., Wu, Y., Qi, Z., Li, X., Li, F., Wu, X. & Yang, P. (2019). Rubber seed oil supplementation enriches n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduces cholesterol contents of egg yolks in laying hens. Food Chemistry, 301, 125198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125198
Woyengo, T.A., Beltranena, E. & Zijlstra, R.T. (2017). Effect of anti-nutritional factors of oilseed co-products on feed intake of pigs and poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 233, 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.006
Zaheer, K. (2015). An updated review on chicken eggs: Production, consumption, management aspects and nutritional benefits to human health. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6(13), 1208-1220. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2015.613127
Zhang, B., Song, X., Li, K., Zhang, K., Zhao, R., Yang, C. & Du, L. (2025). Comparison of the metabolic and flavor characteristics of the egg yolks of bian chicken and hy-line brown chicken using LC-MS and GC × GC-TOF MS techniques. Metabolites, 15(9), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15090609
Agbai, C.M., Olawuni, I.A., Ofoedu, C.E., Ibeabuchi, C.J., Okpala, C.R., Shorstkii, I. & Korzeniowska, M. (2021). Changes in anti-nutrient, phytochemical, and micronutrient contents of different processed rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meals. PeerJ, 9, e11327. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11327
Akinsanmi, S.K., Igbasan, F.A., Agbede, J.O. & Joachim, C.O. (2020). Effects of equi-protein replacement of soybean meal with graded levels of differently processed rubber seed meal on health status of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(1), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i1.192
Akinwumi, A.O., Oshodi, O.A., Atandah, R.A., Okunlola, O.O., Adeosun, O., Odeleye, B.D., Abdulhameed, K.O. & Akinwumi, B.S. (2022). Quality evaluation of eggs from isa brown as influenced by natural antioxidants and storage time. Research & Review in Biology, 37(9), 108-117. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2022/v37i930555
AOAC (2007). Association of official analytical chemists. Official methods of analysis, 18th ed.; Association of official analytical chemists international: Arlington, VA, USA.
Asante-Addo, C. & Weible, D. (2020). Imported versus domestic chicken consumption in Ghana: Do attitudes and perceptions matter? Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 32(5), 503-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2020.1751767
Council Directive 1999/74/EC Laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens; The council of the european union: Brussels, Belgium, 1999.
Bray, H.J. & Ankeny, R.A. (2017). Happy chickens lay tastier eggs: motivations for buying free-range eggs in Australia. Anthrozoös, 30(2), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2017.1310986
Dabbou, S., Cattaneo, A., Cattapan, F., Malinverni, R., Macchi, E., Manenti, I., Todesco, S., Poloni, E., Rosà, R., Santori, D., Meneguz, M., Pertot, I. & Sezzi, E. (2025). Impact of live black soldier fly larvae supplementation on laying hen performance, stress levels and excreta microbiota. Poultry Science, 104, 105418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.105418
Debbarma, G., Samanta, A.K., Buragohain, R., Das, B.K., Behera, P., Debbarma, M. & Paul, A. (2023). Effect of rubber seed meal (Hevea brasiliensis) on blood biochemical parameters and enzyme profiles of broiler birds. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 14(4), 590-599. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2023.3381
Deng, S., Xing, T., Li, C., Xu, X. & Zhou, G. (2022). The effect of breed and age on the growth performance, carcass traits and metabolic profile in breast muscle of chinese indigenous chickens. Foods, 11(3), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030483
Dilawar, M.A., Mun, H.S., Rathnayake, D., Yang, E.J., Seo Y.S., Park H.S. & Yang, C.J. (2021). Egg quality parameters, production performance and immunity of laying hens supplemented with plant extracts. Animals, 11(4), 975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11040975
Directive 63/2010/EU on the protection of animals used for experimental purposes; The european parliament: Strasbourg, France; The council of the european union: Brussels, Belgium, 2010.
EFSA (2007). Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on request from the commission related to cyanogenic compounds as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 434, 1–67. https://10.2903/j.efsa.2007.434
Erdaw, M.M. & Beyene, W.Ts. (2022). Trends, prospects and the socio-economic contribution of poultry production in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Review. World's Poultry Science Journal, 78(3), 835-852. https://doi.org/10.1080/0043933 9.2022.2092437
EUC (European Union Council) (1999). Council directive 1999/74/EC of 19 July 1999 laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens. Official Journal of the European Communities, L203 (5), 53-57.
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane Stanley, G.M. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226(1), 497-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)64849-5
Garamu, K. (2019). Assessment and characterization of egg quality of south african and indigenous breeds. Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences, 12(5), 555846. https://doi.org/10.19080/jdvs.2019.12.555846
Huang, S., Baurhoo, B. & Mustafa, A. (2020). Effects of feeding extruded flaxseed on layer performance, total tract nutrient digestibility, and fatty acid concentrations of egg yolk, plasma and liver. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104(5), 1365-1374. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13364
ISO, 6703-2. (1984). Qualité de l’eau–Détermination des cyanures totaux et des cyanures libres par analyse en flux contin, 1, 11p. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#!iso:std:522 08:fr
Khempaka, S., Maliwan, P., Okrathok, S. & Molee, W. (2018). Digestibility, productive performance, and egg quality of laying hens as affected by dried cassava pulp replacement with corn and enzyme supplementation. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50(6), 1239-1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1550-6
Koné, G.A. (2019). Effet de l'incorporation de tourteaux de graines d'hévéa (Hevea brasiliensis) ou de tourteaux d'anacarde (Anacardium occidentale) sur les performances de pintades (Numida meleagris) en Côte d'Ivoire. Thèse unique N°: 2019-14, Université Bretagne Loire, Agrocampus Ouest, 235 p.
Koné, A.G., Good, M. & Kouba, M. (2020). Performance of guinea fowl fed hevea (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meal or cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) meal as a substitute for soybean meal. Animal, 14(1), 206-214. https://doi.org/10.1017/s175173111900185x
Koné, G.A., Tiho, T., Kouakou, N.D.V., Yapi, Y.M., N’Guessan, K.R., Good, M. & Kouba, M. (2024). Performance, egg quality, and composition in isa brown laying hens fed with different levels of Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour. Animals, 14, 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192868
Kouassi, G.F., Koné, G.A., Good, M., Assidjo, N.E. & Kouba, M. (2020). Effect of Hevea brasiliensis seed meal or Euphorbia heterophylla seed supplemented diets on performance, physicochemical and sensory properties of eggs and egg yolk fatty acid profile in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Poultry Science, 99(1), 342-349. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez500
Kuietche, M.H., Tadondjou, D.C, Tadjong, N.R., Mouaffo, L.J., Fostso, Kana, J.R. & Teguia, A. (2023). Effects of Desmodium uncinatum leaf meal in the diet on lohmann brown hens’ laying performance and eggs quality. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 13(1), 166-178. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2023.131012
Liu, J., Zhao, L., Zhao, Z., Wu, Y., Cao, J., Cai, H., Yang, P. & Wen, Z. (2022). Rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) seed oil supplementation attenuates immunological stress and inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide-challenged laying hens. Poultry Science, 101(9), 102040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102040
Matho, A., Ciemeni Aimee, M., Mouchili, M., Mube, K.H., Defang Fualefac, H., Fonteh, F., Teguia, A. & Tchoumboue, J. (2021). The effects of processed rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meal on the chemical composition of ration, feed intake and nutrients digestibility in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 11(3), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2021.16
Morris, S.S., Beesabathuni, K. & Headey, D. (2018). An egg for everyone: Pathways to universal access to one of nature’s most nutritious foods. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14(S3), e12679. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12679
Okrathok, S., Pasri, P., Thongkratok, R., Molee, W. & Khempaka, S. (2018). Effects of cassava pulp fermented with Aspergillus oryzae as a feed ingredient substitution in laying hen diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 27(2), 188-197. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfx057
Pasin, G., Smith, G.M. & O'Mahony, M. (1998). Rapid determination of total cholesterol in egg yolk using commercial diagnostic cholesterol reagent. Food Chemistry, 61(1-2), 255-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(97)00072-1
Sharmin, F., Sarker, Md.S.K., Sarker, N.R. & Faruque, S. (2021). Dietary effect of moringa oleifera on native laying hens’egg quality, cholesterol and fatty-acid profile. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 1544-1553. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2021.1987846
Tan, C., Selamat, J., Jambari, N.N., Sukor, R., Murugesu, S. & Khatib, A. (2021). Muscle and serum metabolomics for different chicken breeds under commercial conditions by GC-MS. Foods, 10(9), 2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092174
Terfa, Z.G., Garikipati, S., Kassie, G.T., Dessie, T. & Christley, R.M. (2019). Understanding farmers’ preference for traits of chickens in rural ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 50(4), 451-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12502
Thangaraj, P. (2016). Proximate composition analysis. In: pharmacological assays of plant-based natural products. Progress in Drug Research, 71. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26811-8_5
Tunde, A., Ayantunde, A., Mulubrhan, B. & Adegbola, T.A. (2022). Livestock feed resources in the West African Sahel. Agronomy Journal, 114(1), 26-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20955
Udo, M.D., Ekpo, U. & Ahamefule, F.O. (2018). Effects of processing on the nutrient composition of rubber seed meal. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17(3), 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.201 6.06.001
UN (United Nations). (2024). Accessed on Oct. 03. 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/news/world-population-prospects-2019-0
Wen, Z., Wu, Y., Qi, Z., Li, X., Li, F., Wu, X. & Yang, P. (2019). Rubber seed oil supplementation enriches n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduces cholesterol contents of egg yolks in laying hens. Food Chemistry, 301, 125198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125198
Woyengo, T.A., Beltranena, E. & Zijlstra, R.T. (2017). Effect of anti-nutritional factors of oilseed co-products on feed intake of pigs and poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 233, 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.006
Zaheer, K. (2015). An updated review on chicken eggs: Production, consumption, management aspects and nutritional benefits to human health. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6(13), 1208-1220. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2015.613127
Zhang, B., Song, X., Li, K., Zhang, K., Zhao, R., Yang, C. & Du, L. (2025). Comparison of the metabolic and flavor characteristics of the egg yolks of bian chicken and hy-line brown chicken using LC-MS and GC × GC-TOF MS techniques. Metabolites, 15(9), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15090609
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Effect of using Hevea seed meal at different levels on Isa brown laying hen performance and egg quality. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(4), 1929-1936. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i4.7095
