Enhancing the survival of cryptogams through ex-situ acclimatization under controlled conditions
Article Main
Abstract
The hilly regions of West Bengal are recognized as rich repositories of cryptogams, but they face threats from pollution, overexploitation, and other anthropogenic factors. Many cryptogams, which are generally used as laboratory specimens, are also facing threats in their natural habitats. An attempt has been made to cultivate various types of cryptogams in an artificial system, thereby supporting research and experimentation in botanical sciences. Nutrient supplementation for the cultivated specimens has been formulated based on the NPK ratio of the in-situ soil sample, characterized by low nitrogen, moderate phosphate, and elevated potassium levels (3:1:6). The system provides ideal growth conditions (light intensity 150-170 lux, humidity 85-95%, temperature 24-28ºC) for cryptogams. The macro- and micro-morphological and dry-weight assessment of system-grown plants exhibit attributes indicative of healthy physiological development. The moisture content of each selected species increased by 0.304 g, 0.047g, 0.05 g and 0.248 g per gram weight in Equisetum sp., Selaginella sp., Funaria sp. and Lunaria sp. respectively. The present study contributes significantly to the preservation of biodiversity and the safeguarding of endangered flora.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Acclimatization, Conservation, Control environment, Cryptogams, Growth chamber
References
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Mondal, S. & Moktan, S. (2022). Study on the morpho-anatomy of Lepisorus species through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and its systematic implications. Microscopy Research and Technique, 85(9), 3165-3180. doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24174
Parkhurst, D. F. & Loucks, O. L. (1972). Optimal leaf size in relation to environment. The Journal of Ecology, 505-537. doi.org/10.2307/2258359
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Peck, L. S. (2011). Organisms and responses to environmental change. Marine Genomics, 4(4), 237-243. doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2011.07.001
Preece, J. E. & Sutter, E. G. (1991). Acclimatization of micropropagated plants to the greenhouse and field. In Micropropagation, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 71-93.
Reich, D., Reich, V., Kaplinsky, B. & Pavlenko, O. (2003). Arecont Intellectual Property Holdings LLC, Artificial environment control system. U.S. Patent Application 10/383, 178.
Rogers, S. O. & Bendich, A. J. (1988). Extraction of DNA from plant tissues. In: Plant Molecular Biology Manual, Schilperoort RA (eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-5294-7_6
Romero-Aranda, R., Soria, T. & Cuartero, J. (2001). Tomato plant-water uptake and plant-water relationships under saline growth conditions. Plant Science, 160(2), 265-272. doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00388-5
Samanta, S., Panchadhyaee, P., Maity, T. R., Nanda, K. & Samanta, A. (2023). Development of a growth chamber for cryptogams: a step toward ex situ conservation. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 46(3), 661-666. doi.org/10.1007/s40415-023-00913-9
Stant, M. Y. (1973). The role of the scanning electron microscope in plant anatomy. Kew bulletin, 105-115. doi.org/10.2307/4117068
Szypuła, W. J. & Pietrosiuk, A. (2021). Biology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and biotechnology of European ferns, club mosses, and horsetails: a review. Medicinal Plants: Domestication, Biotechnology and Regional Importance, pp.605-660. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74779-4_19
Tahiri, A., Ait Aabd, N., Qessaoui, R., Mimouni, A. & Bouharroud, R. (2025). Genetic Diversity and Breeding of Cactus (Opuntia spp.). In Breeding of Ornamental Crops: Potted Plants and Shrubs. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 153-193. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80060-3_6
Van De Sande-Bakhuyzen, H. L. (1928). Studies upon wheat grown under constant conditions—II. Plant Physiol, 3, 7–30. doi.org/10.1104/pp.3.1.7
Vazquez-Cooz, I. & Meyer, R. W. (2002). A differential staining method to identify lignified and unlignified tissues. Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 77(5-6), 277-282. doi.org/10.1080/714028215
Wani, A. K., Akhtar, N., Sher, F., Navarrete, A. A. & Américo-Pinheiro, J. H. P. (2022). Microbial adaptation to different environmental conditions: molecular perspective of evolved genetic and cellular systems. Archives of Microbiology, 204(2), 144. doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02757-5
Andrews, C. J. (1996). How do plants survive ice? Annals of Botany, 78(5), 529-536. doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0157
Beniston, M. (2003). Climatic change in mountain regions: a review of possible impacts. In Climate variability and change in high elevation regions: Past, present & future, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 5-31. doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1252-7_2
Bera, A. K., Maity, T. R., Samanta, A., Dolai, A., Saha, B. & Datta, S. (2015). Enhancement of in vitro corm production in gladiolus by periodically replacement of liquid media using coir matrix. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 17(3), 222-224. doi.org/10.37855/jah.2015.v17i03.42
Bhatt, P., Kumar. V., Singh, S. & Kanojia, K. (2024). Climatic / Meteorological conditions and their role in biological contamination: A comprehensive review. Airborne biocontaminants and their impact on human health, pp 56-88. doi.org/10.1002/9781394178964.ch4
Billings, W. D. (1952). The environmental complex in relation to plant growth and distribution. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 27(3), 251-265. doi.org/10.1086/399022
Calfapietra, C., Peñuelas, J. & Niinemets, Ü. (2015). Urban plant physiology: adaptation-mitigation strategies under permanent stress. Trends in Plant Science, 20(2), 72-75. doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.001
Cantabella, D., Dolcet-Sanjuan, R. & Teixidó, N. (2022). Using plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) to improve plant development under in vitro culture conditions. Planta, 255(6), 117. doi.org/10.1007/s00425-022-03897-0
Carey, C. (2005). How physiological methods and concepts can be useful in conservation biology. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45(1), 4-11. doi.org/10.1093/icb/45.1.4
Chhetri, D. R., Basnet, D., Chiu, P. F., Kalikotay, S., Chhetri, G. & Parajuli, S. (2005). Current status of ethno medicinal plants in the Darjeeling Himalaya. Current Science, 89(2), 264-268.
Golinejad, S. & Mirjalili, M. H. (2020). Fast and cost-effective preparation of plant cells for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Analytical Biochemistry, 609, 113920. doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2020.113920
González, M. L., Mallon, R., Reinoso, J. & Rodríguez-Oubiña, J. (2006). In vitro micropropagation and long-term conservation of the endangered moss Splachnum ampullaceum. Biologia Plantarum, 50(3), 339-345. doi.org/10.1007/s10535-006-0047-8
Hunt, R. (2012). Basic growth analysis: plant growth analysis for beginners. Springer science & business media. doi.org/10.5860/choice.28-2138
Jardeleza, M. K. G., Koch, J. B., Pearse, I. S., Ghalambor, C. K. & Hufbauer, R. A. (2022). The roles of phenotypic plasticity and adaptation in morphology and performance of an invasive species in a novel environment. Ecological Entomology, 47(1), 25-37. doi.org/10.1111/een.13087
Karthigeyan, K., Ranjan, V., Gogoi, R., Dash, S.S. & Yadav, V.K. (2022). Endemic and threatened vascular plants of West Bengal. Botanical survey of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India
Khlebovich, V. V. (2017). Acclimation of animal organisms: basic theory and applied aspects. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 7, 279-286. doi.org/10.1134/s2079086417040053
Mallet, R. T., Burtscher, J., Pialoux, V., Pasha, Q., Ahmad, Y., Millet, G. P. & Burtscher, M. (2023). Molecular mechanisms of high-altitude acclimatization. International journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), 1698.
Mazess, R. B. (1975). Biological adaptation: aptitudes and acclimatization. Biosocial interrelations in population adaptation, pp 9-18.
Mishra, S. K. (2022). Acclimatization. In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 29-30. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1035
Mondal, S. & Moktan, S. (2022). Study on the morpho-anatomy of Lepisorus species through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and its systematic implications. Microscopy Research and Technique, 85(9), 3165-3180. doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24174
Parkhurst, D. F. & Loucks, O. L. (1972). Optimal leaf size in relation to environment. The Journal of Ecology, 505-537. doi.org/10.2307/2258359
Parmesan, C., Root, T. L. & Willig, M. R. (2000). Impacts of extreme weather and climate on terrestrial biota. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81(3), 443-450. doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081%3C0443:ioewac%3E2.3.co;2
Peck, L. S. (2011). Organisms and responses to environmental change. Marine Genomics, 4(4), 237-243. doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2011.07.001
Preece, J. E. & Sutter, E. G. (1991). Acclimatization of micropropagated plants to the greenhouse and field. In Micropropagation, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 71-93.
Reich, D., Reich, V., Kaplinsky, B. & Pavlenko, O. (2003). Arecont Intellectual Property Holdings LLC, Artificial environment control system. U.S. Patent Application 10/383, 178.
Rogers, S. O. & Bendich, A. J. (1988). Extraction of DNA from plant tissues. In: Plant Molecular Biology Manual, Schilperoort RA (eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-5294-7_6
Romero-Aranda, R., Soria, T. & Cuartero, J. (2001). Tomato plant-water uptake and plant-water relationships under saline growth conditions. Plant Science, 160(2), 265-272. doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00388-5
Samanta, S., Panchadhyaee, P., Maity, T. R., Nanda, K. & Samanta, A. (2023). Development of a growth chamber for cryptogams: a step toward ex situ conservation. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 46(3), 661-666. doi.org/10.1007/s40415-023-00913-9
Stant, M. Y. (1973). The role of the scanning electron microscope in plant anatomy. Kew bulletin, 105-115. doi.org/10.2307/4117068
Szypuła, W. J. & Pietrosiuk, A. (2021). Biology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and biotechnology of European ferns, club mosses, and horsetails: a review. Medicinal Plants: Domestication, Biotechnology and Regional Importance, pp.605-660. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74779-4_19
Tahiri, A., Ait Aabd, N., Qessaoui, R., Mimouni, A. & Bouharroud, R. (2025). Genetic Diversity and Breeding of Cactus (Opuntia spp.). In Breeding of Ornamental Crops: Potted Plants and Shrubs. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 153-193. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80060-3_6
Van De Sande-Bakhuyzen, H. L. (1928). Studies upon wheat grown under constant conditions—II. Plant Physiol, 3, 7–30. doi.org/10.1104/pp.3.1.7
Vazquez-Cooz, I. & Meyer, R. W. (2002). A differential staining method to identify lignified and unlignified tissues. Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 77(5-6), 277-282. doi.org/10.1080/714028215
Wani, A. K., Akhtar, N., Sher, F., Navarrete, A. A. & Américo-Pinheiro, J. H. P. (2022). Microbial adaptation to different environmental conditions: molecular perspective of evolved genetic and cellular systems. Archives of Microbiology, 204(2), 144. doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02757-5
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How to Cite
Enhancing the survival of cryptogams through ex-situ acclimatization under controlled conditions. (2026). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 18(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v18i1.7080
