Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles formulation via Iphiona mucronata aqueous extracts: characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity on human prostate cancer cell line (PC3)
Article Main
Abstract
Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. Iphiona mucronata, a desert plant rich in bioactive metabolites, represents a promising candidate for nanoparticle fabrication with potential biomedical applications. The study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles from I. mucronata shoots and to characterize their properties and assess their economic feasibility. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by treating a zinc sulfate solution with the plant extract. Characterization using UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, and zeta potential analysis confirmed the formation of ZnO nanoparticles less than 100 nm in size. The GC-MS analysis of the I. mucronata methanolic extract revealed 31 chemical compounds, including palmitic acid (17.95%) and stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3α,22E)- (13.52%). Moreover, GC-MS analysis identified various compounds, including fatty acids, esters, terpenes, steroids, and hydrocarbons, in the plant's methanol extract. The plant extract and ZnO nanoparticles showed antioxidant activity, with IC50 (mg/ml) values of 25.54 and 47.03, respectively. The study found that the zinc nanoparticle solution was significantly cytotoxic to prostate cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 19.01 µg/mL compared to the plant extract (IC50 = 73.81 µg/mL). Plant extracts and metal nanoparticles did not impede WI-38 cell growth, as indicated by IC50 values exceeding 100 µg/mL.
The green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have potential applications in biomedicine due to their antioxidant and anticancer properties.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Antioxidant, Chrysocoma mucronate, Cytotoxicity, Green synthesis, Zinc nanoparticles
References
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Banerjee, S., Nau, S., Hochwald, S. N., Xie, H. & Zhang, J. (2023). Anticancer properties and mechanisms of botanical derivatives. Phytomedicine Plus, 3, 100396.
Behera, A. & Awasthi, S. (2021). Anticancer, antimicrobial and hemolytic assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Lagerstroemia indica. BioNanoScience, 11, 1030–1048.
Bhattacharjee, S. (2013). DLS and zeta potential – what they are and what they are not? Journal of Controlled Release, 235, 337–351.
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Castro, L., Blázquez, M. L., González, F. G. & Ballester, A. (2014). Mechanism and applications of metal nanoparticles prepared by bio-mediated process. Reviews in Advanced Sciences and Engineering, 3, 199–216.
Chanwitheesuk, A., Teerawutgulrag, A. & Rakariyatham, N. (2005). Screening of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds of some edible plants of Thailand. Food Chemistry, 92, 491–497.
De Dobbeleer, I., Gummersbach, J., Huebschmann, H. J., Mayer, A. & Silcock, P. (2012). Analyzing PBDEs in house dust samples with the Thermo scientific TSQ quantum XLS Ultra GC-MS/MS in EI-SRM mode. TMO, 5, 1–6.
Devasenan, S., Beevi, N. H. & Jayanthi, S. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles using leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata and their antimicrobial activities. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9, 725–730.
Dhabian, S. Z. & Jasim, R. S. (2021). Anticancer and antioxidant activity of the greenly synthesized zinc nanoparticles composites using aqueous extract of Withania somnifera plant. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 64, 5561–5574.
El-Amier, Y. A., El‐Halawany, E. F., Soliman, H. M. & El Hayyany, L. Y. (2023). Primary GC-MS chemical analysis of alcoholic extract of Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. and screening of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic characteristics. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 37, 101–114.
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Guilger-Casagrande, M. & Lima, R. (2021). Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological applications. In: Jogaiah, S., Singh, H.B., Fraceto, L.F. & de Lima, R. (Editors), Advances in Nano-Fertilizers and Nano-Pesticides in Agriculture. Sawston, United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 361–384.
Honary, S. & Zahir, F. (2016). Effect of zeta potential on the properties of nano-drug delivery systems – a review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12, 265–273.
Ibrahim, M. E., Ahmed, S. S., Khalid, K. A. & El-Sawi, S. A. (2016). Essential oil composition of Iphiona scabra (DC) grown wild in Egypt. International Food Research Journal, 23, 1823–1826.
Joel, E. L. & Bhimba, V. (2010). Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from the mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 3, 602–604.
Kitts, D. D., Wijewickreme, A. N. & Hu, C. (2000). Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 203, 1–10.
Koch, S., Mayer, F., Honecker, F., Schittenhelm, M. & Bokemeyer, C. (2003). Efficacy of cytotoxic agents used in the treatment of testicular germ cell tumours under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in vitro. British Journal of Cancer, 89, 2133–2139.
Manilal, A., Merdekios, B., Idhayadhulla, A., Muthukumar, C. & Melkie, M. (2015). An in vitro antagonistic efficacy validation of Rhizophora mucronata. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 5, 28–32.
Metwally, M. (1985). New dehydrothymol derivative from Iphiona mucronata. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, 40, 1597–1598.
Naseer, M., Aslam, U., Khalid, B. & Chen, B. (2020). Green route to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Cassia fistula and Melia azadarach and their antibacterial potential. Scientific Reports, 10, 9055.
Naveed, S., Ibrar, M. & Khan, I. (2016). In vitro evaluation of medicinal, antioxidant activities and phytochemical screening of Iphiona grantioides and Pluchea arguta subsp. glabra Qaiser. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48, 2505–2511.
Niaz, S. I., Ali, M., Saleem, M., Qaisrani, R., Safdar, K., Akram, M. M., Rauf, A., Ahmad, M., Abbasi, S., Alomar, T. S. & AlMasoud, N. (2023). Characterization of the essential oil from Iphiona grantioides and investigation of its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Natural Product Research, 38, 1–6.
Nosrati, H., Khodaei, M., Banitalebi-Dehkordi, M., Alizadeh, M., Asadpour, S., Sharifi, E., Ai, J. & Soleimannejad, M. (2020). Preparation and characterization of poly (ethylene oxide)/zinc oxide nanofibrous scaffold for chronic wound healing applications. Polimery w Medycynie, 50, 41–51.
Opoku, A.R., Geheeb‐Keller, M., Lin, J., Terblanche, S.E., Hutchings, A., Chuturgoon, A. & Pillay, D. (2000). Preliminary screening of some traditional Zulu medicinal plants for antineoplastic activities versus the HepG2 cell line. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 14(7), 534-537.
Otunola, G. A., Afolayan, A. J., Ajayi, E. O. & Odeyemi, S. W. (2017). Characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extracts of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, and Capsicum frutescens. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13, S201.
Parejo, I., Codina, C., Petrakis, C. & Kefalas, P. (2000). Evaluation of scavenging activity assessed by Co (II)/EDTA-induced luminol chemiluminescence and DPPH· (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical assay. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 44, 507–512.
Pillai, A. M., Sivasankarapillai, V. S., Rahdar, A., Joseph, J., Sadeghfar, F., Rajesh, K. & Kyzas, G. Z. (2020). Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles with antibacterial and antifungal activity. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1211, 128107.
Purohit, J., Chattopadhyay, A. & Singh, N. K. (2019). Green synthesis of microbial nanoparticle: approaches to application. In: Prasad, R. (Editor), Microbial Nanobionics, 2, Basic Research and Applications. Switzerland: Springer, Cham., pp. 35–60.
Roeder, E., Bourauel, T., Meier, U. & Wiedenfeld, H. (1994). Diterpene glycosides from Iphiona aucheri. Phytochemistry, 37(2), pp.353-355.
Rónavári, A., Igaz, N., Adamecz, D. I., Szerencsés, B., Molnar, C., Kónya, Z., Pfeiffer, I. & Kiricsi, M. (2021). Green silver and gold nanoparticles: Biological synthesis approaches and potentials for biomedical applications. Molecules, 26, 844.
Rustaiyan, A. & Faridchehr, A. (2021). Constituents and biological activities of selected genera of the Iranian Asteraceae family. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 25, 100405.
Saber, F.R., Elosaily, A.H., Mahrous, E.A., Pecio, Ł., Pecio, S., El‐Amier, Y.A., Korczak, M., Piwowarski, J.P., Świątek, Ł. & Skalicka-Woźniak, K. (2023). Detailed metabolite profiling and in vitro studies of Urospermum picroides as a potential functional food. Food Chemistry, 427, p.136677.
Saranya, A., Dinesh, P. & Sambandam, R. T. (2014). Identification of bioactive compounds of Rhizophora mucronata Poir. leaves using supercritical fluid extraction and GC-MS. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, 1621–1631.
Shaaban, M., Ali, M., Tala, M. F., Hamed, A. & Hassan, A. Z. (2018). Ecological and phytochemical studies on Euphorbia retusa (Forssk.) from Egyptian habitat. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2018, 9143683.
Shamaila, S., Sajjad, A. K. L., Farooqi, S. A., Jabeen, N., Majeed, S. & Farooq, I. (2016). Advancements in nanoparticle fabrication by hazard-free eco-friendly green routes. Applied Materials Today, 5, 150–199.
Sushma, N. J., Mahitha, B., Mallikarjuna, K. & Raju, B. D. P. (2016). Bio-inspired ZnO nanoparticles from Ocimum tenuiflorum and their in vitro antioxidant activity. Applied Physics, 122, 1–10.
Tavakoli, R., Mohadjerani, M., Hosseinzadeh, R., Tajbakhsh, M. & Naqinezhad, A. (2012). Essential‐oil and fatty‐acid composition, and antioxidant activity of extracts of Ficaria kochii. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 9, 2732–2741.
Zai, J. A., Khan, M. R., Mughal, Z. U. N., Batool, R., Naz, I., Maryam, S. & Zahra, Z. (2019). Methanol extract of Iphiona aucheri ameliorates CCl₄-induced hepatic injuries by regulation of genes in rats. Toxicology Research, 8, 815–832.
Abduljabbar, B., El-Zayat, M., El-Amier, Y. & El-Halawany, E. S. (2024). Biosynthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic activities of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) using Euphorbia retusa extract. Kuwait Journal of Science, 51(1), p.100108.
Asai, A., Koseki, J., Konno, M., Nishimura, T., Gotoh, N., Satoh, T., Doki, Y., Mori, M. & Ishii, H. (2018). Drug discovery of anticancer drugs targeting methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2. Heliyon, 4, e01021.
Ashraf, H., Meer, B., Iqbal, J., Ali, J. S., Andleeb, A., Butt, H., Zia, M., Mehmood, A., Nadeem, M., Drouet, S. & Blondeau, J. P. (2023). Comparative evaluation of chemically and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles: Their in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer potential towards HepG2 cell line. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 13, 243–261.
Azwanida, N. N. (2015). A review on the extraction methods used in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. International Journal of Medical and Aromatic Plants, 4, 2167–0412.
Banerjee, S., Nau, S., Hochwald, S. N., Xie, H. & Zhang, J. (2023). Anticancer properties and mechanisms of botanical derivatives. Phytomedicine Plus, 3, 100396.
Behera, A. & Awasthi, S. (2021). Anticancer, antimicrobial and hemolytic assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Lagerstroemia indica. BioNanoScience, 11, 1030–1048.
Bhattacharjee, S. (2013). DLS and zeta potential – what they are and what they are not? Journal of Controlled Release, 235, 337–351.
Boulos, L. (2002). Flora of Egypt, 3. Cairo, Egypt: Al Hadara Publishing.
Castro, L., Blázquez, M. L., González, F. G. & Ballester, A. (2014). Mechanism and applications of metal nanoparticles prepared by bio-mediated process. Reviews in Advanced Sciences and Engineering, 3, 199–216.
Chanwitheesuk, A., Teerawutgulrag, A. & Rakariyatham, N. (2005). Screening of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds of some edible plants of Thailand. Food Chemistry, 92, 491–497.
De Dobbeleer, I., Gummersbach, J., Huebschmann, H. J., Mayer, A. & Silcock, P. (2012). Analyzing PBDEs in house dust samples with the Thermo scientific TSQ quantum XLS Ultra GC-MS/MS in EI-SRM mode. TMO, 5, 1–6.
Devasenan, S., Beevi, N. H. & Jayanthi, S. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles using leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata and their antimicrobial activities. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9, 725–730.
Dhabian, S. Z. & Jasim, R. S. (2021). Anticancer and antioxidant activity of the greenly synthesized zinc nanoparticles composites using aqueous extract of Withania somnifera plant. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 64, 5561–5574.
El-Amier, Y. A., El‐Halawany, E. F., Soliman, H. M. & El Hayyany, L. Y. (2023). Primary GC-MS chemical analysis of alcoholic extract of Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. and screening of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic characteristics. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 37, 101–114.
El-Belely, E. F., Farag, M. M., Said, H. A., Amin, A. S., Azab, E., Gobouri, A. A. & Fouda, A. (2021). Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Arthrospira platensis (Class: Cyanophyceae) and evaluation of their biomedical activities. Nanomaterials, 11, 95.
Fakhry, H., Hassan, H. M., El-Aassar, M. R., Alsohaimi, I. H., Hussein, M. F., ALQahtani, M. M. & El-Amier, Y. A. (2022). A treatment of wastewater containing Safranin O using immobilized Myriophyllum spicatum L. onto polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylpyrrolidone biosorbent. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 32, 3181–3195.
Guilger-Casagrande, M. & Lima, R. (2021). Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological applications. In: Jogaiah, S., Singh, H.B., Fraceto, L.F. & de Lima, R. (Editors), Advances in Nano-Fertilizers and Nano-Pesticides in Agriculture. Sawston, United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 361–384.
Honary, S. & Zahir, F. (2016). Effect of zeta potential on the properties of nano-drug delivery systems – a review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12, 265–273.
Ibrahim, M. E., Ahmed, S. S., Khalid, K. A. & El-Sawi, S. A. (2016). Essential oil composition of Iphiona scabra (DC) grown wild in Egypt. International Food Research Journal, 23, 1823–1826.
Joel, E. L. & Bhimba, V. (2010). Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from the mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 3, 602–604.
Kitts, D. D., Wijewickreme, A. N. & Hu, C. (2000). Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 203, 1–10.
Koch, S., Mayer, F., Honecker, F., Schittenhelm, M. & Bokemeyer, C. (2003). Efficacy of cytotoxic agents used in the treatment of testicular germ cell tumours under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in vitro. British Journal of Cancer, 89, 2133–2139.
Manilal, A., Merdekios, B., Idhayadhulla, A., Muthukumar, C. & Melkie, M. (2015). An in vitro antagonistic efficacy validation of Rhizophora mucronata. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 5, 28–32.
Metwally, M. (1985). New dehydrothymol derivative from Iphiona mucronata. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, 40, 1597–1598.
Naseer, M., Aslam, U., Khalid, B. & Chen, B. (2020). Green route to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Cassia fistula and Melia azadarach and their antibacterial potential. Scientific Reports, 10, 9055.
Naveed, S., Ibrar, M. & Khan, I. (2016). In vitro evaluation of medicinal, antioxidant activities and phytochemical screening of Iphiona grantioides and Pluchea arguta subsp. glabra Qaiser. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48, 2505–2511.
Niaz, S. I., Ali, M., Saleem, M., Qaisrani, R., Safdar, K., Akram, M. M., Rauf, A., Ahmad, M., Abbasi, S., Alomar, T. S. & AlMasoud, N. (2023). Characterization of the essential oil from Iphiona grantioides and investigation of its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Natural Product Research, 38, 1–6.
Nosrati, H., Khodaei, M., Banitalebi-Dehkordi, M., Alizadeh, M., Asadpour, S., Sharifi, E., Ai, J. & Soleimannejad, M. (2020). Preparation and characterization of poly (ethylene oxide)/zinc oxide nanofibrous scaffold for chronic wound healing applications. Polimery w Medycynie, 50, 41–51.
Opoku, A.R., Geheeb‐Keller, M., Lin, J., Terblanche, S.E., Hutchings, A., Chuturgoon, A. & Pillay, D. (2000). Preliminary screening of some traditional Zulu medicinal plants for antineoplastic activities versus the HepG2 cell line. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 14(7), 534-537.
Otunola, G. A., Afolayan, A. J., Ajayi, E. O. & Odeyemi, S. W. (2017). Characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extracts of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, and Capsicum frutescens. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13, S201.
Parejo, I., Codina, C., Petrakis, C. & Kefalas, P. (2000). Evaluation of scavenging activity assessed by Co (II)/EDTA-induced luminol chemiluminescence and DPPH· (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical assay. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 44, 507–512.
Pillai, A. M., Sivasankarapillai, V. S., Rahdar, A., Joseph, J., Sadeghfar, F., Rajesh, K. & Kyzas, G. Z. (2020). Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles with antibacterial and antifungal activity. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1211, 128107.
Purohit, J., Chattopadhyay, A. & Singh, N. K. (2019). Green synthesis of microbial nanoparticle: approaches to application. In: Prasad, R. (Editor), Microbial Nanobionics, 2, Basic Research and Applications. Switzerland: Springer, Cham., pp. 35–60.
Roeder, E., Bourauel, T., Meier, U. & Wiedenfeld, H. (1994). Diterpene glycosides from Iphiona aucheri. Phytochemistry, 37(2), pp.353-355.
Rónavári, A., Igaz, N., Adamecz, D. I., Szerencsés, B., Molnar, C., Kónya, Z., Pfeiffer, I. & Kiricsi, M. (2021). Green silver and gold nanoparticles: Biological synthesis approaches and potentials for biomedical applications. Molecules, 26, 844.
Rustaiyan, A. & Faridchehr, A. (2021). Constituents and biological activities of selected genera of the Iranian Asteraceae family. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 25, 100405.
Saber, F.R., Elosaily, A.H., Mahrous, E.A., Pecio, Ł., Pecio, S., El‐Amier, Y.A., Korczak, M., Piwowarski, J.P., Świątek, Ł. & Skalicka-Woźniak, K. (2023). Detailed metabolite profiling and in vitro studies of Urospermum picroides as a potential functional food. Food Chemistry, 427, p.136677.
Saranya, A., Dinesh, P. & Sambandam, R. T. (2014). Identification of bioactive compounds of Rhizophora mucronata Poir. leaves using supercritical fluid extraction and GC-MS. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, 1621–1631.
Shaaban, M., Ali, M., Tala, M. F., Hamed, A. & Hassan, A. Z. (2018). Ecological and phytochemical studies on Euphorbia retusa (Forssk.) from Egyptian habitat. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2018, 9143683.
Shamaila, S., Sajjad, A. K. L., Farooqi, S. A., Jabeen, N., Majeed, S. & Farooq, I. (2016). Advancements in nanoparticle fabrication by hazard-free eco-friendly green routes. Applied Materials Today, 5, 150–199.
Sushma, N. J., Mahitha, B., Mallikarjuna, K. & Raju, B. D. P. (2016). Bio-inspired ZnO nanoparticles from Ocimum tenuiflorum and their in vitro antioxidant activity. Applied Physics, 122, 1–10.
Tavakoli, R., Mohadjerani, M., Hosseinzadeh, R., Tajbakhsh, M. & Naqinezhad, A. (2012). Essential‐oil and fatty‐acid composition, and antioxidant activity of extracts of Ficaria kochii. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 9, 2732–2741.
Zai, J. A., Khan, M. R., Mughal, Z. U. N., Batool, R., Naz, I., Maryam, S. & Zahra, Z. (2019). Methanol extract of Iphiona aucheri ameliorates CCl₄-induced hepatic injuries by regulation of genes in rats. Toxicology Research, 8, 815–832.
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How to Cite
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles formulation via Iphiona mucronata aqueous extracts: characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity on human prostate cancer cell line (PC3). (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(4), 1707-1717. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i4.6974
