Physiological and floral responses of mango (Mangifera indica) cv. Banganapalli to pre-flowering chemical treatments
Article Main
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in a mango orchard to investigate the effects of pre-flowering chemical treatments on the physiological and yield attributes of mango cultivar Banganapalli. The research used a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. There were ten different treatments: 1% Urea + 20 ppm NAA (T1), 1% Urea + 200 ppm Salicylic Acid (T2), 2% Urea + 20 ppm NAA (T3), 2% Urea + 200 ppm Salicylic Acid (T4), 1% KNO3 + 20 ppm NAA (T5), 1% KNO3 + 200 ppm Salicylic Acid (T6), 2% KNO3 + 20 ppm NAA (T7), 2% KNO3 + 200 ppm Salicylic Acid (T8), water spray (T9), and an untreated control (T10). Among the various treatments, the application of 2% KNO3 combined with 20 ppm NAA (T7) resulted in the highest physiological indices, including chlorophyll index (42.61, 40.78 and 37.78 SPAD), carbohydrate accumulation (18.86, 26.85 and 24.68 mg 100g-1), leaf nitrogen assimilation (1.35, 1.75 and 1.67%), and C/N ratio (13.97, 15.34 and 14.78). Furthermore, this treatment exhibited superior flowering characteristics, such as increased total flower count per panicle (791.82), enhanced hermaphrodite flower formation (239.40), higher fruit set percentage (0.48 %), improved fruit retention (13.71), greater fruit number (129.22), and higher fruit yield per tree (50.04kg), highlighting its efficacy in promoting reproductive success and yield enhancement in mango cv. Banganapalli.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Pre-flowering Chemicals, Mango, Physiology, Flowering, Yield
References
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Antwi-Boasiako, A., Amponsah, P., Opoku, J. A., Coulibaly, D., & Mintah, P. (2024). Increasing mango production efficiency under the fast-changing climate. In Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants-Ecophysiological Responses and Molecular Approaches. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112951.
Ayaz, H., Jamil, M., Khan, K., Basit, A., Khan, M. A., Khalil, I., & Sufyan, A. (2023). Effect of pre-harvest application of GA3 and potassium nitrate on yield and quality of peach fruit. Pakistan Journal of Science, 75(02). https://doi.org/10.57041/vol75iss02pp%25p.
Badal DS, and Tripathi VK.2021. Influence of Foliar Feeding of NAA and Boron on Growth, Flowering, Fruiting, and Yield of Winter Season Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. L–49. Biological Forum - An International Journal. 13(3):387-391. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4189974.
Balbaa, L. K., & Talaat, I. M. (2007). Physiological response of rosemary plants (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) to ascorbic acid, phenylalanine and ornithine. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci, 22(11B), 375-385.
Chouhan, A., Bisen, B., Nagaveni, S. R. V., & Kumar, L. (2025). Effect of Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on Fruit Retention and Yield of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 47(4), 340-346. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i43383.
Chung, S. W., Jang, Y. J., Lim, C. K., Kim, S., & Kim, S. C. (2023). Effects of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on the panicle and fruit characteristics of' Irwin 'mango trees. Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 41(4): 361-369. https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20230033.
Dessalegn, Y., Assefa, H., Derso, T., & Tefera, M. (2014). Mango production knowledge and technological gaps of smallholder farmers in Amhara region, Ethiopia. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 10(1), 28-39.
Gattass, H. R., Essa, A. A., Marzouk, H. A., & El-Nawam, S. M. (2018). Effect of application of some growth regulators and CaCl2 on fruit drop, yield and fruit quality of Keitt mango trees. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 49(1), 79-95.
Hu, C. H., Zheng, Y., Tong, C. L., & Zhang, D. J. (2022). Effects of exogenous melatonin on plant growth, root hormones and photosynthetic characteristics of trifoliate orange subjected to salt stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 97(3), 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00814-z.
Humphries, E. C. 1956. Mineral components and ash analysis. Moderne Methoden der Pflanzenanalyse/Modern Methods of Plant Analysis: Erster Band/Volume I. 468-502.
Jawandha, S. K., Gill, P. P. S., Harminder Singh, H. S., & Thakur, A. (2017). Effect of potassium nitrate on fruit yield, quality and leaf nutrients content of plum. Vegetos, Vol. 30, No. Special Issue 2, 325-328. https://doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00090.8.
Katwesige, A., Ddamulira, G., & Katuromunda, S. (2022). Effect of potassium nitrate spray on the flowering and fruiting of mango varieties grown in Uganda. Int. J. Plant Soil Sci, 34, 80-93. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i130827.
Khandaker, M. M., Awang, I., & Ismail, S. Z. (2017). Effects of naphthalene acetic acid and gibberellic acid on plant physiological characteristics of wax apple (var. Jambu Madu). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.016.
Khattab, M. M., Haseeb, G. M., Shaban, A. E., & Arafa, M. A. (2006). Effect of paclobutrazol and potassium nitrate on flowering and fruiting of Ewais and Sidik mango trees. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Vol. 57, No. 1, 107-123.
Kundu, A. K., Tarai, R. K., Nayak, A., & Senapati, B. (2024). Influence of plant growth regulators on fruit drop, fruit retention and fruit yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali under west central table land zone of Odisha. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2733.
Lakshmi Devi, B., Venkata Ramana, K. T., Sivarama Krishna, V. N. P., Sreedhar, D., Sarada, G., & Sharath Kumar Reddy, Y. (2023). Effect of PGR’S and chemicals on biochemical parameters of mango cv. Banganpalli. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12(10): 143-150.
Lokesh, G., Madhumathi, C., Rama Krishna, M., Tanuja Priya, B., & Kadiri, L. (2020). Influence of preharvest application of salicylic acid and potassium silicate on postharvest quality of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L) cv. Alphonso. Acta Sci. Agric, 4, 11-15.
Maurya, P.K., V.K. Tripathi and S. Gupta. 2020. Effect of pre-harvest application of GA3, Naphthalene acetic acid and borax on fruit drop, yield and quality of Mango cv. Amrapali. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 9(6), 2123-2127. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i6ae.13275.
Naciri, R., Lahrir, M., Benadis, C., Chtouki, M., & Oukarroum, A. (2021). Interactive effect of potassium and cadmium on growth, root morphology and chlorophyll a fluorescence in tomato plant. Scientific reports, 11(1), 5384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84990-4.
Naleo, S., Sema, A., & Maiti, C. (2018). Effect of plant growth regulators and packaging on flowering, fruit quality and shelf life in mango cv. Amrapali. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 20, 1-8.
Panse, V.G. and P.V. Sukhatme. 1985. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR, New Delhi.
Parveen, S., Iqbal, R. M., Akram, M., Iqbal, F., Tahir, M., & Rafay, M. (2017). Improvement of growth and productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through foliar applications of naphthalene acetic acid. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 38(2), 561-570. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p561.
Patel, A. H., Singh, V., Bhanderi, D. R., Ahlawat, T. R., & Tank, R. V. (2018). Response of pre harvest chemicals spray on fruit retention and yield of mango cv. Kesar. IJCS, 6(3), 3113-3115.
Patel, T. A., Boricha, U. K., & Patel, A. M. (2023). Impact of pre harvest management on biochemical behaviour in mango cv. Amrapali. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 3293–3296.
Patoliya, R. M., Tandel, B. M., Unnati, A., Patil, S. J., & Hiralal, C. (2017). Response of foliar spray of different chemicals on yield and quality of Dashehari mango under ultra-high density plantation. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5(4), 1495-1497.
Pilli, K., Venkanna, Y., Rao, B. B., Srinivas, A., Kumar, T. V., Navya, B., and Vijaya, D. (2025). Impact Study on Foliar Spray of Potassium Nitrate on Yield and Economics of Mango Cultivation Through on Farm Trails and Front-Line Demonstrations in Peddapalli District of Telangana. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 14(01), 302-307. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2025.1401.025.
Piper CS. 1966. Soil and Plant Analysis. Hans Publisher, Bombay.
Prakash, K., Vijayakumar, R.M., Balamohan, T.N. and Sundhar Singh, S.D. (2015). Effect of drip irrigation regimes and fertigation levels on yield and quality of mango cultivar 'alphonso' under ultra high-density planting. Acta Hortic. 1066, 147-150. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1066.17.
Prasath, M. D., Varu, D. K., Bohara, T., & Singh, C. Effect of pruning and potassium nitrate on flowering in mango cv. Kesar. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research; 8(8): 416-420. https://doi.org/10.33545/26 174693.2024.v8.i8f.1766s.
Prem, M., Deepika, V., Prakash, K., & Chandrasekaran, P. (2025). Regulatory effect of prohexadione calcium on mango: Enhances early floral induction and flowering physiology [Journal-article]. Biological Forum, 17(7), 09–13. https://doi.org/10.12345/abcdef.
Sajid, M., Haq, S. U., Jan, A., Noor, F., Ali, Q. S., Alam, M., ... & Abada, H. S. (2022). Effect of foliar application with potassium nitrate and copper sulfate on fruit yield and quality of pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees. International Journal of Fruit Science, 22(1), 759-768. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2117263.
Sarkar, A., Pongen, A., Sema, A., & Kanaujia, S. P. (2022). Influence of foliar application of nutrients and growth regulators on yield and quality in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). Annals of Plant and Soil Research, 24(2), 300-304. https://doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2022.10165.
Shashwat P. Mahalle, J. K. Dhemre, S. D. Magar, A. V.Kshirsagarand R. V. Patil. 2025. The role of pruning, paclobutrazol, and KNO3 in optimizing mango production: A review. Plant Archives Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 1703-1710. https://doi.org/10.51470/plantarchives.2025.v25.no.1.246.
Thiruezhirselvan, M., Kasilingam, P., Balraj, G., & Rajasekaran, N. (2024). Effect of pre-flowering chemicals spray on flowering, yield and quality attributes in Mangifera indica L. Journal of Innovative Agriculture, 11(4), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.37446/jinagri/rsa/11.4.2024.8-18.
Ullah, S., Afzal, I., Shumaila, S., & Shah, W. (2021). Effect of naphthyl acetic acid foliar spray on the physiological mechanism of drought stress tolerance in maize (Zea Mays L.). Plant Stress, 2, 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2021.100035.
Verma, B. K., Prasad, M., Kumar, V., Adarsh, A., & Thakur, G. (2022). Response of potassium nitrate and urea phosphate on flowering, fruiting and yield of Cape gooseberr y (Physalis peruviana L.). Pharm Innov J, 11, 2010-2013.
Wood, C. W., P. W. Tracy, D. W. Reeves, and K. L. Edmisten. 1992. Determination of cotton nitrogen status with a handheld chlorophyll meter. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 15(9), 1435–1448. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169 209364409.
Yadav, A. K., Nigam, D., Gautam, B., & Mishra, A. K. (2021). Computational approaches to decipher mirna-target association in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Plant Gene, 27, 100292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.20 21.100292.
Anand, M., Kahlon, P. S., & Mahajan, B. V. C. (2003). Effect of exogenous application of growth regulators on fruit drop, cracking and quality of litchi (Litchi chinensis sonn.) CV. Dehradun. Agricultural Science Digest, 23(3), 191-194.
Antwi-Boasiako, A., Amponsah, P., Opoku, J. A., Coulibaly, D., & Mintah, P. (2024). Increasing mango production efficiency under the fast-changing climate. In Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants-Ecophysiological Responses and Molecular Approaches. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112951.
Ayaz, H., Jamil, M., Khan, K., Basit, A., Khan, M. A., Khalil, I., & Sufyan, A. (2023). Effect of pre-harvest application of GA3 and potassium nitrate on yield and quality of peach fruit. Pakistan Journal of Science, 75(02). https://doi.org/10.57041/vol75iss02pp%25p.
Badal DS, and Tripathi VK.2021. Influence of Foliar Feeding of NAA and Boron on Growth, Flowering, Fruiting, and Yield of Winter Season Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. L–49. Biological Forum - An International Journal. 13(3):387-391. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4189974.
Balbaa, L. K., & Talaat, I. M. (2007). Physiological response of rosemary plants (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.) to ascorbic acid, phenylalanine and ornithine. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci, 22(11B), 375-385.
Chouhan, A., Bisen, B., Nagaveni, S. R. V., & Kumar, L. (2025). Effect of Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on Fruit Retention and Yield of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 47(4), 340-346. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i43383.
Chung, S. W., Jang, Y. J., Lim, C. K., Kim, S., & Kim, S. C. (2023). Effects of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on the panicle and fruit characteristics of' Irwin 'mango trees. Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 41(4): 361-369. https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20230033.
Dessalegn, Y., Assefa, H., Derso, T., & Tefera, M. (2014). Mango production knowledge and technological gaps of smallholder farmers in Amhara region, Ethiopia. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 10(1), 28-39.
Gattass, H. R., Essa, A. A., Marzouk, H. A., & El-Nawam, S. M. (2018). Effect of application of some growth regulators and CaCl2 on fruit drop, yield and fruit quality of Keitt mango trees. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 49(1), 79-95.
Hu, C. H., Zheng, Y., Tong, C. L., & Zhang, D. J. (2022). Effects of exogenous melatonin on plant growth, root hormones and photosynthetic characteristics of trifoliate orange subjected to salt stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 97(3), 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00814-z.
Humphries, E. C. 1956. Mineral components and ash analysis. Moderne Methoden der Pflanzenanalyse/Modern Methods of Plant Analysis: Erster Band/Volume I. 468-502.
Jawandha, S. K., Gill, P. P. S., Harminder Singh, H. S., & Thakur, A. (2017). Effect of potassium nitrate on fruit yield, quality and leaf nutrients content of plum. Vegetos, Vol. 30, No. Special Issue 2, 325-328. https://doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00090.8.
Katwesige, A., Ddamulira, G., & Katuromunda, S. (2022). Effect of potassium nitrate spray on the flowering and fruiting of mango varieties grown in Uganda. Int. J. Plant Soil Sci, 34, 80-93. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i130827.
Khandaker, M. M., Awang, I., & Ismail, S. Z. (2017). Effects of naphthalene acetic acid and gibberellic acid on plant physiological characteristics of wax apple (var. Jambu Madu). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.016.
Khattab, M. M., Haseeb, G. M., Shaban, A. E., & Arafa, M. A. (2006). Effect of paclobutrazol and potassium nitrate on flowering and fruiting of Ewais and Sidik mango trees. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Vol. 57, No. 1, 107-123.
Kundu, A. K., Tarai, R. K., Nayak, A., & Senapati, B. (2024). Influence of plant growth regulators on fruit drop, fruit retention and fruit yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Amrapali under west central table land zone of Odisha. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2733.
Lakshmi Devi, B., Venkata Ramana, K. T., Sivarama Krishna, V. N. P., Sreedhar, D., Sarada, G., & Sharath Kumar Reddy, Y. (2023). Effect of PGR’S and chemicals on biochemical parameters of mango cv. Banganpalli. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12(10): 143-150.
Lokesh, G., Madhumathi, C., Rama Krishna, M., Tanuja Priya, B., & Kadiri, L. (2020). Influence of preharvest application of salicylic acid and potassium silicate on postharvest quality of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L) cv. Alphonso. Acta Sci. Agric, 4, 11-15.
Maurya, P.K., V.K. Tripathi and S. Gupta. 2020. Effect of pre-harvest application of GA3, Naphthalene acetic acid and borax on fruit drop, yield and quality of Mango cv. Amrapali. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 9(6), 2123-2127. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i6ae.13275.
Naciri, R., Lahrir, M., Benadis, C., Chtouki, M., & Oukarroum, A. (2021). Interactive effect of potassium and cadmium on growth, root morphology and chlorophyll a fluorescence in tomato plant. Scientific reports, 11(1), 5384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84990-4.
Naleo, S., Sema, A., & Maiti, C. (2018). Effect of plant growth regulators and packaging on flowering, fruit quality and shelf life in mango cv. Amrapali. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 20, 1-8.
Panse, V.G. and P.V. Sukhatme. 1985. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR, New Delhi.
Parveen, S., Iqbal, R. M., Akram, M., Iqbal, F., Tahir, M., & Rafay, M. (2017). Improvement of growth and productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through foliar applications of naphthalene acetic acid. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 38(2), 561-570. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p561.
Patel, A. H., Singh, V., Bhanderi, D. R., Ahlawat, T. R., & Tank, R. V. (2018). Response of pre harvest chemicals spray on fruit retention and yield of mango cv. Kesar. IJCS, 6(3), 3113-3115.
Patel, T. A., Boricha, U. K., & Patel, A. M. (2023). Impact of pre harvest management on biochemical behaviour in mango cv. Amrapali. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 3293–3296.
Patoliya, R. M., Tandel, B. M., Unnati, A., Patil, S. J., & Hiralal, C. (2017). Response of foliar spray of different chemicals on yield and quality of Dashehari mango under ultra-high density plantation. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5(4), 1495-1497.
Pilli, K., Venkanna, Y., Rao, B. B., Srinivas, A., Kumar, T. V., Navya, B., and Vijaya, D. (2025). Impact Study on Foliar Spray of Potassium Nitrate on Yield and Economics of Mango Cultivation Through on Farm Trails and Front-Line Demonstrations in Peddapalli District of Telangana. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 14(01), 302-307. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2025.1401.025.
Piper CS. 1966. Soil and Plant Analysis. Hans Publisher, Bombay.
Prakash, K., Vijayakumar, R.M., Balamohan, T.N. and Sundhar Singh, S.D. (2015). Effect of drip irrigation regimes and fertigation levels on yield and quality of mango cultivar 'alphonso' under ultra high-density planting. Acta Hortic. 1066, 147-150. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1066.17.
Prasath, M. D., Varu, D. K., Bohara, T., & Singh, C. Effect of pruning and potassium nitrate on flowering in mango cv. Kesar. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research; 8(8): 416-420. https://doi.org/10.33545/26 174693.2024.v8.i8f.1766s.
Prem, M., Deepika, V., Prakash, K., & Chandrasekaran, P. (2025). Regulatory effect of prohexadione calcium on mango: Enhances early floral induction and flowering physiology [Journal-article]. Biological Forum, 17(7), 09–13. https://doi.org/10.12345/abcdef.
Sajid, M., Haq, S. U., Jan, A., Noor, F., Ali, Q. S., Alam, M., ... & Abada, H. S. (2022). Effect of foliar application with potassium nitrate and copper sulfate on fruit yield and quality of pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees. International Journal of Fruit Science, 22(1), 759-768. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2117263.
Sarkar, A., Pongen, A., Sema, A., & Kanaujia, S. P. (2022). Influence of foliar application of nutrients and growth regulators on yield and quality in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). Annals of Plant and Soil Research, 24(2), 300-304. https://doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2022.10165.
Shashwat P. Mahalle, J. K. Dhemre, S. D. Magar, A. V.Kshirsagarand R. V. Patil. 2025. The role of pruning, paclobutrazol, and KNO3 in optimizing mango production: A review. Plant Archives Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 1703-1710. https://doi.org/10.51470/plantarchives.2025.v25.no.1.246.
Thiruezhirselvan, M., Kasilingam, P., Balraj, G., & Rajasekaran, N. (2024). Effect of pre-flowering chemicals spray on flowering, yield and quality attributes in Mangifera indica L. Journal of Innovative Agriculture, 11(4), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.37446/jinagri/rsa/11.4.2024.8-18.
Ullah, S., Afzal, I., Shumaila, S., & Shah, W. (2021). Effect of naphthyl acetic acid foliar spray on the physiological mechanism of drought stress tolerance in maize (Zea Mays L.). Plant Stress, 2, 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2021.100035.
Verma, B. K., Prasad, M., Kumar, V., Adarsh, A., & Thakur, G. (2022). Response of potassium nitrate and urea phosphate on flowering, fruiting and yield of Cape gooseberr y (Physalis peruviana L.). Pharm Innov J, 11, 2010-2013.
Wood, C. W., P. W. Tracy, D. W. Reeves, and K. L. Edmisten. 1992. Determination of cotton nitrogen status with a handheld chlorophyll meter. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 15(9), 1435–1448. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169 209364409.
Yadav, A. K., Nigam, D., Gautam, B., & Mishra, A. K. (2021). Computational approaches to decipher mirna-target association in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Plant Gene, 27, 100292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.20 21.100292.
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How to Cite
Physiological and floral responses of mango (Mangifera indica) cv. Banganapalli to pre-flowering chemical treatments. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(4), 1502-1508. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i4.6916
