An eco-friendly adsorption process for the removal lead ions [Pb (II)] from aqueous solutions using wetland macrophytes Nymphaea pubescens as natural adsorbent
Article Main
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is acknowledged as a major issue at hazardous waste sites. Lead, like other heavy metals, is particularly dangerous at low quantities. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential of Nymphaea pubescens leaves (NPL) as a biosorbent for the removal of lead ions (Pb (II)) from aqueous solutions. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), zeta potential, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to evaluate the adsorbent. The batch experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of several variables, including initial metal ion concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature. The nonlinear isotherm models of Toth, Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich were implemented to analyze the equilibrium adsorption data. The batch results indicated that NPL can remove 99.58% Pb (II) from an aqueous solution. With the highest correlation coefficient, (R2 = 0.994), lowest error function (χ2 = 2.18), and the highest adsorption capacity (qm = 50.09 mg g-¹), Langmuir was determined to be the most suitable model for the experimental data. According to kinetic studies, the Elovich model effectively described the adsorption kinetics (R2= 0.995 and χ2= 0.111). With a positive value for ΔH0 (5.72 kJ mol-¹) and a negative value for ΔG0 (-11.44 to -12.57 kJ mol-¹), the adsorption is an endothermic and a spontaneous process. This study offers a sustainable approach with practical potential, providing useful insights to enhance strategies to counteract lead pollution in water resources.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Adsorption, Elovich, Langmuir, Lead ion, Pb (II), Nymphaea pubescens leaves, Thermodynamics
References
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https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4598
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2. Alameri, A.A., Alfilh, R.H.C., Awad, S.A., Zaman, G.S., Al‑Musawi, T.J., Joybari, M.M., Balarak, D. & MCkay, G. (2022). Ciprofloxacin adsorption using magnetic and ZnO nanoparticles supported activated carbon derived from Azolla filiculoides biomass. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14, 27001–27014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03372-6
3. Al-Musawi, T.J., Mckay, G., Kadhim, A., Joybari, M.M. & Balarak, D. (2022). Activated carbon prepared from hazelnut shell waste and magnetized by Fe3O4 nanoparticles for highly efficient adsorption of fluoride. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14, 4687–4702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02593-z
4. Alorabi, A.Q., Alharthi, F.A., Azizi, M., Al-Zaqri, N., El-Marghany, A. & Abdelshafeek, K.A. (2020). Removal of lead (II) from synthetic wastewater by Lavandula pubescens decne biosorbent: Insight into composition–Adsorption relationship. Applied Sciences, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217450
5. Amin, M.T., Alazba, A.A. & Shafiq, M. (2019). Comparative study for adsorption of methylene blue dye on biochar derived from orange peel and banana biomass in aqueous solutions. Enviromental Monitoring and Assessment ,191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7915-0
6. Ayawei, N., Ebelegi, A.N. & Wankasi, D. (2017). Modelling and Interpretation of adsorption isotherms. Journal of Chemistry, 2017,1–11. https://doi.org/10.115 5/2017/3039817
7. Ayiania, M., Smith, M., Hensley, A.J.R., Scudiero, L., McEwen, J.-S. & Garcia-Perez, M. (2020). Deconvoluting the XPS spectra for nitrogen-doped chars: An analysis from first principles. Carbon,162, 528–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.065
8. Bangaraiah, P. & Babu, B.S (2017). Biosorption and kinetics of lead using Tamarindus indica. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9,1209–1211
9. Barkakati, P., Begum, A., Das, M.L. & Rao, P.G. (2010). Adsorptive separation of Ginsenoside from aqueous solution by polymeric resins: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 161,34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.04.018
10. Bayuo, J., Rwiza, M.J. & Mtei, K.M. (2023). Applicability of bio-adsorbents synthesized from maize/cornplant residues for heavy metals removal from aquatic environments: an insight review. EQA- International Journal of Environmental Quality 56, 15-35. DOI:10.6092/issn.2281-4485/16951
11. Bayuo, J., Rwiza, M.J., Choi J.W., Sillanpaa, M. & Mtei, K.M (2024). Optimization of desorption parameters using response surface methodology for enhanced recovery of arsenic from spent reclaimable activated carbon: Eco-friendly and sorbent sustainability approach. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 280,1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116550
12. Borgohain, X., Das, E. & Rashid, M.H (2023). Facile synthesis of CeO 2 nanoparticles for enhanced removal of malachite green dye from an aqueous environment. Materials Advances, 4,683–693. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MA01019D
13. Chitongo, R., Opeolu, B.O. & Olatunji, O.S. (2018). Abatement of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from grape slurry. Clean Soil, Air, Water, 47, 1800077. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201800077
14. Das, E., Rabha, S., Talukdar, K., Goswami, M. & Devi, A. (2023) Propensity of a low-cost adsorbent derived from agricultural wastes to interact with cationic dyes in aqueous solutions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11656-1
15. Dave, P.N., Subrahmanyam, N. & Sharma, S. (2009). Kinetics and thermodynamics of copper ions removal from aqueous solution by use of activated charcoal. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 16,234–239.
16. de la Luz-Asunción, M., Pérez-Ramírez, E.E., Martínez-Hernández, A.L., Castano, V.M., Sánchez-Mendieta, V. & Velasco-Santos, C. (2019). Non-linear modeling of kinetic and equilibrium data for the adsorption of hexavalent chromium by carbon nanomaterials: Dimension and functionalization. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27,912–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2018.08.024
17. Devi, B. & Sarma, H.P. (2023). Equilibrium isotherm and kinetic study of biosorption of cadmium from synthetic water using wastes leaves of Averrhoa carambola. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15, 836-833.
https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4598
18. Devi. B., Goswami, M. & Devi, A. (2023). Entrapment behaviours of trivalent and hexavalent chromium from aqueous medium using edible alkali‑derived activated carbon of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 6025-6039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31545-x
19. Devi, B., Goswami, M., Rabha, S., Kalita S, Sarma, H.P. & Devi, A. (2023). Efficacious sorption capacities for Pb(II) from contaminated water: A comparative study using biowaste and Its activated carbon as potential adsorbents. ACS Omega ,8,15141–15151. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c00142
20. Giles, C. H., MacEwan, T. H., Nakhwa, S. N. & Smith, D. (1960). A system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms, and its use in diagnosis of adsorption mechanisms and in measurement of specific surface areas of solids. Journal of the Chemical Society, 111, 3973–3993.
21. Goswami, M., Devi, B., Das, E., Rabha, S., Sarma, H.P. & Devi, A. (2024). A promising approach for the removal of hexavalent and trivalent chromium from aqueous solution using low-cost biomaterial. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 196(461),1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12617-y
22. Grabi, H., Ouakouak, A., Kadouche, S., Lemlikchi, W., Derridj, F. & Mohddin, A.T. (2022). Mechanism and adsorptive performance of ash tree seeds as a novel biosorbent for the elimination of methylene blue dye from water media. Surfaces and Interfaces ,30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2022.101947
23. Imran, M., Anwar, K., Akram, M., Shah, G.M., Ahmad, I., Samad Shah, N., Khan, Z.U.H., Rashid, M.I., Akhtar, M.N., Ahmad, S., Nawaz, M.. & Schotting, R.J. (2019). Biosorption of Pb(II) from contaminated water onto Moringa oleifera biomass: kinetics and equilibrium studies. International Journal of Phytoremediation,21,777–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1566880
24. Jansen, R.J.J., van Bekkum, H. (1995). XPS of nitrogen-containing functional groups on activated carbon. Carbon, 33,1021–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(95)00030-H
25. Kalita, S., Pathak, M., Devi, G., Sarma, H.P., Bhattacharyya, K.G., Sarma, A. & Devi, A. (2017). Utilization of euryale ferox salisbury seed shell for removal of basic fuchsin dye fromwater: equilibrium and kinetics investigation. RSC Advances, 7,27248–27259. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA03014B
26. Kgabi, D.P. & Ambushe, A.A. (2024). Removal of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions using natural and HDTMA-modified bentonite and kaolin clays. Heliyon, 10, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38136
27. Kumar, S., Narayanasamy, S. & Venkatesh, R.P. (2019). Removal of Cr (VI) from synthetic solutions using water caltrop shell as a low-cost biosorbent. Separation Science and Technology,54,2783–2799. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1560333
28. Mahiya, S., Sharma S.K. & Lofrano G. (2016). Adsorptive behavior, isothermal studies, and kinetic modeling involved in removal of divalent lead from aqueous solutions, using Carissa carandas and Syzygium aromaticum (2016). Cogent Environmental Science,2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1218993
29. Medhi, H., Chowdhury, P.R., Baruah, P.D. & Bhattacharyya, K.G. (2020). Kinetics of aqueous Cu (II) Biosorption onto Thevetia peruviana leaf powder. ACS Omega, 5, 13489-13502. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04032
30. Mohanadevi, M. & Dhanabalan, K. (2025). Assessment of chromium removal efficiency from chromium-contaminated water using ball-milled Eichhornia crassipes biochar. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17, 1454-1463. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6687
31. Okpara, O. G., Ogbeide, O.M., Ike, O.C., Menechukwu, K. C. & Ejike, E.C. (2020). Optimum isotherm by linear and nonlinear regression methods for lead (II) ions adsorption from aqueous solutions using synthesized coconut shell–activated carbon (SCSAC), Toxin Reviews,40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1802596
32. Owalude, S.O. & Tella, A.C. (2016). Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by adsorption on modified groundnut hull. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,5,377-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2016.11.005
33. Panklai, T., Temkitthawon, P., Suphrom, N., Girard, C., Totoson, P., Hengphasatporn, K., Shigeta, Y., Chootip, K. & Ingkaninan, K. (2025). Nymphaea pubescens willd. Extract and its flavonoid constituents vasodilate rat isolated pulmonary artery via NO-sGC-cGMP pathway. Phytomedicine Plus, 5,1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100733
34. Rabha, S., Devi, B., Goswami, M., Das, E., Sarma, N. & Devi, A. Ecologically safe removal of lead Ions and basic fuchsin dye from an aqueous solution using Lippia alba leaves (2023). Chemistry Select, 8, 1-19. doi.org/10.1002/slct.202302149
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An eco-friendly adsorption process for the removal lead ions [Pb (II)] from aqueous solutions using wetland macrophytes Nymphaea pubescens as natural adsorbent. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(4), 1886-1900. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i4.6874
