Utilizing Gardenia leaves extracts to control Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and in vivo
Article Main
Abstract
Vigna angularis (red bean), an important legume crop in Iraq and many Asian countries, suffers major yield losses due to fungal pathogens causing root rot, wilting, and damping-off diseases. The impact of Gardenia jasminoides leaf aqueous and alcoholic extracts was investigated in this study against the fungi that cause damping off of Adzuki beans, namely Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani, using concentrations of 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/ml. In vitro study indicated that the alcoholic extract successfully inhibited both fungi by 100% at a concentration of 25 mg/ml and by 85.67% at a concentration of 20 mg/ml against R. solani. The aqueous extract exhibited significant activity against F. solani, with inhibition reaching 88.9% and 78.91% at concentrations of 25 and 20 mg/mL, respectively. The in vivo greenhouse experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of alcoholic and aqueous extracts, as well as leaf powder, in reducing the severity of disease caused by R. solani. The disease severity was 1.17, and it decreased to 0.47, 0.49, and 0.65 when the seeds were treated with leaf powder, aqueous extract, and alcoholic extract, respectively. Additionally, the leaf powder demonstrated significant efficacy in treating the soil with both fungi, as disease severity decreased from 0.87 to 0.38. The phytochemical screening of aqueous extracts of G. jasminoides showed bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides.The leaf powder also showed a clear superiority over the alcoholic and aqueous extracts when estimating the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT).
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Alcoholic extracts, Aqueous extracts, Disease severity, Damping off, Leaf powder
References
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Abo-Elyousr, A.M., Esmat, F.A. & Sallam, M. A. )2022(. Alternative control of tomato wilt using the aqueous extract of Calotropis procera, Horticulturae, 8 (197),1-16. https:// doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030197.
Adandonon, A., Aveling, T. A. S. & Tamo, M. (2004). Occurrence and distribution of cowpea damping-off and stem rot and associated fungi in Benin. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 142(5), 561-566.
Alamri, S. A., Hashem, M. M., Moustafa, Y. S., Nafady, N. A. & Abo-Elyousr A. )2019(. Biological control of root rot in lettuce caused by Exserohilum rostratum and Fusarium oxysporum via induction of the defense mechanism. Biological Control, (128), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.09.014.
Almosoy, M. A. (2012(. Identification the causes of rot disease of roots and stems bases on cowpea and control it using some chemical and biological induction factors. MSc, Thesis faculty of agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq.
Antar, S. H. )2010(. Statistical analysis in scientific research and SAS program. Dar Ibn Al-Atheer for printing and publishing, College of agriculture and forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
Ayuni, R. & R. Andayani.)2022(. A Review: Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity from several parts of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 17(4 ), 24-38. doi: 10.9790/3008-1704012438
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Bakkali, F., Averbeck., S., Averbeck D. & Idaomar, M. )2008(. Biological effects of essential oils–A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2),446-475.
Borges, D. F., Lopes, E. A., Moraes. A. R. F., Soares, M. S., Visôtto, L. E., Oliveira C. R. & Valente, V. M. (2018). Formulation of botanicals for the control of plant-pathogens: A review. Crop Protection. (1109), 135–140.
Eaglesham, A. R., Ayanaba, A., Ranga, V. & Eskew, D. L. (1992). Mineral effects on cowpea and soybean crops in a Nigeria soil: Amounts of nitrogen fixed and accrual to the soil. Plant Soil, (68), 183-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02373704
Edward, F. G. (1990). Gardenia Jasminoides. Florida cooperative extension, Institute of food and agriculture science, University of Florida, USA, p:222.
El-Gali ,Z. & Hypa, N. (2018). The inhibitory effect of the extracts and powders of three medical plants on sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Journal of the Arab American University, 4(2),1-22.
El-Shaer, A. H. I. (2002). Advanced studies on root infecting fungi of lentil and their control. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt P:208.
Gaur, A., Kumar, A., Kiran, R. & Kumari, P. (2020). Importance of seed-borne diseases of agricultural crops: economic losses and impact on society. In: Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management, pp.3–24.
Grand, A., Wondergem, P., A., Verpoort R. & Pousset J. (1988). Anti-infectious phytotherapies of the tree-savannah of Senegal (West-Africa) II. Antimicrobial activity of 33 species J. Ethnopharmacol, (22),25-31. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(88)90227-9
Gruber, C. W. (2012). Global cyclotide adventure: A journey dedicated to the discovery of circular Peptides from Flowering Plants.Biopolymers. (94), 565–572. doi: 10.1002/bip.21414
Guo, X., Liu, N., Zhang, Y. & Chen, J. (2022). Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Active Sites of GH45 Endoglucanohydrolase from Rhizoctonia solani, Phytopathology,112(2),355-363.
Gupta, A., Narantwal, M. & Kothari, V. (2012). Modern extraction methods for preparation of bioactive plant extracts. National Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences,1(1),8-26.
Harborne, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical methods, A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis ,Second edition phenolic compounds ,Springer dordrecht, New York, NY, USA P: 37-99.
Hussein S. N. (2019). Biological control of root rot disease of cowpea Vigna unguiculata caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani using some bacterial and fungal species. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, (37), 31-39. DOI: 10.22268/AJPP-037.1.031039
Ify, O. A., Ugoy, U. E., Ifeanyi, E. & Amechi, O. I. (2021). Biochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of acalypha wilkesiana var morea Müll.Arg. (Copperleaf). Journal of Botany Research,4 (1),131-137.
Jaafer, T. S., Abdulkarim, S. H., Al.Nua'ymi, A. & Mohammed, S. E. (2020). The inhibitory effect of some medical plants extracts in the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Education and Science. 29(1),107-120.. dio:10.33899/edusj.2020.164366
Kafuaa, L. Q., Kritzingera, A. & Husseinb, A. A. (2010). Antifungal activity of Gardenia brighamii leaf extracts SAAB Annual meeting abstracts doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2010.02.067.
Kassab Bashi, A. Z. (2013). Study of some factors effect on clinical propagation for "GARDENIA" plant Gardenia jasminoides VAR. vetches by tissue culture.Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, (41), 50-58. ISSN: 2224-9796 (Online)
Lelono, A. A. R., Tachibana, S.& Itoh, K. (2009). Isolation of antifungal compounds from Gardenia jasminoides. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,12(13),949-956. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.949.956.
Mahmood, A. A. (2011). The impact of biological control agents and chemicals on some plant pathogenic fungi. 2ed Conference Biological Science College-Mosul University,16-17 Now 2011.
Mahmood, M. A. & Essa, M. A. (2014). Extraction of some antimicrobial peptides from rubiaceae flowers and studying their activity against some pathogenic bacteria .Rafidin Journal of Science (25), 38-47.
Meronuck, R. A. & Hardman, L. L. (1981). Edible bean disease and disorder identification, Extension Folder 571- Crop pest management series agricultural extension service. university of Minnesota. 1981. https://conservancy.umn.edu.
Misawa, T. & Komatsu, T. (.2011). Occurrence of Rhizoctonia root rot of soybean caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2IV and adzuki bean caused by R. solani AG-1 IB in commercial fields of Hokkaido. Annual report of the society of plant protection of North Japan,(62),50-54 .
Mohamed, E A. E. (2001). Feasibility of using some plant extracts for biological control of some plant pathogenic fungi. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of agriculture, Mansora University, Egypt. P:172.
Ndam, L. M., Mih, A. M., Fongod, A. G. N., Tening, A. S., Tonjock, R. K., Enang, J. E. & Fujii, Y. (2014). Phytochemical screening of the bioactive compounds in twenty (20) Cameroonian medicinal plants. InternationalJournal.Curr.Microbiol.Appleid.Scince,3(12), 768-778.
Omar, A., Ercilik, A., & Mohammed, M. A., (2021).Determination of Fungal pathogens causing root-rot on bean plants in bean production areas of nevşehir province, Turkey Journal Phytopath,(50) ,9-16. |http://www.fitopatoloji.org.tr
Omura, M. S., Freiria, G. H., Pellizzaro, V.& Takahashi, L.S.(2021). Enzymatic activity in azuki bean seedlings subjected to salinity and water deficiency. Semina Ciências Agrárias. (42), 419-428.DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n1p419.
Quhuan, M., Yanmei, L., Deng, Y., Xiaodong, H., Wanyu, L., Hongzhen, J., Guo, Y.& Xiaofeng, SH., (2022). Optimization for ultrasonic-microwave synergetic extraction of total iridoid glycosides and screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory active fractions from patrinia scabra Bunge (Valerianaceae).BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies,22(7),2-16 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03489-7.
Ragasa, C. Y., Leslie, Y., Pimentay, N. & Rideoutx, J. A. (2007). Iridoids from Gardenia jasminoides. Natural Product Research, 21, (12),1078–1084. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-668175/v1
Rios, J. L., Recio, M. C. & Villar, A. (1987). Antimicrobial activity of selected plants employed in the Spanish Mediterranean area. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, (21), 139-152. DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(87)90124-3
Ritchot, C. & McNeil, J. N. (2015). Diseases and pests of vegetable crops in Canada.Chapter15, Pea and bean DOI: 10.1007/BF00443011
Sarma, B. K., & Singh, U. P. (2002). Variability in Indian isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii. Mycologia (94),1051-1058. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761870
Shahatha, S. S. (2020). Epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic study for mange in sheep of Anbar province- Iraq Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences.32,34(1),1-7.
Shlevin, E., Saguy, I. S., Mahrer, Y. & Katan, J. (2003). Modeling the survival of soilborne pathogens under dry structural solarization. PHYTO, (093),1247-1257. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.10.1247
Singh, S. R. & Rachie, K. O. (1985). Cowpea research, production and utilization. 460 Wiley interscience publications, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 1985. pp. 460 https://doi.org/10.1017/S001447970001468X
Sneh, G., Jabaji, S., Neate, S. H. & Dijst, G. (1995). Rhizoctonia species: Taxonomy, molecular biology, ecology, pathology and disease control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. p.: 578 https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000406448.
Stoilova, S. L., Vassileva, V., Petrova, T., Senov, N. T., Demirevska, K. & Feller, U. (2006). Proteolytic activity in wheat leaves during drought stress and recovery. Gen Appl Plant Physiol Spec. ,91-100. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255606138.
Sulaiman, E. D. & Abdulhafedh, N. H. (2013). Effect of seed treatment with plant extracts, biological and chemical agents in controlling fungi causing cowpea damping–off and root rot. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, (31), 138-1
Sun, S., Changjian, X., Zhang, J., Canxing, D., Xiaoming, W., Xiaofei, W., Zhendong, Suk-Ha, L. & Z .(2015). Stem rot on adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 HGI in China.PlantPathol J. 31.(2015) 67-71. doi: 10.5423/PPJ.NT.07.2014.0069
Teuton, T. C., Brecke, B. J., Unruh, J., MacDonald, G. E.,Miller, G. L. & Ducar, J. T. (2004). Factors affecting seed germination of tropical Signalgrass (Urochloa subquadripara). Weed Science (52),376-381. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4046933. (preview)
Wang, X. M., Jin, D. S., Redden, R., Wang, S. M., Lawrence, P., Zong, X. X., Hu, J. P. & Cao, Y.S., (2000). Adzuki bean diseases and insect pests. Agricultural Science and Technique Press, Led, Beijing: China
Abdul Wahab, U. H. & Awad Z. J. )2015(. Isolation and characterization of iridoid glycoside (Gardenoside) present in the leaves of Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis cultivated in Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Pharmacological Science, 24 (1),40-48.
Abo-Elyousr, A.M., Esmat, F.A. & Sallam, M. A. )2022(. Alternative control of tomato wilt using the aqueous extract of Calotropis procera, Horticulturae, 8 (197),1-16. https:// doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030197.
Adandonon, A., Aveling, T. A. S. & Tamo, M. (2004). Occurrence and distribution of cowpea damping-off and stem rot and associated fungi in Benin. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 142(5), 561-566.
Alamri, S. A., Hashem, M. M., Moustafa, Y. S., Nafady, N. A. & Abo-Elyousr A. )2019(. Biological control of root rot in lettuce caused by Exserohilum rostratum and Fusarium oxysporum via induction of the defense mechanism. Biological Control, (128), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.09.014.
Almosoy, M. A. (2012(. Identification the causes of rot disease of roots and stems bases on cowpea and control it using some chemical and biological induction factors. MSc, Thesis faculty of agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq.
Antar, S. H. )2010(. Statistical analysis in scientific research and SAS program. Dar Ibn Al-Atheer for printing and publishing, College of agriculture and forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
Ayuni, R. & R. Andayani.)2022(. A Review: Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity from several parts of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 17(4 ), 24-38. doi: 10.9790/3008-1704012438
Aveling, T. A. & Adandon, A. )2000(. First report of pre- and postemergence damping-off of cowpea caused by Pythium ultimum in South Africa. Plant Disease, 84,922. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.8.922B
Bakkali, F., Averbeck., S., Averbeck D. & Idaomar, M. )2008(. Biological effects of essential oils–A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2),446-475.
Borges, D. F., Lopes, E. A., Moraes. A. R. F., Soares, M. S., Visôtto, L. E., Oliveira C. R. & Valente, V. M. (2018). Formulation of botanicals for the control of plant-pathogens: A review. Crop Protection. (1109), 135–140.
Eaglesham, A. R., Ayanaba, A., Ranga, V. & Eskew, D. L. (1992). Mineral effects on cowpea and soybean crops in a Nigeria soil: Amounts of nitrogen fixed and accrual to the soil. Plant Soil, (68), 183-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02373704
Edward, F. G. (1990). Gardenia Jasminoides. Florida cooperative extension, Institute of food and agriculture science, University of Florida, USA, p:222.
El-Gali ,Z. & Hypa, N. (2018). The inhibitory effect of the extracts and powders of three medical plants on sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Journal of the Arab American University, 4(2),1-22.
El-Shaer, A. H. I. (2002). Advanced studies on root infecting fungi of lentil and their control. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt P:208.
Gaur, A., Kumar, A., Kiran, R. & Kumari, P. (2020). Importance of seed-borne diseases of agricultural crops: economic losses and impact on society. In: Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management, pp.3–24.
Grand, A., Wondergem, P., A., Verpoort R. & Pousset J. (1988). Anti-infectious phytotherapies of the tree-savannah of Senegal (West-Africa) II. Antimicrobial activity of 33 species J. Ethnopharmacol, (22),25-31. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(88)90227-9
Gruber, C. W. (2012). Global cyclotide adventure: A journey dedicated to the discovery of circular Peptides from Flowering Plants.Biopolymers. (94), 565–572. doi: 10.1002/bip.21414
Guo, X., Liu, N., Zhang, Y. & Chen, J. (2022). Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Active Sites of GH45 Endoglucanohydrolase from Rhizoctonia solani, Phytopathology,112(2),355-363.
Gupta, A., Narantwal, M. & Kothari, V. (2012). Modern extraction methods for preparation of bioactive plant extracts. National Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences,1(1),8-26.
Harborne, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical methods, A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis ,Second edition phenolic compounds ,Springer dordrecht, New York, NY, USA P: 37-99.
Hussein S. N. (2019). Biological control of root rot disease of cowpea Vigna unguiculata caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani using some bacterial and fungal species. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, (37), 31-39. DOI: 10.22268/AJPP-037.1.031039
Ify, O. A., Ugoy, U. E., Ifeanyi, E. & Amechi, O. I. (2021). Biochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of acalypha wilkesiana var morea Müll.Arg. (Copperleaf). Journal of Botany Research,4 (1),131-137.
Jaafer, T. S., Abdulkarim, S. H., Al.Nua'ymi, A. & Mohammed, S. E. (2020). The inhibitory effect of some medical plants extracts in the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Education and Science. 29(1),107-120.. dio:10.33899/edusj.2020.164366
Kafuaa, L. Q., Kritzingera, A. & Husseinb, A. A. (2010). Antifungal activity of Gardenia brighamii leaf extracts SAAB Annual meeting abstracts doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2010.02.067.
Kassab Bashi, A. Z. (2013). Study of some factors effect on clinical propagation for "GARDENIA" plant Gardenia jasminoides VAR. vetches by tissue culture.Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, (41), 50-58. ISSN: 2224-9796 (Online)
Lelono, A. A. R., Tachibana, S.& Itoh, K. (2009). Isolation of antifungal compounds from Gardenia jasminoides. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,12(13),949-956. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.949.956.
Mahmood, A. A. (2011). The impact of biological control agents and chemicals on some plant pathogenic fungi. 2ed Conference Biological Science College-Mosul University,16-17 Now 2011.
Mahmood, M. A. & Essa, M. A. (2014). Extraction of some antimicrobial peptides from rubiaceae flowers and studying their activity against some pathogenic bacteria .Rafidin Journal of Science (25), 38-47.
Meronuck, R. A. & Hardman, L. L. (1981). Edible bean disease and disorder identification, Extension Folder 571- Crop pest management series agricultural extension service. university of Minnesota. 1981. https://conservancy.umn.edu.
Misawa, T. & Komatsu, T. (.2011). Occurrence of Rhizoctonia root rot of soybean caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2IV and adzuki bean caused by R. solani AG-1 IB in commercial fields of Hokkaido. Annual report of the society of plant protection of North Japan,(62),50-54 .
Mohamed, E A. E. (2001). Feasibility of using some plant extracts for biological control of some plant pathogenic fungi. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of agriculture, Mansora University, Egypt. P:172.
Ndam, L. M., Mih, A. M., Fongod, A. G. N., Tening, A. S., Tonjock, R. K., Enang, J. E. & Fujii, Y. (2014). Phytochemical screening of the bioactive compounds in twenty (20) Cameroonian medicinal plants. InternationalJournal.Curr.Microbiol.Appleid.Scince,3(12), 768-778.
Omar, A., Ercilik, A., & Mohammed, M. A., (2021).Determination of Fungal pathogens causing root-rot on bean plants in bean production areas of nevşehir province, Turkey Journal Phytopath,(50) ,9-16. |http://www.fitopatoloji.org.tr
Omura, M. S., Freiria, G. H., Pellizzaro, V.& Takahashi, L.S.(2021). Enzymatic activity in azuki bean seedlings subjected to salinity and water deficiency. Semina Ciências Agrárias. (42), 419-428.DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n1p419.
Quhuan, M., Yanmei, L., Deng, Y., Xiaodong, H., Wanyu, L., Hongzhen, J., Guo, Y.& Xiaofeng, SH., (2022). Optimization for ultrasonic-microwave synergetic extraction of total iridoid glycosides and screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory active fractions from patrinia scabra Bunge (Valerianaceae).BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies,22(7),2-16 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03489-7.
Ragasa, C. Y., Leslie, Y., Pimentay, N. & Rideoutx, J. A. (2007). Iridoids from Gardenia jasminoides. Natural Product Research, 21, (12),1078–1084. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-668175/v1
Rios, J. L., Recio, M. C. & Villar, A. (1987). Antimicrobial activity of selected plants employed in the Spanish Mediterranean area. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, (21), 139-152. DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(87)90124-3
Ritchot, C. & McNeil, J. N. (2015). Diseases and pests of vegetable crops in Canada.Chapter15, Pea and bean DOI: 10.1007/BF00443011
Sarma, B. K., & Singh, U. P. (2002). Variability in Indian isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii. Mycologia (94),1051-1058. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761870
Shahatha, S. S. (2020). Epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic study for mange in sheep of Anbar province- Iraq Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences.32,34(1),1-7.
Shlevin, E., Saguy, I. S., Mahrer, Y. & Katan, J. (2003). Modeling the survival of soilborne pathogens under dry structural solarization. PHYTO, (093),1247-1257. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.10.1247
Singh, S. R. & Rachie, K. O. (1985). Cowpea research, production and utilization. 460 Wiley interscience publications, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 1985. pp. 460 https://doi.org/10.1017/S001447970001468X
Sneh, G., Jabaji, S., Neate, S. H. & Dijst, G. (1995). Rhizoctonia species: Taxonomy, molecular biology, ecology, pathology and disease control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. p.: 578 https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000406448.
Stoilova, S. L., Vassileva, V., Petrova, T., Senov, N. T., Demirevska, K. & Feller, U. (2006). Proteolytic activity in wheat leaves during drought stress and recovery. Gen Appl Plant Physiol Spec. ,91-100. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255606138.
Sulaiman, E. D. & Abdulhafedh, N. H. (2013). Effect of seed treatment with plant extracts, biological and chemical agents in controlling fungi causing cowpea damping–off and root rot. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, (31), 138-1
Sun, S., Changjian, X., Zhang, J., Canxing, D., Xiaoming, W., Xiaofei, W., Zhendong, Suk-Ha, L. & Z .(2015). Stem rot on adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 HGI in China.PlantPathol J. 31.(2015) 67-71. doi: 10.5423/PPJ.NT.07.2014.0069
Teuton, T. C., Brecke, B. J., Unruh, J., MacDonald, G. E.,Miller, G. L. & Ducar, J. T. (2004). Factors affecting seed germination of tropical Signalgrass (Urochloa subquadripara). Weed Science (52),376-381. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4046933. (preview)
Wang, X. M., Jin, D. S., Redden, R., Wang, S. M., Lawrence, P., Zong, X. X., Hu, J. P. & Cao, Y.S., (2000). Adzuki bean diseases and insect pests. Agricultural Science and Technique Press, Led, Beijing: China
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Utilizing Gardenia leaves extracts to control Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and in vivo. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(4), 1634-1640. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i4.6852
