Determination of the ecological quality of Oued Nfifikh and Oued El Maleh (Morocco) using the generic diatomic index and the global normalized biological index
Article Main
Abstract
The quality of rivers and water reserves has now become a major concern due to the combined effects of climate change and human activities, which contribute to their degradation. This study assesses the water quality of four sites in Greater Casablanca, located upstream and downstream of two wadis: the Oued El Maleh dam (M1), its downstream in Mohammedia (M2), the Oued Nfifikh discharge area (N1), and its downstream (N2). The samples targeted diatoms and macroinvertebrates to calculate two biotic indices: the Generic Diatomic Index (GDI) and the Global Normalized Biological Index (GNBI), which were then compared to the Organic Pollution Index (OPI) determined by physicochemical analyses. The results revealed that the M1 site has a high diversity of diatoms (H' = 2.63), bio-indicators of good ecological quality (Achnanthidium, Cymbella, etc.), confirmed by a GDI of 13.01 (moderately eutrophic state) and an OPI of 4.3. On the other hand, the M2, N1, and N2 sites show low diatom diversity (H' = 1.46; 1.77; 0.94) and the presence of pollution-tolerant species (Bacillaria paradoxa, Nitzschia palea, etc.), with low GDIs (4.74; 7.59; 2.21) indicating pollution. The dominance of resistant taxa (gastropods at M2, hirudinae at N1, chironomidae at N2) and weak GNBI (4, 3, 2) confirm this degradation, as do OPIs (1.5; 2; 1.75). These results revealed that only M1 maintains a good ecological status, while M2, N1, and N2 are polluted, reflecting the impact of urban and industrial discharges. This deterioration highlights the need for effective management measures to protect these aquatic ecosystems, particularly in areas downstream of urban centers where anthropogenic pressures are increasing.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Bio-indicators, Diatoms, Macroinvertebrates, Organic pollution , Water quality
References
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Benhassane, L., Oubraim, S., Mounjid, J., Fadlaoui, S., & Loudiki, M. (2020). Monitoring Impacts of Human Activities on Bouskoura Stream (Periurban of Casablanca, Morocco) : 3. Bio-Ecology of Epilithic Diatoms (First Results). Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 19(5(Supp)), 1913‑1930. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2020.v19i05.016
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Merbouh, C., Belhsaien, K., Zouahri, A., & Iounes, N. (2020). Evaluation of the physico-chemical quality of groundwater in the vicinity of the Mohammedia-Benslimane controlled landfill: (preliminary study). European Scientific Journal, 16(6), 455-470.
Merbouh, C., Kabriti, M., Nahli, A., Rihane, A., & Iounes, N. (2023). Physicochemical Characterization and Metallic Contamination of the Waters of Oued Nfifikh (Morocco). Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24(1), 1‑11. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/154911
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Bekri, M., El Hmaidi, A., Jaddi, H., Ousmana, H., Kasse, Z., el Faleh, E. M., Essahlaoui, A., & El Ouali, A. (2020). Use of quality and organic pollution indices in the evaluation of the physico-chemical quality of the surface waters of the Moulouya and Ansegmir wadis (Haute Moulouya, NE of Morocco). European Scientific Journal, 16, 55-75. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2020.v16n27p55
Benhassane, L., Oubraim, S., Mounjid, J., Fadlaoui, S., & Loudiki, M. (2020). Monitoring Impacts of Human Activities on Bouskoura Stream (Periurban of Casablanca, Morocco) : 3. Bio-Ecology of Epilithic Diatoms (First Results). Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 19(5(Supp)), 1913‑1930. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2020.v19i05.016
Blanco, S. (2024). What do diatom indices indicate? Modeling the specific pollution sensitivity index. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(20), 29449‑29459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33115-1
Car, A., & Kaleli, A. (2025). Marine benthic diatoms from the Adriatic Sea (NE Mediterranean) : Review of investigations and checklist with updated nomenclature. Acta Botanica Croatica, 84(2), 0‑0. https://doi.org/10.37427/botcro-2025-024
Coste, M., & Ayphassorho, H. (1991). A study of water quality in Artois-Picardie bassine with the help of benthic diatomia communities: An application of diatomic index. Report Cemagref Bordeaux, Agence de l’Eau Artois-Picardie, DouaiH
Dedjiho, C. A., Mama, D., Dimon, B. F., Chouti, W., Alassane, A., Fiogbe, E. D., & Sohounhloue, C. K. D. (2013). Influence of the eutrophication state of the Gbèzoumè lagoon (Ouidah) on its aquatic fauna. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 7(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v7i5.24
El Morabet, R., Barhazi, L., Bouhafa, S., Dahim, M. A., Khan, R. A., & Dahim, A. M. (2024). Water quality, heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment of surface water bodies of Mohammedia prefecture, Morocco. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 6, 33‑41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2023.12.002
Fagrouch, A., Berrahou, A., & El Halouani, H. (2011). Impact of an urban effluent from the city of Taourirt on the structure of macroinvertebrate communities in Wadi Za (eastern Morocco). Journal of Water Sciences, 24(2), 87-101. https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/rseau/2011-v24-n2-rseau5003765/1006104ar/abstract/
Fassinou, N. M., Gouissi, F. M., Goura, S. O., Yessoufou, W. B., & Biaou, T. S. (2023). Impact of agricultural contamination on the physico-chemical and biological quality of surface waters: Bibliographic review. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 39(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v39.1.5289
Fawzi, B., Chlaida, M., Oubraim, S., Loudiki, M., Sabour, B., & Bouzidi, A. (2005). Application of certain diatomic indices to a Moroccan river: Oued Hassar. Journal of Water Sciences, 14(1), 73-89. https://doi.org/10.7202/705410ar
Hazelaar, S., Van Der Strate, H. J., Gieskes, W. W. C., & Vrieling, E. G. (2005). Monitoring Rapid Valve Formation in the Pennate Diatom Navicula Salinarum (bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 41(2), 354‑358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.041 31.x
Freshwater Invertebrates—Eduterre. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2024, from https://eduterre.ens-lyon.fr/thematiques/hydro/travail-coop/determin/identif?searchterm=classi
Guellaf, A., & Kettani, K. (2025). Assessment of seasonal variations in water quality and pollution sources in the coastal water bodies between Casablanca and Rabat (northwest Morocco). Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 26(5), 323‑336. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/203464
Kalny, G., Laaha, G., Melcher, A., Trimmel, H., Weihs, P., & Rauch, H. P. (2017). The influence of riparian vegetation shading on water temperature during low flow conditions in a medium sized river. Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 5. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2016037
Kanbouchi, I., Souabi, S., Chtaini, A., & Aboulhassan, M. A. (2014). Evaluation of the pollution of mixed wastewater collected by the sewerage network of the city of Mohammedia: Case of a main collector. Laboratory Technologies, 8(34).
Karim, P. L., Kamel, D., Hamouche, D. A., & Nadjiba, M. B. (2017). Contribution to the assessment of the water quality of Lake Réghaia by Generic Diatomic Index (GDI).
Lavoie, I., Hamilton, P. B., Campeau, S., Grenier, M., & Dillon, P. J. (2008). Guide to the Identification of Diatoms in Rivers of Eastern Canada (1st ed.). Presses de l'Université du Québec. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv18ph4tz
Leclercq, L., & Maquet, B. (1987). Two new chemical and diatom indices for assessing the quality of running water: application to the Samson and its tributaries (Belgian Meuse basin), comparison with other chemical, biocenotic, and diatom indices. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.
Marezza, F., Marchetti, C., Lanzi, G., Lusetti, A., Bertani, A., & Cecchi, R. (2021). Diatom extraction: A new technique with heated H2O2. A technical note. Legal Medicine, 50, 101861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.1 01861
MATIN, L. (2002, November 29). The press visits the site of the Oued El Maleh dam. The Matin.ma. https://lematin.ma/journal/2002/La-presse-visite-le-site-du-barrage-de-Oued-El-Maleh/22930.html
Menbohan, S. F., Zebare, T. S. H., Nyamsi, T. N. L., & Njiné, T. (2010). Benthic macroinvertebrates of the Nga river: Characterization Essay of a Reference by Biological Analyses. European Journal of Scientific Research, 43(1), 96-106.
Merbouh, C., Belhsaien, K., Zouahri, A., & Iounes, N. (2020). Evaluation of the physico-chemical quality of groundwater in the vicinity of the Mohammedia-Benslimane controlled landfill: (preliminary study). European Scientific Journal, 16(6), 455-470.
Merbouh, C., Kabriti, M., Nahli, A., Rihane, A., & Iounes, N. (2023). Physicochemical Characterization and Metallic Contamination of the Waters of Oued Nfifikh (Morocco). Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24(1), 1‑11. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/154911
Merbouh, C., Namoussi, S., Kabriti, M., Naamane, A., Rihane, A., & Iounes, N. (2022). Physico-chemical characterization of an urban wastewater effluent and its impact on the receiving environment: Oued Nfifikh (Morocco). Journal of Ecological Engineering, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/145464
Moisan, J. (n.d.). Guide to the Identification of the Main Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Quebec, 2010 – Voluntary Monitoring of Shallow Watercourses.
Mondy, C., Villeneuve, B., Archaimbault, V., & Usseglio-Polatera, P. (2021). A new generation of indicators: The example of the I2M2 multimetric invertebrate index. Sciences Eaux & Territoires, 37, 30-37.
Nahli, A., Chlaida, M., & Said, O. (2019). Diversité taxonomique et structure du peuplement macrobenthique des eaux de l’Oued Hassar après installation de la station d’épuration de Mediouna (Casablanca, Maroc) Taxonomic diversity and structure of Hassar creek’s macrobenthic community after Mediouna WWTP installation (Casablanca, Morocco). Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, 2018, 37-56.
NF T90-354 (2016). Échantillonnage, traitement et analyse de diatomées benthiques en cours d’eau et canaux. Afnor EDITIONS. https://www.boutique.afnor.org/fr-fr/norme/nf-t90354/qualite-de-leau-echantillonnage-traitement-et-analyse-de-diatomees-benthiqu/fa182112/1564;
Philippeau, G. (1986). How to interpret the results of a principal component analysis? ITCF.
Picetti, R., Deeney, M., Pastorino, S., Miller, M. R., Shah, A., Leon, D. A., Dangour, A. D., & Green, R. (2022). Nitrate and nitrite contamination in drinking water and cancer risk : A systematic review with meta-analysis. Environmental Research, 210, 112988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112988
Pielou, E. C. (1975). Ecological Diversity. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 165. Limnology and Oceanography, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.1.0174b
Prygiel, J., Carpentier, P., Almeida, S., Coste, M., Druart, J.-C., Ector, L., Guillard, D., Honoré, M.-A., Iserentant, R., Ledeganck, P., Lalanne-Cassou, C., Lesniak, C., Mercier, I., Moncaut, P., Nazart, M., Nouchet, N., Peres, F., Peeters, V., Rimet, F., & Zydek, N. (2002). Determination of the biological diatom index (IBD NF T 90-354) : Results of an intercomparison exercise. Journal of Applied Phycology, 14, 27‑39. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015277207328
Rumeau, A., & Coste, M. (1988). Introduction to the systematics of freshwater diatoms. For the practical use of a generic diatomic index. Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture, 309, 1-69. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae:1988009
SEEE. (2007). Secretary of State to the Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water and the Environment, in charge of Water and the Environment (SEEE 2007): Moroccan standards defining the surface water quality grid. https://www.environnement.gov.ma/fr/78-cat1/1008-normes-de-qualite-des-eaux-de-surfaces
Serghini, A., Elabidi, A., El Blidi, S., & Fekhaoui, M. (2013). Spatio-temporal typology and hydrological functioning of the Mohammedia wetland complex (Morocco). Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, 35, 61-65.
Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1963). The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Univ. Illinois Press, pp. 117.
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How to Cite
Determination of the ecological quality of Oued Nfifikh and Oued El Maleh (Morocco) using the generic diatomic index and the global normalized biological index. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(3), 1373-1385. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6798
