Fly ash induced lipid peroxidation in the fish Cirrhinus mrigala
Article Main
Abstract
Coal fly ash (CFA), is a byproduct of coal combustion in a thermal power plant, as well as industrial solid waste. Its improper disposal causes environmental, ecological, and human health risks. In aquatic systems, fly ash contamination leads to the bioaccumulation of metals, oxidative stress, tissue damage and threats to biodiversity. The consumption of contaminated food poses a hazard to the food chain. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate fly ash induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the fish Cirrhinus mrigala. To assess the toxicity of CFA, collected from the dumping station of Solapur Super Thermal Power Station, located at village Fatatewadi and Aherwadi, District: Solapur, fish were exposed to three concentrations (1 g/L, 3 g/L, and 5 g/L) for both acute (4 days) and chronic (30 days) durations, along with a control group. The MDA level was measured in the liver, gills, intestine, and muscles for both acute and chronic time. The MDA levels were increased significantly with increasing CFA concentrations. In all the organs, MDA level significantly increased in both acute and chronic durations. The highest MDA level was observed in the gills and the lowest activity was noticed in the intestine for both acute and chronic exposure. This concludes that CFA contamination induces oxidative stress and toxicity in freshwater fish, highlighting its potential impact on aquatic life.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Coal fly ash (CFA), heavy metals, LPO, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Oxidative stress
References
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Ensibi, C., Perez-Lopez, M., Rodríguez, F. S., Míguez-Santiyán, M. P., Yahya, M. D., & Hernández-Moreno, D. (2013). Effects of deltamethrin on biometric parameters and liver biomarkers in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 36(2), 384-391.
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Ensibi, C., Perez-Lopez, M., Rodríguez, F. S., Míguez-Santiyán, M. P., Yahya, M. D., & Hernández-Moreno, D. (2013). Effects of deltamethrin on biometric parameters and liver biomarkers in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 36(2), 384-391.
Feuerborn, H. J., Harris, D., & Heidrich, C. (2019). Global aspects on coal combustion products. In Proc. Eurocoalash Conference. University. DundeeScotl. Great Br 26, 1-17.
Finger, J. W., Hamilton, M. T., Metts, B. S., Glenn, T. C., & Tuberville, T. D. (2016). Chronic ingestion of coal fly-ash contaminated prey and its effects on health and immune parameters in juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71, 347-358.
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Gilmour, M. I., O'Connor, S., Dick, C. A., Miller, C. A., & Linak, W. P. (2004). Differential pulmonary inflammation and in vitro cytotoxicity of size-fractionated fly ash particles from pulverized coal combustion. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 54(3), 286-295.
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Islas-Flores, H., Gómez-Olivan, L. M., Galar-Martínez, M., García-Medina, S., Neri-Cruz, N., & Dublan-García, O. (2014). Effect of ibuprofen exposure on blood, gill, liver, and brain on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using oxidative stress biomarkers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 5157-5166.
Jamil Emon, F., Rohani, M. F., Sumaiya, N., Tuj Jannat, M. F., Akter, Y., Shahjahan, M., & Goh, K. W. (2023). Bioaccumulation and bioremediation of heavy metals in fishes-A review. Toxics, 11(6), 510 (1-28).
Jaunjal, S. M., & Gaupale, T. C. (2025). Impact of Coal Fly Ash on Freshwater Fishes and the Ecosystem. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 51(1), 37-43.
Javed M., Usmani N., Ahmad M., & Ahmad M. I. (2017). Multiple biomarker responses serum biochemistry oxidative stress, genotoxicity, histopathology in Channa Punctatus exposed to heavy metal loaded wastewater. Science Reporter, 7, 1675 (1-7). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0875-7.
Jiang, N., Dreher, K.L., Dye, J.A., Li, Y., Richards, J.H., Martin, L.D., & Adler, K.B. (2000). Residual oil fly ash induces cytotoxicity and mucin secretion by guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells via an oxidant-mediated mechanism. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 163, 220-230.
Jimenez, A. G., & Cooper-Mullin, C. M. (2022). Antioxidant capacity and lipid oxidative damage in muscle tissue of tropical birds. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 134(3), 531-541.
Kumar, V. S., Mani, U., Prasad, A. K., Lal, K., Gowri, V., & Gupta, A. (2004). Effect of fly ash inhalation on biochemical and histomorphological changes in rat lungs. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42, 964-968.
Lewis, K. (2003). Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: scale development and validation. Journal of applied psychology, 88(4), 587-604.
Manz, M., Weissflog, L., Kühne, R., & Schuurmann, G. (1999). Ecotoxicological hazard and risk assessment of heavy metal contents in agricultural soils of central Germany. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 42(2), 191-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1998.1741.
Marnett, L. J. (2002). Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Toxicology, 181, 219-222.
Marra, F., & Svegliati-Baroni, G. (2018). Lipotoxicity and the gut-liver axis in NASH pathogenesis. Journal of hepatology, 68(2), 280-295.
Mello, T., Zanieri, F., Ceni, E., & Galli, A. (2016). Oxidative stress in the healthy and wounded hepatocyte: a cellular organelles perspective. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016(1), 8327410 (1-15).
Meyer, C. B., Schlekat, T. H., Walls, S. J., Iannuzzi, J., & Souza, M. J. (2014). Evaluating risks to wildlife from coal fly ash incorporating recent advances in metals and metalloids risk assessment. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 11(1), 67-79.
Nacci, D.E., Kohan, M., Pelletier, M., George, E. (2002). Effects of benzo[a]pyrene exposure on a fish population resistant to the toxic effects of dioxin-like compounds. Aquatic Toxicology, 57, 203–215.
Niedernhofer, L. J., Daniels, J. S., Rouzer, C. A., Greene, R. E., & Marnett, L. J. (2003). Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is mutagenic in human cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(33), 31426-31433.
Oakes, K. D., & Van Der Kraak, G. J. (2003). Utility of the TBARS assay in detecting oxidative stress in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) populations exposed to pulp mill effluent. Aquatic Toxicology, 63(4), 447-463.
Ogueji, E. O., Nwani, C. D., Iheanacho, S. C., Mbah, C. E., Okeke, O. C., & Usman, I. B. (2017). Acute toxicity of ibuprofen on selected biochemical and oxidative stress parameters of liver in Clarias gariepinus Juveniles (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(4),1060-1068.
Osagie, A. S., & Morayo, A. E. (2023). Investigation of heavy metals and lipid peroxidation level in the muscles of Clarias gariepinus from IBI, Gindin-Dorowa and Donga community rivers in Taraba State, Nigeria. Toxicology Advances, 5(3), 14 (1-5).
Parihar, M. S., Dubey, A. K., Javeri, T., & Prakash, P. (1996). Changes in lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity, ascorbic acid and phospholipid content in liver of freshwater catfish Hetropneustens fossilis exposed to elevated temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology, 21(5-6), 323-330.
Pradhan, S., Behera, R. K., & Nanda, P. (2022). Hematological alteration in fish Hetropneustens fossilis (Bloch) on exposure to fly ash. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 9, 47-50.
Putri D.R, Choirunisa L & Ansor I. (2020). Inhalation Toxicity of Coal Fly Ash in Mice. Models Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology; 9, 150-153
Qi, L., Yao, Y., Han, T., & Li, J. (2019). Research on the electrostatic characteristic of coal-fired fly ash. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 7123-7131.
Rebeiz, K. S. (1997). Tensile properties of polyester mortar using PET and fly ash wastes. In Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 38, (2), 98 (1-9).
Rozhina, E., Ishmukhametov, I., Nigamatzyanova, L., Akhatova, F., Batasheva, S., Taskaev, S. & Fakhrullin, R. (2021). Comparative toxicity of Fly ash: an in vitro study. Molecules, 26(7), 1926 (1-21).
Safari, R. (2015). Toxic effects of Cadmium on antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation in Acipenser persicus (Borodin, 1897). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 3(6), 425-432.
Santos, D., Luzio, A., Félix, L., Bellas, J., & Monteiro, S. M. (2022). Oxidative stress, apoptosis and serotonergic system changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) gills after long-term exposure to microplastics and copper. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 258, 109363 (1-10).
Sarmento, A., Guilhermino, L., & Afonso, A. (2004). Mercury chloride effects on the function and cellular integrity of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head kidney macrophages. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 17, 489-498.
Sharma, A. K., & Mahanwar, P. A. (2010). Effect of particle size of fly ash on recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate)/fly ash composites. International Journal of Plastics Technology, 14, 53-64.
Shi, S., Wang, L., van der Laan, L. J., Pan, Q., & Verstegen, M. M. (2021). Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in liver transplantation and underlying diseases: new insights and therapeutics. Transplantation, 105(11), 2362-2373.
Sies, H., Cadenas, E. (1985). Oxidative stress: damage to intact cells and organs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Science, 311, 617-631
Souza, M. J., Ramsay, E. C., & Donnell, R. L. (2013). Metal accumulation and health effects in raccoons (Procyon lotor) associated with coal fly ash exposure. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64, 529-536.
Spahis, S., Delvin, E., Borys, J. M., & Levy, E. (2017). Oxidative stress as a critical factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 26(10), 519-541.
Sreejai, R., & Jaya, D. S. (2010). Studies on the changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in fishes exposed to hydrogen sulfide. Toxicology International, 17(2), 71.
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Fly ash induced lipid peroxidation in the fish Cirrhinus mrigala. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(3), 1220-1226. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6683
