Breeding and selection of elite lines combining high oil and seed characteristics in nontoxic background of Jatropha curcas
Article Main
Abstract
To develop high-yielding, nontoxic Jatropha cultivars suitable for biodiesel production, a study was conducted at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, India. The background involved interspecific hybridization between Jatropha integerrima and elite lines of J. curcas, followed by backcrossing to eliminate seed toxicity while enhancing yield potential. The material under study comprised four provenances (NBJ-1, JC11, MP55-1, and MP55-2); three spontaneous mutants, Dwarf (Dw), Green foliage (Gf), and Small leaf (Sl); and population crosses, viz., five single crosses (52-2, 52-3, NT-1, 61-3, and B1-11); eight three-way crosses (14-22, 9-1, 12-19, 13-11, 13-17, 13-28, 14-24, and 17-21); four four-way crosses (14-16, 21-8, 34-6, and 34-23); and one multiple cross (A9-1). Plants with a sufficient seed yield (>500 g) were analyzed for oil content and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) content. The PMA was analyzed in different seed parts to understand the genetics of its nontoxic nature, which revealed its maternal inheritance. The four-way crosses indicated better assembly of genes with three-trait combinations; three-way crosses with three- and two-trait combinations; and single crosses with two combinations of traits. The plants derived from single crosses 52-3×34-6 and 61-3×52-2, as well as a four-way cross (52-2×13-11) × (61-3×52-2), emerged as the most promising through hybridization and require further evaluation in small-scale plantations for development and utilization in future breeding programs.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Breeding, Jatropha, Nontoxic, Oil, Seed Characteristics, Selection
References
Alherbawi, M., AlNouss, A., McKay, G. & Al-Ansari, T. (2021). Optimum sustainable utilization of the whole fruit of Jatropha curcas: An energy, water and food nexus approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 137, 110605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110605
Andrianirina, Z.T., Martin, M., Dongmeza, E. & Senger, E. (2019). Effects of genotype, direct sowing and plant spacing on field performance of Jatropha curcas L. Agronomy, 9, 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080465
AOAC. (1980). Official Methods of Analysis, thirteenth ed., Washington, DC.
Banerji, R., Chowdhury, A.R., Misra, G., Sudarsanan, G., Verma, S.C. & Srivastava, G.S. (1985). Jatropha seed oils for energy. Biomass, 8, 277–282. https://doi.org/10.101 6/0144-4565(85)90060-5
Baral, N.R., Neupane, P., Ale, B.B., Quiroz-Arita, C., Manandhar, S. & Bradley, T.H. (2020). Stochastic economic and environmental footprints of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas Linnaeus in the different federal states of Nepal. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 120, 109619. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2019.109619
Basha, S.D. & Sujatha, M. (2009). Genetic analysis of Jatropha species and interspecific hybrids of Jatropha curcas using nuclear and organelle specific markers. Euphytica, 168, 197-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-009-9900-0
Corner, E.J.H. (1976). The Seeds of Dicotyledons. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Das, S. (2020). The National Policy of biofuels of India - A perspective. Energy Policy, 143, 111595. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2020.111595
De Souza Carneiro, A., dos Santos, A., Laviola, B.G., Teodoro, L.P.R., Teodoro, P.E. & Rodrigues, E.V. (2021). Genetic diversity and population structure in Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) based on molecular markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10722-021-01224-2
Desmissie, A.G. & Lele, S.S. (2010). Bio-assisted identification of phorbol ester from Jatropha curcas (Linn.) tissue culture. International Journal of Pharma Bio Sciences, 1, 1-7.
Devappa, R.K., Makkar, H.K. & Becker, K. (2010). Nutritional, biochemical, and pharmaceutical potential of proteins and peptides from Jatropha: review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 6543-6555. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100003z
Dhyani, S.K., Vimla Devi, S. & Handa, A.K. (2015). Tree borne oilseeds for oil and biofuel. Jhansi- India: Technical Bulletin 2/2015. ICAR-CAFRI, Jhansi, pp50.
Ewunie, G.A., Lekang, O.I., Morken, J. &Yigezu, Z.D. (2021). Characterizing the potential and suitability of Ethiopian variety Jatropha curcas for biodiesel production: Variation in yield and physicochemical properties of oil across different growing areas. Energy Reports, 7, 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.01.007
Francis, G., John, O., Piergiorgio, S. &Mulpuri, S. (2019). Apomixis as a tool for development of high yielding clones and selections in Jatropha curcas L. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00851-0
Francis, G., Oliver, J. &Mulpuri, S. (2018). High yielding and trait specific genotypes and genetic associations among yield and yield contributing traits in Jatropha curcas L. Agroforestry Systems, 92, 1417-1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0089-2
Francis, G., Oliver, J. & Sujatha, M. (2013). Nontoxic jatropha plants as a potential multipurpose multi-use oilseed crop. Industrial Crops and Products, 42, 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.06.015
Ghatak, J. & Gour, V.K. (2014). Oil content variation in different parts and across different species of Jatropha. Trends in Biosciences, 7, 2926-2927.
Ginwal, H.S., Rawat, P.S. & Srivastava, R.L. (2004). Seed source variation in growth performance and oil yield of Jatropha curcas Linn. in Central India. Silvae Genetica, 53, 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1515/sg-2004-0034
Gohil, R.H. & Pandya, J.B. (2009). Genetic evaluation of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas Linn.) genotypes. Journal of Agricultural Research, 47, 221-228.
He, W., King, A.J., Khan M.A., Cuevas, J.A., Ramiaramanana, D. & Graham, I.A. (2011). Analysis of seed phorbol-ester and curcin content together with genetic diversity in multiple provenances of Jatropha curcas L. from Madagascar and Mexico. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49, 1183-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.0 7.006
Jonas, M., Ketlogetswe, C. &Gandure, J. (2021). Quantification of Phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate in Jatropha seed oil and cake at different stages of fruit maturity. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2021.1893103
Kaushik, N., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Kaushik, N. & Roy, S. (2007). Genetic variability and divergence studies in seed traits and oil content of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) accessions. Biomass Bioenergy, 31, 497-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.01.021
King, A.J., Montes, L.R., Clarke, J.G., Affleck, J., Li, Y., Witsenboer, H.,, van der Vossen, E., van der Linde, P., Tripathi, Y., Tavares, E., Shukla, P., Rajasekaran, T., van Loo, E.N. & Graham, I.A. (2013). Linkage mapping in the oilseed crop Jatropha curcas L. reveals a locus controlling the biosynthesis of phorbol esters which cause seed toxicity. Plant Biotechlogy Journal, 11, 986-996. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12092
Makkar, H.P.S., Aderibigbe, A.O. & Becker, K. (1998a). Comparative evaluation of nontoxic and toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas for chemical composition, digestibility, protein degradability and toxic factors. Food Chemistry, 62, 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00183-0
Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (1997). Potential of J. curcas seed meal as a protein supplement to livestock feed; constraints to its utilization and possible strategies to overcome constraints. In: Giibitz, G.M., Mittelbach, M. &Trabi, M. (Eds.), Biofuels and Industrial Products from Jatropha curcas. DBV Graz, pp. 190-205.
Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (2009). Jatropha curcas, a promising crop for the generation of biodiesel and value-added coproducts. Europian Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111:773-787. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200800244
Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K. & Schmook, B. (1998b). Edible provenances of Jatropha curcas from Quintana Roo state of Mexico and effect of roasting on antinutrient and toxic factors in seeds. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 52, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008054010079
Makkar, H.P.S., Kumar, V., Oyeleye, O.O., Akinleye, A.O., Angulo-Escalante M.A. & Becker, K. (2011). Jatropha platyphylla, a new nontoxic Jatropha species: physical properties and chemical constituents including toxic and antinutritional factors of seeds. Food Chemistry, 125, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.037
Ntaribi, T. & Paul, D.I. (2019). The economic feasibility of Jatropha cultivation for biodiesel production in Rwanda: A case study of Kirehe district. Energy for Sustainable Development, 50, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.03.001
Pant, K.S., Khosla, V., Kumar, D. & Gairola, S. (2006). Seed oil content variation in Jatropha curcas Linn. in different altitudinal ranges and site conditions in H.P. India. Lyonia, 11, 31-34.
Rao, M.R.G., Ramesh, S., Rao, A.M. &Gangappa, E. (2009). Exploratory studies on components of variability for economic traits in Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.). Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22, 967-970.
Rodrigues, D.A., Demuner, A.J., Barbosa, L.C.A., Pereira, G.A.M., Fabris, J.D., de Siqueira, F.G., Pereira, M.T., Silva Junior, A. & Carvalho, O.V. (2023). Removing phorbol esters from the biomass to add extra value to the byproduct from deoiling seeds of Jatropha curcas in the biodiesel industry. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13, 1779–1791. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13399-020-01188-W/METRICS
Salazar-Villa, E., Alcaraz-Meléndez, L., León-Félix, J., Heredia, J.B., Soto-Landeros, F. & Angulo-Escalante, M.A. (2020). Morphological variability and oil content
of Jatropha platyphylla Müll. Arg. germplasm as
determined using multivariate analysis. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 108968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.20 19.108968
Saravanan, A.P., Pugazhendhi, A. &Mathimani, T. (2020). A comprehensive assessment of biofuel policies in the BRICS nations: Implementation, blending target and gaps. Fuel, 272, 117635. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2020.1 17635
Singh, H.P. (2016). Identification of non toxic lines in new crosses and backcross population of Jatropha curcas L. Ph.D. thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur. https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/58100 02528
Singh, H.P., Rojaria, V., Singh, N., Chauhan, S. &Raigar O.P. (2024). Breeding of Jatropha for oil, phorbol and quantitative traits for sustainable yield under agroforestry system. In: Agroforestry to combat global challenges: Current prospects and future challenges. Chapter 18. Springer, 367-389.
Sujatha, M., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (2005). Shoot bud proliferation from axillary nodes and leaf sections of nontoxic Jatropha curcasL. Plant Growth Regulation, 47, 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-0859-0
Sun, F., Liu, P., Ye, J., Lo, L.C., Cao, S., Li, L., Yue, G.H. & Wang, C.M. (2012). An approach for Jatropha improvement using pleiotropic QTLs regulating plant growth and seed yield. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, 5, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-42
Tanya, P., Dachapak, S., Tar, M.M. &Srinives, P. (2011). New microsatellite markers classifying nontoxic and toxic Jatropha curcas. Journal of Genetics, 92, 76–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-011-0093-7
Trebbi, D., Ravi, S., Broccanello, C., Chiodi, C., Francis, G., Oliver, J., Mulpuri, S., Srinivasan, S. &Stevanato, P. (2019). Identification and validation of SNP markers linked to seed toxicity in Jatropha curcas L. Scientific Reports, 9, 10220. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46698-4
Yi, C., Reddy, C., Varghese, K., Bui, T.N.H., Zhang, S., Kallath, M., Kunjachen, B., Ramachandran, S. & Hong, Y. (2014). A new Jatropha curcas variety (JO S2) with improved seed productivity. Sustainability, 6, 4355–4368. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6074355
Andrianirina, Z.T., Martin, M., Dongmeza, E. & Senger, E. (2019). Effects of genotype, direct sowing and plant spacing on field performance of Jatropha curcas L. Agronomy, 9, 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080465
AOAC. (1980). Official Methods of Analysis, thirteenth ed., Washington, DC.
Banerji, R., Chowdhury, A.R., Misra, G., Sudarsanan, G., Verma, S.C. & Srivastava, G.S. (1985). Jatropha seed oils for energy. Biomass, 8, 277–282. https://doi.org/10.101 6/0144-4565(85)90060-5
Baral, N.R., Neupane, P., Ale, B.B., Quiroz-Arita, C., Manandhar, S. & Bradley, T.H. (2020). Stochastic economic and environmental footprints of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas Linnaeus in the different federal states of Nepal. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 120, 109619. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2019.109619
Basha, S.D. & Sujatha, M. (2009). Genetic analysis of Jatropha species and interspecific hybrids of Jatropha curcas using nuclear and organelle specific markers. Euphytica, 168, 197-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-009-9900-0
Corner, E.J.H. (1976). The Seeds of Dicotyledons. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Das, S. (2020). The National Policy of biofuels of India - A perspective. Energy Policy, 143, 111595. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2020.111595
De Souza Carneiro, A., dos Santos, A., Laviola, B.G., Teodoro, L.P.R., Teodoro, P.E. & Rodrigues, E.V. (2021). Genetic diversity and population structure in Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) based on molecular markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10722-021-01224-2
Desmissie, A.G. & Lele, S.S. (2010). Bio-assisted identification of phorbol ester from Jatropha curcas (Linn.) tissue culture. International Journal of Pharma Bio Sciences, 1, 1-7.
Devappa, R.K., Makkar, H.K. & Becker, K. (2010). Nutritional, biochemical, and pharmaceutical potential of proteins and peptides from Jatropha: review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 6543-6555. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100003z
Dhyani, S.K., Vimla Devi, S. & Handa, A.K. (2015). Tree borne oilseeds for oil and biofuel. Jhansi- India: Technical Bulletin 2/2015. ICAR-CAFRI, Jhansi, pp50.
Ewunie, G.A., Lekang, O.I., Morken, J. &Yigezu, Z.D. (2021). Characterizing the potential and suitability of Ethiopian variety Jatropha curcas for biodiesel production: Variation in yield and physicochemical properties of oil across different growing areas. Energy Reports, 7, 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.01.007
Francis, G., John, O., Piergiorgio, S. &Mulpuri, S. (2019). Apomixis as a tool for development of high yielding clones and selections in Jatropha curcas L. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00851-0
Francis, G., Oliver, J. &Mulpuri, S. (2018). High yielding and trait specific genotypes and genetic associations among yield and yield contributing traits in Jatropha curcas L. Agroforestry Systems, 92, 1417-1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0089-2
Francis, G., Oliver, J. & Sujatha, M. (2013). Nontoxic jatropha plants as a potential multipurpose multi-use oilseed crop. Industrial Crops and Products, 42, 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.06.015
Ghatak, J. & Gour, V.K. (2014). Oil content variation in different parts and across different species of Jatropha. Trends in Biosciences, 7, 2926-2927.
Ginwal, H.S., Rawat, P.S. & Srivastava, R.L. (2004). Seed source variation in growth performance and oil yield of Jatropha curcas Linn. in Central India. Silvae Genetica, 53, 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1515/sg-2004-0034
Gohil, R.H. & Pandya, J.B. (2009). Genetic evaluation of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas Linn.) genotypes. Journal of Agricultural Research, 47, 221-228.
He, W., King, A.J., Khan M.A., Cuevas, J.A., Ramiaramanana, D. & Graham, I.A. (2011). Analysis of seed phorbol-ester and curcin content together with genetic diversity in multiple provenances of Jatropha curcas L. from Madagascar and Mexico. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49, 1183-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.0 7.006
Jonas, M., Ketlogetswe, C. &Gandure, J. (2021). Quantification of Phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate in Jatropha seed oil and cake at different stages of fruit maturity. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2021.1893103
Kaushik, N., Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Kaushik, N. & Roy, S. (2007). Genetic variability and divergence studies in seed traits and oil content of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) accessions. Biomass Bioenergy, 31, 497-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.01.021
King, A.J., Montes, L.R., Clarke, J.G., Affleck, J., Li, Y., Witsenboer, H.,, van der Vossen, E., van der Linde, P., Tripathi, Y., Tavares, E., Shukla, P., Rajasekaran, T., van Loo, E.N. & Graham, I.A. (2013). Linkage mapping in the oilseed crop Jatropha curcas L. reveals a locus controlling the biosynthesis of phorbol esters which cause seed toxicity. Plant Biotechlogy Journal, 11, 986-996. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12092
Makkar, H.P.S., Aderibigbe, A.O. & Becker, K. (1998a). Comparative evaluation of nontoxic and toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas for chemical composition, digestibility, protein degradability and toxic factors. Food Chemistry, 62, 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00183-0
Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (1997). Potential of J. curcas seed meal as a protein supplement to livestock feed; constraints to its utilization and possible strategies to overcome constraints. In: Giibitz, G.M., Mittelbach, M. &Trabi, M. (Eds.), Biofuels and Industrial Products from Jatropha curcas. DBV Graz, pp. 190-205.
Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (2009). Jatropha curcas, a promising crop for the generation of biodiesel and value-added coproducts. Europian Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111:773-787. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200800244
Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K. & Schmook, B. (1998b). Edible provenances of Jatropha curcas from Quintana Roo state of Mexico and effect of roasting on antinutrient and toxic factors in seeds. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 52, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008054010079
Makkar, H.P.S., Kumar, V., Oyeleye, O.O., Akinleye, A.O., Angulo-Escalante M.A. & Becker, K. (2011). Jatropha platyphylla, a new nontoxic Jatropha species: physical properties and chemical constituents including toxic and antinutritional factors of seeds. Food Chemistry, 125, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.037
Ntaribi, T. & Paul, D.I. (2019). The economic feasibility of Jatropha cultivation for biodiesel production in Rwanda: A case study of Kirehe district. Energy for Sustainable Development, 50, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.03.001
Pant, K.S., Khosla, V., Kumar, D. & Gairola, S. (2006). Seed oil content variation in Jatropha curcas Linn. in different altitudinal ranges and site conditions in H.P. India. Lyonia, 11, 31-34.
Rao, M.R.G., Ramesh, S., Rao, A.M. &Gangappa, E. (2009). Exploratory studies on components of variability for economic traits in Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.). Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22, 967-970.
Rodrigues, D.A., Demuner, A.J., Barbosa, L.C.A., Pereira, G.A.M., Fabris, J.D., de Siqueira, F.G., Pereira, M.T., Silva Junior, A. & Carvalho, O.V. (2023). Removing phorbol esters from the biomass to add extra value to the byproduct from deoiling seeds of Jatropha curcas in the biodiesel industry. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13, 1779–1791. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13399-020-01188-W/METRICS
Salazar-Villa, E., Alcaraz-Meléndez, L., León-Félix, J., Heredia, J.B., Soto-Landeros, F. & Angulo-Escalante, M.A. (2020). Morphological variability and oil content
of Jatropha platyphylla Müll. Arg. germplasm as
determined using multivariate analysis. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 108968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.20 19.108968
Saravanan, A.P., Pugazhendhi, A. &Mathimani, T. (2020). A comprehensive assessment of biofuel policies in the BRICS nations: Implementation, blending target and gaps. Fuel, 272, 117635. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2020.1 17635
Singh, H.P. (2016). Identification of non toxic lines in new crosses and backcross population of Jatropha curcas L. Ph.D. thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur. https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/58100 02528
Singh, H.P., Rojaria, V., Singh, N., Chauhan, S. &Raigar O.P. (2024). Breeding of Jatropha for oil, phorbol and quantitative traits for sustainable yield under agroforestry system. In: Agroforestry to combat global challenges: Current prospects and future challenges. Chapter 18. Springer, 367-389.
Sujatha, M., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (2005). Shoot bud proliferation from axillary nodes and leaf sections of nontoxic Jatropha curcasL. Plant Growth Regulation, 47, 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-0859-0
Sun, F., Liu, P., Ye, J., Lo, L.C., Cao, S., Li, L., Yue, G.H. & Wang, C.M. (2012). An approach for Jatropha improvement using pleiotropic QTLs regulating plant growth and seed yield. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, 5, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-42
Tanya, P., Dachapak, S., Tar, M.M. &Srinives, P. (2011). New microsatellite markers classifying nontoxic and toxic Jatropha curcas. Journal of Genetics, 92, 76–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-011-0093-7
Trebbi, D., Ravi, S., Broccanello, C., Chiodi, C., Francis, G., Oliver, J., Mulpuri, S., Srinivasan, S. &Stevanato, P. (2019). Identification and validation of SNP markers linked to seed toxicity in Jatropha curcas L. Scientific Reports, 9, 10220. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46698-4
Yi, C., Reddy, C., Varghese, K., Bui, T.N.H., Zhang, S., Kallath, M., Kunjachen, B., Ramachandran, S. & Hong, Y. (2014). A new Jatropha curcas variety (JO S2) with improved seed productivity. Sustainability, 6, 4355–4368. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6074355
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Breeding and selection of elite lines combining high oil and seed characteristics in nontoxic background of Jatropha curcas. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(3), 1193-1201. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6676
