Comparative study of antibacterial activity of two different earthworm species, Perionyx excavatus and Pheretima posthuma against pathogenic bacteria
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Abstract
Disease outbreaks are being increasingly recognized as a significant constraint on aquaculture production and trade affecting the economic development of the sector in many countries. Extracting and using biologically active compounds from earthworms has traditionally been practiced by indigenous people throughout the world. The aim of the present study was to shown antimicrobial activity through earthworm extract against fish bacterial pathogens. In total, 8 bacterial strains i.e. 6 gram negative viz. Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, E.coli, Enterobacter aerogens and Shigella sp. and 2 gram positive viz. Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus were identified. The extract of earthworm Perionyx excavatus, Pheretima posthuma were prepared and antimicrobial activity of the extract was determined by antimicrobial well diffusion assay. After 24 hrs of incubation period, it was observed that earthworm extract showed antibacterial activity against isolated bacterial strains. Among earthworm extract of two different species, the maximum zone of inhibition was shown against A. hydrophila by Perionyx excavatus (18.33± 0.66 mm) and P. posthuma (16.66±0.33). P. excavatus showed antibacterial activity against all pathogenic bacteria except Shigella spp. However on the other hand, P.posthuma showed antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila, P. fluorescens, E.coli, and S. aureus. The study has proved that earthworm extract can be effectively used for suppression of bacterial infection in fishes and that it can used as potential antimicrobial drug against commercial antibiotic resistance bacteria.
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Keywords
Bacteria, Common carp, Perionyx excavatus, Pheretima posthuma, Zone of inhibition
References
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Ansari, A.A. and Sitaram, K. (2010). An investigation on the anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties of earthworm powder obtained from Eisenia foetida. Int. J. Microbio. res. 1(2): 62-66.
Aoki, T.; Kanazawa, T. and Kitao, T. (1985): Epidemiological surveillance of drug-resistant Vibrio anguillarum strains. Fish Patho., 20: 199-208.
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Bader, J.A., Shoemaker, C.A. and Klesius, P.H. (2003). Rapid detection of columnaris disease in channel catfish (ktalurus punctatus) with a new species specific 16S rRNA gene based PCR primer for Flavobacterium columnare. J Microbiol. Met. 52 (2): 209-219.
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Bhorgin, A.J. and Uma, K. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of Earthworm Powder (Lampito mauritii). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 3(1): 437-443
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Cooper, E.L. and Balamurugan, M. (2010). Unearthing a source of medicinal molecules. J. Ethnopharm. 10: 70-76.
Edwards C.A. and Bohlen, P.J. (1996). Biology and Ecology of Earthworms (third edition), Chapman and Hall, London.
Elif Ozlem Arslan-Aydo?du and Çotuk Ay??n. (2008). Antibacterial and Hemolytic Activity of the Coelomic Fluid of Dendrobaena veneta (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) Living in Different Localities. IUFS J Biol 2008, 67(1):23-32
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Gram, L. and Melchiorsen, J. (1996). Interaction between fish spoilage bacteria Pseudomonas sp. and Shewanella putrefaciens in fish extracts and on fish tissue. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 80: 589-595.
Hrzenjak, T., Popovic, M., Bozic, T., Grdisa, M., Kobrehel, D. and Rudman, L. (1998). Fibrinolytic and anticoagulative activities from the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 119: 825-832.
http://nfdb.gov.in/html/aboutus.htm Ismail, S.A. (2005). The Earthworm Book. Other India Press, Apusa, Goa, pp: 101
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John, S.A. and Packialakshmi, N. (2007). Studies on antimicrobial activity of Perionyx excavatus. Pakistan journal of biological sciences. 10(19): 3482-3484.
Joseph, A. and Clerk G.C. (2002). Infestation of fish-culturing communities with fish-borne bacteria: The Ghanain case. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 12(3): 277-282.
Kirjusina M., Briede I. and Bondad-Reantaso M.G. (2007). Extension Manual on Some Important Viruses, Parasites and Bacteria of Aquatic Animals in Latvia. NDC/LZRA/FAO. Riga. 69 p
Krieg, N. R. and Holt, J. G. (1984). Identification of bacteria In: Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol.I Williams & Wilkins Baltimore, London. pp. 24-26.
Mathur, A., Satish K. Verma, Rakshanda Bhat, Santosh K. Singh, Archana Prakash, G.B.K.S. Prasad and Dua, V. K.. (2010). Antimicrobial Activity of Earthworm Extracts. Int jou of Pharma Scie. 2(4): 364-370.
Popovi, M., Mihaela, T.H.R., Babi, T., Kos J. and Grdisa, M.A. (2001). Effect of earthworm (G-90) extract on formation and lysis of clots originated from venous blood of dogs with cardiopathies and with malignant tumors, Pathology Oncology Research 7 :197–202.
Prakash, M., Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Gunasekaran, G., Cooper E.L. and Ranganathan, L.S. (2007). Anti-ulceral and anti-oxidative properties of “earthworm paste” of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) on Rattus norvegicus, European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 11 : 9–15.
Ranganathan, L.S. (2006). Vermibiotechnology–From SoilHealth to Human Health. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.
Schwarz, S., Kehrenberg, C. and Walsh, T.R. (2001). Use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine and food animal production. Intern. J. Antimicrob. Agent. 17: 431–437.
Shobha, S.V. and Kale, R. (2007). Antimicrobial potency of Eudrillus eugeinae on certain plant pathogen//abstract 8th Int. Symp.on earthworm ecology, Kracow, Poland, 4-9 sept, 2006, pp-245.
Snedecor, G. and Cochran, W. (1989). Statistical Methods (8th edition). The Iowa State University Press.
Vasanthi, K., Chairman, K. and Ranjit Singh, A.J.A. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of earthworm paste Eudrilus eugeniae. African journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 7(8): 789-793
Verma, V.K. And Verma, M.K. 2012. Earthworm- a potential source for stable and potent antimicrobial compounds - isolation and purification study. Int j pharm pharm sci. 4(4) : 540-543
Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. (2000). Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev. 64: 655–671
Wang, C., Sun, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, X. and Xu, G. (2007). A novel antimicrobial vermipeptide family from earthworm Eisenia fetida. European journal of soil biology. 43: 127-134.
Yegnanarayan, R., Ismail S.A. and Shortri, D.S. (1988). Anti-inflammatory activity of two earthworm potions in Carrageenan pedal oedema test in rats, Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 32 : 72–74.
Anitha, J. and Jayraaj, Indira A. (2013). In-vitro antibacterial activity and evaluation of flavonoid and phenol in earthworm powder (Eudrilus eugeniae). World journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2(6): 4917 -4928.
Ansari, A.A. and Sitaram, K. (2010). An investigation on the anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties of earthworm powder obtained from Eisenia foetida. Int. J. Microbio. res. 1(2): 62-66.
Aoki, T.; Kanazawa, T. and Kitao, T. (1985): Epidemiological surveillance of drug-resistant Vibrio anguillarum strains. Fish Patho., 20: 199-208.
Bachere, E., Mialhe, E., Noël, D., Boul, V., Morvan, A. and Rodrigues, J. (1995). Knowledge and research prospects in marine mollusc and crustacean immunology. Aquacult. 132: 17–32.
Bader, J.A., Shoemaker, C.A. and Klesius, P.H. (2003). Rapid detection of columnaris disease in channel catfish (ktalurus punctatus) with a new species specific 16S rRNA gene based PCR primer for Flavobacterium columnare. J Microbiol. Met. 52 (2): 209-219.
Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Cooper E.L. and Ranganathan, L.S. (2007). Earthworm paste (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) alters inflammatory, oxidative, haematological and serum biochemical indices of inflamed rat, European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 11 : 77–90.
Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Cooper E.L. and Rangnathan, L.S. (2009). Anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of earthworm extract- Lampito mauritti (Kinberg). J. Ethnopharm. 121(2): 330-332.
Bhorgin, A.J. and Uma, K. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of Earthworm Powder (Lampito mauritii). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 3(1): 437-443
Chauhan, P.S., Tomar Jyoti, Prasad, G.B.K.S. and Agrawal, O.P. (2014). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity if earthworm tissue extract of Eudrilus eugeniae. Jour. Chem. And Pharmaceu. Res. 6(8) ; 28-38
Chu, W.H. and Lu, C.P. (2005). Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Fish Diseases. 28(7): 437-441
Cooper, E.L. (2005). CAM, eCAM, bioprospecting: the 21st century pyramid, Evidence Based Complementary Ancient Medicines 2 :125–127.
Cooper, E.L. and Balamurugan, M. (2010). Unearthing a source of medicinal molecules. J. Ethnopharm. 10: 70-76.
Edwards C.A. and Bohlen, P.J. (1996). Biology and Ecology of Earthworms (third edition), Chapman and Hall, London.
Elif Ozlem Arslan-Aydo?du and Çotuk Ay??n. (2008). Antibacterial and Hemolytic Activity of the Coelomic Fluid of Dendrobaena veneta (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) Living in Different Localities. IUFS J Biol 2008, 67(1):23-32
El-Kamali, H.H. (2000). Folk medicinal use of some animal products in Central Sudan. J. Ethnopharm. 72: 279-289.
FAO (2009). State of world fisheries and aquaculture. Fisheries aquaculture department- ISBN978-92-5 -106029-2
Gomez R, Balcázar J.L. and Shen M.A. (2007). Probiotics as Control Agents in Aquaculture. J. Ocean Uni. China, 6(1): 76-79.
Gram, L. and Melchiorsen, J. (1996). Interaction between fish spoilage bacteria Pseudomonas sp. and Shewanella putrefaciens in fish extracts and on fish tissue. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 80: 589-595.
Hrzenjak, T., Popovic, M., Bozic, T., Grdisa, M., Kobrehel, D. and Rudman, L. (1998). Fibrinolytic and anticoagulative activities from the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 119: 825-832.
http://nfdb.gov.in/html/aboutus.htm Ismail, S.A. (2005). The Earthworm Book. Other India Press, Apusa, Goa, pp: 101
Istiqomah, L., Herdian, H., Damayanti, E., Hayati, S.N. and Julendra, H. (2012). Inhibitory of Encapsulated Earthworm Extract (Lumbricus rubellus) on Pathogenic Bacteria in Vitro. Media Peternakan, April 2012, pp. 1-8.
John, S.A. and Packialakshmi, N. (2007). Studies on antimicrobial activity of Perionyx excavatus. Pakistan journal of biological sciences. 10(19): 3482-3484.
Joseph, A. and Clerk G.C. (2002). Infestation of fish-culturing communities with fish-borne bacteria: The Ghanain case. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 12(3): 277-282.
Kirjusina M., Briede I. and Bondad-Reantaso M.G. (2007). Extension Manual on Some Important Viruses, Parasites and Bacteria of Aquatic Animals in Latvia. NDC/LZRA/FAO. Riga. 69 p
Krieg, N. R. and Holt, J. G. (1984). Identification of bacteria In: Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol.I Williams & Wilkins Baltimore, London. pp. 24-26.
Mathur, A., Satish K. Verma, Rakshanda Bhat, Santosh K. Singh, Archana Prakash, G.B.K.S. Prasad and Dua, V. K.. (2010). Antimicrobial Activity of Earthworm Extracts. Int jou of Pharma Scie. 2(4): 364-370.
Popovi, M., Mihaela, T.H.R., Babi, T., Kos J. and Grdisa, M.A. (2001). Effect of earthworm (G-90) extract on formation and lysis of clots originated from venous blood of dogs with cardiopathies and with malignant tumors, Pathology Oncology Research 7 :197–202.
Prakash, M., Balamurugan, M., Parthasarathi, K., Gunasekaran, G., Cooper E.L. and Ranganathan, L.S. (2007). Anti-ulceral and anti-oxidative properties of “earthworm paste” of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) on Rattus norvegicus, European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 11 : 9–15.
Ranganathan, L.S. (2006). Vermibiotechnology–From SoilHealth to Human Health. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.
Schwarz, S., Kehrenberg, C. and Walsh, T.R. (2001). Use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine and food animal production. Intern. J. Antimicrob. Agent. 17: 431–437.
Shobha, S.V. and Kale, R. (2007). Antimicrobial potency of Eudrillus eugeinae on certain plant pathogen//abstract 8th Int. Symp.on earthworm ecology, Kracow, Poland, 4-9 sept, 2006, pp-245.
Snedecor, G. and Cochran, W. (1989). Statistical Methods (8th edition). The Iowa State University Press.
Vasanthi, K., Chairman, K. and Ranjit Singh, A.J.A. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of earthworm paste Eudrilus eugeniae. African journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 7(8): 789-793
Verma, V.K. And Verma, M.K. 2012. Earthworm- a potential source for stable and potent antimicrobial compounds - isolation and purification study. Int j pharm pharm sci. 4(4) : 540-543
Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. (2000). Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev. 64: 655–671
Wang, C., Sun, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, X. and Xu, G. (2007). A novel antimicrobial vermipeptide family from earthworm Eisenia fetida. European journal of soil biology. 43: 127-134.
Yegnanarayan, R., Ismail S.A. and Shortri, D.S. (1988). Anti-inflammatory activity of two earthworm potions in Carrageenan pedal oedema test in rats, Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 32 : 72–74.
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Comparative study of antibacterial activity of two different earthworm species, Perionyx excavatus and Pheretima posthuma against pathogenic bacteria. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(2), 666-671. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.664
