An approach for analysis and selection of ideal natural coagulants for the treatment of synthetically prepared turbid water
Article Main
Abstract
The volume of research on natural coagulants has expanded significantly in recent years, driven by increased awareness of environmental sustainability and the excellent characteristics and efficiency that natural coagulants offer, thereby minimising environmental effects. The present study aimed to select the most suitable natural coagulants among banana peel, coconut fibre, groundnut shell, onion peel, sawdust, and lemon peel, necessitating a systematic approach, such as a screening test. The experimental runs were conducted using a standard jar test apparatus having synthetic turbid water to assess the efficiency of coagulants. The physicochemical properties were examined using the standard methods recommended by APHA (2017). Color, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total solids, and sludge dewaterability were chosen as the primary indicators for this study. The results revealed encouraging insights into the efficacy of the tested natural coagulants, with rice husk removing the least amount of turbidity (83.3%) at 1gm/500ml and onion peel removing the most at 96.4%. The sludge formed after treatment with natural coagulants demonstrated outstanding dewaterability, with tamarind seeds having the lowest dewaterability at 29.17% and coconut fibre having the highest at 90.2% at a dosage of 1 gm/500 ml. The findings suggest that tested natural coagulants are effective for water treatment. Furthermore, sludge dewaterability, another critical measure in analysing feasibility and sustainability, was reported to be the greatest by coconut fibre (90.2%) and the least by onion peel at 46.71%.The screening strategy used in the study appears to be quite effective in expediting the selection process by systematically examining the influence of coagulant type and dose. The study not only identified the most effective coagulants but also saved time and effort by eliminating less effective choices.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Coagulation, Natural coagulants, Screening, Sludge, Turbidity
References
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Ahmad, A., Abdullah, S. R. S., Hasan, H. A., Othman, A. R., & Ismail, N. I. (2022). Potential of local plant leaves as natural coagulant for turbidity removal. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(2), 2579-2587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15541-7
Alazaiza, M. Y., Albahnasawi, A., Ali, G. A., Bashir, M. J., Nassani, D. E., Al Maskari, T., &Abujazar, M. S. S. (2022). Application of natural coagulants for pharmaceutical removal from water and wastewater: A review. Water, 14(2), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020140
Ali, A. Removal of Mn (II) from water using chemically modified banana peels as efficient adsorbent. Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag. 2017, 7, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2016.12.004
Al-Oqla, F. M., &Sapuan, S. M. (2017). Materials selection for natural fiber composites. Woodhead Publishing.
Al-Tayyar, T. A., & Najm, M. A. (2023). Performance Evaluation of Different Types of Sawdust in Reducing Water Pollution. Journal of Global Scientific Research, 8(2), 2987-2999. doi: 10.5281/jgsr.2023.7710514
APHA (2017). American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (23rd ed.). APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington
Antov, M.G.,Šćiban, M.B., Prodanović, J.M., Kukić, D.V., Vasić, V.M., Đorđević, T.R., Milošević, M.M. (2018). Common oak (Quercus robur) acorn as a source of natural coagulants for water turbidity removal. Ind. Crops Prod.117, 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.022
Ashby MF, Brechet YJM, Cebon D, Salvo L. (2004). Selection strategies for materials and processes. Mater Des. 25:51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3069(03)00159-6
Azamzam, A. A., Rafatullah, M., Yahya, E. B., Ahmad, M. I., Lalung, J., Alam, M., & Siddiqui, M. R. (2022). Enhancing the efficiency of banana peel bio-coagulant in turbid and river water treatment applications. Water, 14(16), 2473. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162473
Bratby, J. (2016). Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. Water, 15
Capanoglu, E., Navarro-Hortal, M. D., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., & Battino, M. (2023). Valorization of Wastes/By-Products in the Design of Functional Foods/Supplements. Elsevier.
Chiner M. (1988). Planning of expert systems for materials selection. Mater Des, 9: 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(88)90031-3
Cunha, R. P., Thebaldi, M. S., Silva, Y. F., Franco, C. S., & Diotto, A. V. (2023). Turbidity removal and pH of raw water treated with natural coagulants. RevistaemAgronegócio e Meio Ambiente, 16(1), 1-14.
de Oliveira Cardoso Nascimento, C., Veit, M. T., Palácio, S. M., & da Cunha Gonçalves, G. (2021). Use of natural coagulants in the removal of color and turbidity from laundry wastewater. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 232, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05253-6
Dwarapureddi, B. K., Karnena, M. K., & Saritha, V. (2021). Sludge mass determined as a parameter for selection of coagulant-a new approach. Pollut Res, 40(3), 760-765.
Ericsson B. and Eriksson L. (1988). Activated sludge characteristics in a phosphorus depleted enviroumenL Wat. Res., 22. 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(88)90073-5
Eriksson, L., Steen, I., & Tendaj, M. (1992). Evaluation of sludge properties at an activated sludge plant. Water Science and Technology, 25(6), 251-265. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0127
El Mouhri, G., Elmansouri, I., Amakdouf, H., Belhassan, H., Kachkoul, R., Merzouki, M., &Lahrichi, A. (2024). Evaluating the effectiveness of coagulation–flocculation treatment on a wastewater from the moroccan leather tanning industry: An ecological approach. Heliyon, 10(5). 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27056
Farag MM. (2002) Quantitative methods of materials selection. In: Kutz M, editor. Handbook of materials selection.
Gregory, J. (1997). The density of particle aggregates. Water Science and Technology, 36(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00452-6
Haasler, S., Christensen, M. L., & Reitzel, K. (2023). Synthetic and biopolymers for lake restoration–An evaluation of flocculation mechanism and dewatering performance. Journal of Environmental Management, 331, 117199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117199
Hamawand, I.; Ghadouani, A.; Bundschuh, J.; Hamawand, S.; Al Juboori, R.A.; Chakrabarty, S.; Yusaf, T. (2017). A critical review on processes and energy profile of the Australian meat processing industry. Energies, 10, 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050731
Jahan, A., Ismail, M. Y., Sapuan, S. M., & Mustapha, F. (2010). Material screening and choosing methods–a review. Materials & Design, 31(2), 696-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.08.013
Jakka, V., Goswami, A., Nallajarla, A. K., Roy, U., Srikanth, K., & Sengupta, S. (2023). Coconut coir–derived nanocellulose as an efficient adsorbent for removal of cationic dye safranin-O: a detailed mechanistic adsorption study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29075-7
Jalham IS. (2006). Decision-making integrated information technology (IIT) approach for material selection. Int J Comput Appl Technol, 25:65–71. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCAT.2006.008669
Justina, M. D., Alves, M. V., & Skoronski, E. (2018). Applying different doses of tannin coagulated dairy sludge in soil: Influences on selected pollutants leaching and chemical agronomic attributes. Agricultural Water Management, 209(January), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.07.005
Kristianto, H. (2017). The Potency of Indonesia Native Plants as Natural Coagulant: A Mini Review. Water Conserv. Sci. Eng.2, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-017-0024-4
Kumar, R., & Ray, A. (2014). Selection of material for optimal design using multi-criteria decision making. Procedia Materials Science, 6, 590-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.073
Lazarova, S., Tonev, R., Dimitrova, S., Dimova, G., & Mihailova, I. (2023). Valorization of peanut and walnut shells through utilisation as biosorbents for the removal of textile dyes from Water. Processes, 11(8), 2291. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082291
Li, L. J., Tan, W. S., Li, W. J., Zhu, Y. B., Cheng, Y. S., & Ni, H. (2019). Citrus taste modification potentials by genetic engineering. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(24), 6194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246194
Lopes, E. C., Santos, S. C., Pintor, A. M., Boaventura, R. A., & Botelho, C. M. (2019). Evaluation of a tannin-based coagulant on the decolorization of synthetic effluents. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(3), 103125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103125
Makinde-Isola BA, Taiwo AS, Oladele IO, Akinwekomi AD, Adelani SO, &Onuh LN. (2024). Development of sustainable and biodegradable materials: A review on banana and sisal fibre-based polymer composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 37(4),1519-1539. doi:10.1177/08927057231186324
Muda K, Ali NSA, Abdullah UN, &Sahir AB (2020). Potential use of fruit seeds and plant leaves as coagulation agent in water treatment. J Environ Treat Tech., 8,971–977.
Ndabigengesere, A., & Narasiah, K. S. (1998). Quality of water treated by coagulation using Moringa oleifera seeds. Water Research, 32(3), 781-791. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00295-9
Neffa, M., Taourirte, M., Ouazzani, N., & Hanine, H. (2020). Eco-friendly approach for elimination of olive mill wastewaters (OMW) toxicity using cactus prickly pears juice as a coagulant. Water Practice & Technology, 15(4), 1050-1067. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.076
Othman, N., Abd-Rahim, N.S., Tuan-Besar, S.N.F., Mohd-Asharuddin, S.& Kumar, V. (2018). A Potential Agriculture Waste Material as Coagulant Aid: Cassava Peel. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.311. 10.1088/1757-899X/311/1/012022
Owodunni, A.A., Ismail, S. (2021). Revolutionary technique for sustainable plant-based green coagulants in industrial wastewater treatment—A review. J. Water Process Eng., 42, 102096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102096
Tan, K. L., Lim, K. Y., Chow, Y. N., Foo, K. Y., Liew, Y. S., Desa, S. M., & Noh, M. N. M. (2022). Facile preparation of rice husk-derived green coagulant via water-based heatless and salt-free technique for the effective treatment of urban and agricultural runoffs. Industrial Crops and Products, 178, 114547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114547
Sezgin M., Jenkins D., & Parker D. S. (1978). A unified theory of filamentous sludge hulking. J. Wat PoJlut Control Fed . 50. 362-381. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25039548
Skoronski, E., Ohrt, A. C., de Oliveira Cordella, R., Trevisan, V., Fernandes, M., Miguel, T. F., & Martins, P. R. (2017). Using acid mine drainage to recover a coagulant from water treatment residuals. Mine Water and the Environment, 36(4), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-016-0423-3
Sotoodeh, K. (2018). Analysis and Improvement of Material Selection for Process Piping System in Offshore Industry. American journal of Mechanical Engineering, 6, 17-26. 10.12691/ajme-6-1-3
Tzfati, E., Sein, M., Rubinov, A., Raveh, A., & Bick, A. (2011). Pretreatment of wastewater: optimal coagulant selection using Partial Order Scaling Analysis (POSA). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190(1-3), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.023
Ugonabo, V. I., Ovuoraye, P. E., Igwegbe, C. A., Balogun, P. A., & Egwuatu, C. A. (2024). Optimization of calcined eggshell as an effective coagulant for treating colloidal particles in complex effluents in the CPCP industry: mechanistic insights, scale-up design, and comparative analysis with alum. Chemical Engineering Communications, 211(12), 1842-1863. https://doi.org/10.1080 00986445.2 024.2389148
Van Kesteren IEH, Kandachar PV, Stappers PJ. (2006). Activities in selecting materials by product designers. In: Proceedings of the international conference on advanced design and manufacture. Harbin, China.
Wankhede, S.V., Pesode, P., Gaikwad, S.G., Pawar, S., &Chipade, A. (2023). Implementing Combinative Distance Base Assessment (CODAS) for Selection of Natural Fibre for Long Lasting Composites. Materials Science Forum, 1081, 41 - 48. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-4pd120
Zaidi, N.S.; Muda, K.; Abdul Rahman, M.A.; Sgawi, M.S.; Amran, A.H. (2019). Effectiveness of Local Waste Materials as Organic-Based Coagulant in Treating Water. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.636. 10.1088/1757-899X/636/1/012007
Zaman, S., Begum, A., Rabbani, K. S., & Bari, L. (2017). Low cost and sustainable surface water purification methods using Moringa seeds and scallop powder followed by bio-sand filtration. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 17(1), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.111
Ahamad, Z. & Nasar, A. (2023). Utilization of Azadirachta indica sawdust as a potential adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet dye. Sustainable Chemistry, 4(1), 110-126. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem4010009
Ahmad, A., Abdullah, S. R. S., Hasan, H. A., Othman, A. R., & Ismail, N. I. (2022). Potential of local plant leaves as natural coagulant for turbidity removal. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(2), 2579-2587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15541-7
Alazaiza, M. Y., Albahnasawi, A., Ali, G. A., Bashir, M. J., Nassani, D. E., Al Maskari, T., &Abujazar, M. S. S. (2022). Application of natural coagulants for pharmaceutical removal from water and wastewater: A review. Water, 14(2), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020140
Ali, A. Removal of Mn (II) from water using chemically modified banana peels as efficient adsorbent. Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag. 2017, 7, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2016.12.004
Al-Oqla, F. M., &Sapuan, S. M. (2017). Materials selection for natural fiber composites. Woodhead Publishing.
Al-Tayyar, T. A., & Najm, M. A. (2023). Performance Evaluation of Different Types of Sawdust in Reducing Water Pollution. Journal of Global Scientific Research, 8(2), 2987-2999. doi: 10.5281/jgsr.2023.7710514
APHA (2017). American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (23rd ed.). APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington
Antov, M.G.,Šćiban, M.B., Prodanović, J.M., Kukić, D.V., Vasić, V.M., Đorđević, T.R., Milošević, M.M. (2018). Common oak (Quercus robur) acorn as a source of natural coagulants for water turbidity removal. Ind. Crops Prod.117, 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.022
Ashby MF, Brechet YJM, Cebon D, Salvo L. (2004). Selection strategies for materials and processes. Mater Des. 25:51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3069(03)00159-6
Azamzam, A. A., Rafatullah, M., Yahya, E. B., Ahmad, M. I., Lalung, J., Alam, M., & Siddiqui, M. R. (2022). Enhancing the efficiency of banana peel bio-coagulant in turbid and river water treatment applications. Water, 14(16), 2473. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162473
Bratby, J. (2016). Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. Water, 15
Capanoglu, E., Navarro-Hortal, M. D., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., & Battino, M. (2023). Valorization of Wastes/By-Products in the Design of Functional Foods/Supplements. Elsevier.
Chiner M. (1988). Planning of expert systems for materials selection. Mater Des, 9: 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(88)90031-3
Cunha, R. P., Thebaldi, M. S., Silva, Y. F., Franco, C. S., & Diotto, A. V. (2023). Turbidity removal and pH of raw water treated with natural coagulants. RevistaemAgronegócio e Meio Ambiente, 16(1), 1-14.
de Oliveira Cardoso Nascimento, C., Veit, M. T., Palácio, S. M., & da Cunha Gonçalves, G. (2021). Use of natural coagulants in the removal of color and turbidity from laundry wastewater. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 232, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05253-6
Dwarapureddi, B. K., Karnena, M. K., & Saritha, V. (2021). Sludge mass determined as a parameter for selection of coagulant-a new approach. Pollut Res, 40(3), 760-765.
Ericsson B. and Eriksson L. (1988). Activated sludge characteristics in a phosphorus depleted enviroumenL Wat. Res., 22. 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(88)90073-5
Eriksson, L., Steen, I., & Tendaj, M. (1992). Evaluation of sludge properties at an activated sludge plant. Water Science and Technology, 25(6), 251-265. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0127
El Mouhri, G., Elmansouri, I., Amakdouf, H., Belhassan, H., Kachkoul, R., Merzouki, M., &Lahrichi, A. (2024). Evaluating the effectiveness of coagulation–flocculation treatment on a wastewater from the moroccan leather tanning industry: An ecological approach. Heliyon, 10(5). 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27056
Farag MM. (2002) Quantitative methods of materials selection. In: Kutz M, editor. Handbook of materials selection.
Gregory, J. (1997). The density of particle aggregates. Water Science and Technology, 36(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00452-6
Haasler, S., Christensen, M. L., & Reitzel, K. (2023). Synthetic and biopolymers for lake restoration–An evaluation of flocculation mechanism and dewatering performance. Journal of Environmental Management, 331, 117199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117199
Hamawand, I.; Ghadouani, A.; Bundschuh, J.; Hamawand, S.; Al Juboori, R.A.; Chakrabarty, S.; Yusaf, T. (2017). A critical review on processes and energy profile of the Australian meat processing industry. Energies, 10, 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050731
Jahan, A., Ismail, M. Y., Sapuan, S. M., & Mustapha, F. (2010). Material screening and choosing methods–a review. Materials & Design, 31(2), 696-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.08.013
Jakka, V., Goswami, A., Nallajarla, A. K., Roy, U., Srikanth, K., & Sengupta, S. (2023). Coconut coir–derived nanocellulose as an efficient adsorbent for removal of cationic dye safranin-O: a detailed mechanistic adsorption study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29075-7
Jalham IS. (2006). Decision-making integrated information technology (IIT) approach for material selection. Int J Comput Appl Technol, 25:65–71. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCAT.2006.008669
Justina, M. D., Alves, M. V., & Skoronski, E. (2018). Applying different doses of tannin coagulated dairy sludge in soil: Influences on selected pollutants leaching and chemical agronomic attributes. Agricultural Water Management, 209(January), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.07.005
Kristianto, H. (2017). The Potency of Indonesia Native Plants as Natural Coagulant: A Mini Review. Water Conserv. Sci. Eng.2, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-017-0024-4
Kumar, R., & Ray, A. (2014). Selection of material for optimal design using multi-criteria decision making. Procedia Materials Science, 6, 590-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.073
Lazarova, S., Tonev, R., Dimitrova, S., Dimova, G., & Mihailova, I. (2023). Valorization of peanut and walnut shells through utilisation as biosorbents for the removal of textile dyes from Water. Processes, 11(8), 2291. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082291
Li, L. J., Tan, W. S., Li, W. J., Zhu, Y. B., Cheng, Y. S., & Ni, H. (2019). Citrus taste modification potentials by genetic engineering. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(24), 6194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246194
Lopes, E. C., Santos, S. C., Pintor, A. M., Boaventura, R. A., & Botelho, C. M. (2019). Evaluation of a tannin-based coagulant on the decolorization of synthetic effluents. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(3), 103125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103125
Makinde-Isola BA, Taiwo AS, Oladele IO, Akinwekomi AD, Adelani SO, &Onuh LN. (2024). Development of sustainable and biodegradable materials: A review on banana and sisal fibre-based polymer composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 37(4),1519-1539. doi:10.1177/08927057231186324
Muda K, Ali NSA, Abdullah UN, &Sahir AB (2020). Potential use of fruit seeds and plant leaves as coagulation agent in water treatment. J Environ Treat Tech., 8,971–977.
Ndabigengesere, A., & Narasiah, K. S. (1998). Quality of water treated by coagulation using Moringa oleifera seeds. Water Research, 32(3), 781-791. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00295-9
Neffa, M., Taourirte, M., Ouazzani, N., & Hanine, H. (2020). Eco-friendly approach for elimination of olive mill wastewaters (OMW) toxicity using cactus prickly pears juice as a coagulant. Water Practice & Technology, 15(4), 1050-1067. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.076
Othman, N., Abd-Rahim, N.S., Tuan-Besar, S.N.F., Mohd-Asharuddin, S.& Kumar, V. (2018). A Potential Agriculture Waste Material as Coagulant Aid: Cassava Peel. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.311. 10.1088/1757-899X/311/1/012022
Owodunni, A.A., Ismail, S. (2021). Revolutionary technique for sustainable plant-based green coagulants in industrial wastewater treatment—A review. J. Water Process Eng., 42, 102096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102096
Tan, K. L., Lim, K. Y., Chow, Y. N., Foo, K. Y., Liew, Y. S., Desa, S. M., & Noh, M. N. M. (2022). Facile preparation of rice husk-derived green coagulant via water-based heatless and salt-free technique for the effective treatment of urban and agricultural runoffs. Industrial Crops and Products, 178, 114547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114547
Sezgin M., Jenkins D., & Parker D. S. (1978). A unified theory of filamentous sludge hulking. J. Wat PoJlut Control Fed . 50. 362-381. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25039548
Skoronski, E., Ohrt, A. C., de Oliveira Cordella, R., Trevisan, V., Fernandes, M., Miguel, T. F., & Martins, P. R. (2017). Using acid mine drainage to recover a coagulant from water treatment residuals. Mine Water and the Environment, 36(4), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-016-0423-3
Sotoodeh, K. (2018). Analysis and Improvement of Material Selection for Process Piping System in Offshore Industry. American journal of Mechanical Engineering, 6, 17-26. 10.12691/ajme-6-1-3
Tzfati, E., Sein, M., Rubinov, A., Raveh, A., & Bick, A. (2011). Pretreatment of wastewater: optimal coagulant selection using Partial Order Scaling Analysis (POSA). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190(1-3), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.023
Ugonabo, V. I., Ovuoraye, P. E., Igwegbe, C. A., Balogun, P. A., & Egwuatu, C. A. (2024). Optimization of calcined eggshell as an effective coagulant for treating colloidal particles in complex effluents in the CPCP industry: mechanistic insights, scale-up design, and comparative analysis with alum. Chemical Engineering Communications, 211(12), 1842-1863. https://doi.org/10.1080 00986445.2 024.2389148
Van Kesteren IEH, Kandachar PV, Stappers PJ. (2006). Activities in selecting materials by product designers. In: Proceedings of the international conference on advanced design and manufacture. Harbin, China.
Wankhede, S.V., Pesode, P., Gaikwad, S.G., Pawar, S., &Chipade, A. (2023). Implementing Combinative Distance Base Assessment (CODAS) for Selection of Natural Fibre for Long Lasting Composites. Materials Science Forum, 1081, 41 - 48. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-4pd120
Zaidi, N.S.; Muda, K.; Abdul Rahman, M.A.; Sgawi, M.S.; Amran, A.H. (2019). Effectiveness of Local Waste Materials as Organic-Based Coagulant in Treating Water. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.636. 10.1088/1757-899X/636/1/012007
Zaman, S., Begum, A., Rabbani, K. S., & Bari, L. (2017). Low cost and sustainable surface water purification methods using Moringa seeds and scallop powder followed by bio-sand filtration. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 17(1), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.111
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How to Cite
An approach for analysis and selection of ideal natural coagulants for the treatment of synthetically prepared turbid water. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(3), 1121-1130. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6614
