Impact of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Thuthi Keerai Abutilon indicum on Dotted molly, Poecilia sphenops
Article Main
Abstract
Recently, nanoparticles have been widely used in various sectors, including agriculture, which can lead to environmental toxicity. Copper is a crucial trace element for fish, playing essential roles in various metabolic processes. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Thuthi Keerai (Abutilon indicum) on the haematological and biochemical characteristics of Dotted Molly (Poecilia sphenops). Copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Thuthi Keerai and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Various concentrations of CuO NPs, including 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm, were used at 96 hours for sublethal analysis on Dotted Molly. The concentration at which 50% fish mortality occurred was taken as the median lethal concentration. In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the CuO NPs were measured at a wavelength of 340 nm. SEM image was observed at the wavelength range of 5µm. The EDAX spectrum recorded three peaks located between 1 and 8 keV. In XRD, the different peaks were indexed as 59.94 (110), 31.9 (202), and 24.14 (311). The FTIR spectrum was analyzed in the range between 400 and 4000-1. White blood corpuscles, haemoglobin, and red blood corpuscles were higher (7200 cells/cumm, 1 gm/dl, and 0.4 million/cumm) in fish exposed to 1 ppm of CuO NPs. Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid levels were decreased by 1 ppm. The results confirmed that CuO nanoparticles enhance blood parameters and affect the biochemical parameters of the Dotted Molly.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Biochemical, Copper oxide, Dotted molly, Haematology, Nanoparticles, Toxicity
References
Ahmed Hatem AI-Tamimi, Ahamed. & AI-Azzawi. (2015).The acute and chronic toxicity of copper on the behavioural responses and haematological parameters of freshwater fish, Common carp (Cyprinus Carpio). Iraqi J. Sci., 56(4), 2835-2845.
Amal Sabour., Maha Alshiekheid., Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi., Kathirvel Brindhadevi. & Arivalagan Pugazhendhi. (2022). Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Abutilon indicum leaves extract and their evaluation of antibacterial, anticancer in human A549 lung and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology., 168,113330. doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.113330.
Anana Murthy H.C., Tegene Desalegn Zeleke., Tan, K.B., Suresh Ghotekar, Mir Waqas Ala m., Balachandran, R. , Kah-Yoong Chan.,Sanaulla, P. F., Anil Kumar, M.R. & Ravikumar,C.R.(2021).Enhanced multifunctionality of CuO nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina plant. Results in Chem.3, 1001 41.doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100141
Ayesha Khan., Audil Rashid., Rafia Younas. & Ren Ching.(2015).A chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of copper nanoparticles, Int. Nano Lett., 6,21-26 DOI 10.1007/s40089-015-0163-6.
Carroll, N.V., Longley, R.W. & Roe, J.H. (1959). The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem.,220(2),583-93.
Chan,Y.B., Aminuzzaman, M.,Win,Y.F.,Djearamne,S., Wong,L.S.,Guha,S.K., Almohammadi,H.,Akhtaruzzam an,M. & Tey,L.H.(2024). Garcina mangostana L. Leaf-Extract- assisted green synthesis of CuO,Zn O and CuO-ZnO Nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of Palm oil mill effluent.Catalysts,14,486.
Deshmukh, M., Bansod, S., Bonde, S., Tiwari, S., Bawaskar, V., Gaikwad, S. & Rai, M. (2015). Bioconjugation of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized by Fusarium oxysporum and their use in rapid identification of Candida species by using bioconjugate-nano- polymerase chain reaction. J. BioMed. Nanotech., 9(12),1962-1971. doi: 10.1166/jbn.2013.1727.
El-serafy, S. S., Zowail, M. E., Abdel-hameid, N.-A. H., Awwad, M. H., et al. (2013). Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04
Farkas, A., J. Sala´nki. and Speczia´r, A. (2002). Relation Between Growth and the Heavy Metal Concentration in Organs of Bream Abramis brama L. Populating Lake Balaton. Arch. Environ. Conta. Toxic., 43, 236–243. doi: 10.1007/s00244-002-1123-5.
Finney, D.J. (1978). Statistical methods in biological assay, 3rd Ed., Charles Griffin, London.
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Stanley, G.S. (1951). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226(1),497-509.
Hanan, S.G., El-Kasheif, M.A., Ibrahim, S.A. & Authman, M.M.N. (2013).Effect of water pollution in El-Rahawy drainage canal on haematology and organs of freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus. World Appl. Sci. J., 21,329–341. doi: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.3.71192
Kalra, Y.P. (1998) Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Kannan, Abhinav Jaisankar, Venkatesh Rajendran, Mohammad Z. Ahmed, Ali S. Alqahtani, Shadab Kazmi, Elumalai Madav, Shobana Sampath & Perumal Asaithambi.(2024). Ecofriendly bio-synthesis and spectral characterization of copper nanoparticles using fruit extract of Pedalium murex L.: in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities on human lung cancer A549 cell line, Materials Technology., 39,1, 2286818, DOI: 10.1080/10667857.2023.2286818.
Kesavasasus., Palanisamy, P.G., Sasikala, D., Mallikaraj, N.B. & Natrajan, G.M. (2011).Electroplating industrial effluent chromium induced changes in carbohydrates, metabolism in air-breathing catfish Mystus cavasius. Asian J. Exper. Biol. Sci., 2,521-524.
Labaran, A.N., Zango, Z.U. & Tailor, G. (2024). Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using Alstonia scholaris leaves and its antimicrobial studies. Sci. Rep,. 14, 5589 DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-56052-y.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. & Randall, R.J. (1951).Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem.,193,265-75.
Mahmoud, A.E.D., Franke, M., Stelter, M. & Braeutigam, P.(2020). Mechanochemical versus chemical routes for graphitic precursors and their performance in micropollutants removal in water. Powder Tech., 366, 629– 640DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.073
Mehibeen Javad & Zazura Usmani.(2014). Stress responses of biomolecules (carbohydrate, protein, and lipid profiles) in the fish Channa punctatus inhabiting a river polluted by thermal power plant effluent. Saudi. J. Bi ol. Sci., 2, 521- 524.DOI:10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.09.021
Mekala, J., Rajan, M.R. & Ramesh, R. (2016). Green synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles using Thulsi (Osimum santum) leaf extract. Paripex- Ind. J. Res., 5(2), 14-16.
Mekala,J. & Rajan,M.R.(2023).Impact of Differentially Synthesised Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Haematological and Biochemical Changes of Common carp Cyprinus carpio, Nanotechnol. Adv. Mater. Sci., 6(1),1–10. DOI: 10.31038/NAMS.2023612
Muthu Thiruvengadam.,Ill‑Min Chung.,Thandapa ni Gomathi.,Mohammad Azam Ansari., · Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna.,Vaishnavi Babu.& Govindasamy Rajakumar.(2019). Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological potential of green synthesized copper nanoparticles. Biopro. Biosys. Engin., 42:1769-1777.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-019-02173-y.
Naz, S., Hussain, .R, Guangbin, Z., Chatha, A.M.M., Rehman, Z.U., Jahan, S., Liaquat, M.& Khan, A.(2023). Copper sulfate induces clinic-haematological, oxidative stress, serum biochemical and histopathological changes in freshwater fish rohu (Labeo rohita). Front. Vet. Sci., 10,1142042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1142042.
Nehru, L.C. & Tharani, K.(2020). Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles by solution combustion method: Photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Romanian J. Biophy., 30, 55-61.
Noureen, A., De Marco, G., Rehman, N., Jabeen, F. & Cappello, T. (2022) Ameliorative Haematological and Histomorphological Effects of Dietary Trigonella foenum-graecum Seeds in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Exposed to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles. Int. J.Environ.R es. Public Hlth., 19(20), 13462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013462.
OECD (1992) Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Fish, Acute Toxicity Test. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France.No. 203.
Rahul L.Joshi., Hermant Sharma., Vaibhavkumar N.Mehta.,Sunil K. Patil. & Krinal Bambharoliya.(2025).Azadirachta indica derived copper oxide nanoparticles: A sustainable approach for reducing post-harvest losses and enhancing mango quality. Food Chemistry,480,14625.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.143625
Ramesh, M., Palanisamy, K., Babu, K. & Sharma, N.K. (2014).Effects of bulk & nano-titanium dioxide and zinc oxide on physio-morphological changes in Triticum aestivum Linn. J. Global Biosci., 3(2), 415-422.
Rathi, V.H. & Jeice, A.R.(2024).Green -fabrication of CuO nanoparticles using various plant extracts and their multifaceted applications in photocatalytic cationic dye degradation and antimicrobial activities. Biomass Convers. Biorefin.14,18551-18562.doi:10.1007/s13399-023-04350-2
Razium Ali Soomro., Syed Tufali., Hussain Sherazi., Sirajuddin., Najama Menon., Mohamed Raza Shah., Nazar Hussain Kalwar., Keith Richard Hallam. & Afzal Shah.(2013). Synthesis of Air Stable Copper Nanoparticles and Their use in Catalysis. Adv. Mat. Lett., 5(4), 191-198.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2013.8541
Sadeghi, Saeed,Mousavi-Sabet, Hamed ,Hedayati, Aliakbar, Zargari, Ashkan, Multisanti, Cristiana, Faggio. & Caterina., (2024). Copper-oxide nanoparticles effects on goldfish (Carassius auratus): Lethal toxicity, haematological, and biochemical effects, Vet. Res. Comm., 48,1-10. DOI:10.1007/s11259-024-10338-8.
Salem, S.S. & Fouda, A. (2020).Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their prospective biotechnological applications: an overview. Biol. Tra. Ele. Res., 199, 344-370. doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02138-3.
Saratale, R.G., Saratale, G.D., Shin, H.S., Jacob, J.M., Pugazhendhi, A., Bhaisare, M. & Kumar, G. (2018).New insights on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant and waste biomaterials: current knowledge, their agricultural and environmental applications. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res., 25,10164-10183.doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9912-6.
Saravanan, M., Prabhu Kumar, K. & Ramesh, M. (2011).Heamatological and biochemical responses of fresh water teleost fish Cyprinus Carpio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) during acute and chronic sublethal
exposure to Lindane, Pesticide. Biochem. Phy., 100, 206-211.
Seibel Henrike, Babmann Björn. & Rebl Alexander. (2021). Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Frontiers in Vet. Sci., 8,1-21. DOI=10.3389/fvets.2021.616955.
Shinoj Parappurathu, K. K. Baiju. & P. Vijayagopal(2021). Status and prospects of ornamental fish and fish
feed industry in Southern India. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series No. 248. pp.1-11.
Sivakumar, S.R., Manimaran, K., Govindasamy, M. et al. (2024). Green synthesis and characterization of CuO nanoparticles using Halymenia dilatata extract and evaluation of antimicrobial, anticancer activity. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 27623–27632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03678-5
Suresh, M., Rasheed, S.A.P., Jude, K., Dey, S., Sunil, S. & Varghese, D.(2016). Nanotechnology and its applications in dentistry. Int. J. Adv. Hlth. Sci., 2(9), 7À10.
Uysal, K., Emre, Y. & Köse, E. (2008).The determination of heavy metal accumulation ratios in muscle, skin and gills of some migratory fish species by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Bey melek Lagoon Antalya/Turkey). Micro Chem J., 90(1), 67-70. doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2008.03.005
Vinodhini, R.& Narayanan, M. (2008).Effects of heavy metals on the level of vitamin E, total Lipid and glycogen reserves in the liver of common carp (Cyprinus Carpio). Maejo Int J Sci Tech, 2, 391-399.
Yahya M.(2023). Evaluation of the toxicity of copper oxide and nanoparticles using the biochemical, haematological, and histological biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), J Fish Res.,7(4),156 -163.
Yesudas, L., Thirumalairaj, R., Vijayan, V.K., Durairaj, M.P., Shanmugaasokan, G. & Gunasekaran, S.(2014).Potential antibacterial activity of crude extracts and silver nanoparticles synthesized from Sargassum wightii. Int Curr Pharma J., 3(10), 322-325. DOI:10.3329/icpj.v3i10.20337
Zutshi, B.S.G., Prasad, R. & Nagaraja, R.(2010). Alteration in haematology of Labeo rohita under stress of
pollution from lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka, India, Environ. Monit., 168(1-4),11 -19. doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-1087-2.
Amal Sabour., Maha Alshiekheid., Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi., Kathirvel Brindhadevi. & Arivalagan Pugazhendhi. (2022). Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Abutilon indicum leaves extract and their evaluation of antibacterial, anticancer in human A549 lung and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology., 168,113330. doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.113330.
Anana Murthy H.C., Tegene Desalegn Zeleke., Tan, K.B., Suresh Ghotekar, Mir Waqas Ala m., Balachandran, R. , Kah-Yoong Chan.,Sanaulla, P. F., Anil Kumar, M.R. & Ravikumar,C.R.(2021).Enhanced multifunctionality of CuO nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina plant. Results in Chem.3, 1001 41.doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100141
Ayesha Khan., Audil Rashid., Rafia Younas. & Ren Ching.(2015).A chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of copper nanoparticles, Int. Nano Lett., 6,21-26 DOI 10.1007/s40089-015-0163-6.
Carroll, N.V., Longley, R.W. & Roe, J.H. (1959). The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem.,220(2),583-93.
Chan,Y.B., Aminuzzaman, M.,Win,Y.F.,Djearamne,S., Wong,L.S.,Guha,S.K., Almohammadi,H.,Akhtaruzzam an,M. & Tey,L.H.(2024). Garcina mangostana L. Leaf-Extract- assisted green synthesis of CuO,Zn O and CuO-ZnO Nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of Palm oil mill effluent.Catalysts,14,486.
Deshmukh, M., Bansod, S., Bonde, S., Tiwari, S., Bawaskar, V., Gaikwad, S. & Rai, M. (2015). Bioconjugation of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized by Fusarium oxysporum and their use in rapid identification of Candida species by using bioconjugate-nano- polymerase chain reaction. J. BioMed. Nanotech., 9(12),1962-1971. doi: 10.1166/jbn.2013.1727.
El-serafy, S. S., Zowail, M. E., Abdel-hameid, N.-A. H., Awwad, M. H., et al. (2013). Effect of Dietborne Cu and Cd on Body Indices of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with Emphasis on Protein Pattern. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_4_04
Farkas, A., J. Sala´nki. and Speczia´r, A. (2002). Relation Between Growth and the Heavy Metal Concentration in Organs of Bream Abramis brama L. Populating Lake Balaton. Arch. Environ. Conta. Toxic., 43, 236–243. doi: 10.1007/s00244-002-1123-5.
Finney, D.J. (1978). Statistical methods in biological assay, 3rd Ed., Charles Griffin, London.
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Stanley, G.S. (1951). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226(1),497-509.
Hanan, S.G., El-Kasheif, M.A., Ibrahim, S.A. & Authman, M.M.N. (2013).Effect of water pollution in El-Rahawy drainage canal on haematology and organs of freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus. World Appl. Sci. J., 21,329–341. doi: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.3.71192
Kalra, Y.P. (1998) Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Kannan, Abhinav Jaisankar, Venkatesh Rajendran, Mohammad Z. Ahmed, Ali S. Alqahtani, Shadab Kazmi, Elumalai Madav, Shobana Sampath & Perumal Asaithambi.(2024). Ecofriendly bio-synthesis and spectral characterization of copper nanoparticles using fruit extract of Pedalium murex L.: in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities on human lung cancer A549 cell line, Materials Technology., 39,1, 2286818, DOI: 10.1080/10667857.2023.2286818.
Kesavasasus., Palanisamy, P.G., Sasikala, D., Mallikaraj, N.B. & Natrajan, G.M. (2011).Electroplating industrial effluent chromium induced changes in carbohydrates, metabolism in air-breathing catfish Mystus cavasius. Asian J. Exper. Biol. Sci., 2,521-524.
Labaran, A.N., Zango, Z.U. & Tailor, G. (2024). Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using Alstonia scholaris leaves and its antimicrobial studies. Sci. Rep,. 14, 5589 DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-56052-y.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. & Randall, R.J. (1951).Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem.,193,265-75.
Mahmoud, A.E.D., Franke, M., Stelter, M. & Braeutigam, P.(2020). Mechanochemical versus chemical routes for graphitic precursors and their performance in micropollutants removal in water. Powder Tech., 366, 629– 640DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.073
Mehibeen Javad & Zazura Usmani.(2014). Stress responses of biomolecules (carbohydrate, protein, and lipid profiles) in the fish Channa punctatus inhabiting a river polluted by thermal power plant effluent. Saudi. J. Bi ol. Sci., 2, 521- 524.DOI:10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.09.021
Mekala, J., Rajan, M.R. & Ramesh, R. (2016). Green synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles using Thulsi (Osimum santum) leaf extract. Paripex- Ind. J. Res., 5(2), 14-16.
Mekala,J. & Rajan,M.R.(2023).Impact of Differentially Synthesised Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Haematological and Biochemical Changes of Common carp Cyprinus carpio, Nanotechnol. Adv. Mater. Sci., 6(1),1–10. DOI: 10.31038/NAMS.2023612
Muthu Thiruvengadam.,Ill‑Min Chung.,Thandapa ni Gomathi.,Mohammad Azam Ansari., · Venkatesan Gopiesh Khanna.,Vaishnavi Babu.& Govindasamy Rajakumar.(2019). Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological potential of green synthesized copper nanoparticles. Biopro. Biosys. Engin., 42:1769-1777.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-019-02173-y.
Naz, S., Hussain, .R, Guangbin, Z., Chatha, A.M.M., Rehman, Z.U., Jahan, S., Liaquat, M.& Khan, A.(2023). Copper sulfate induces clinic-haematological, oxidative stress, serum biochemical and histopathological changes in freshwater fish rohu (Labeo rohita). Front. Vet. Sci., 10,1142042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1142042.
Nehru, L.C. & Tharani, K.(2020). Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles by solution combustion method: Photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Romanian J. Biophy., 30, 55-61.
Noureen, A., De Marco, G., Rehman, N., Jabeen, F. & Cappello, T. (2022) Ameliorative Haematological and Histomorphological Effects of Dietary Trigonella foenum-graecum Seeds in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Exposed to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles. Int. J.Environ.R es. Public Hlth., 19(20), 13462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013462.
OECD (1992) Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Fish, Acute Toxicity Test. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France.No. 203.
Rahul L.Joshi., Hermant Sharma., Vaibhavkumar N.Mehta.,Sunil K. Patil. & Krinal Bambharoliya.(2025).Azadirachta indica derived copper oxide nanoparticles: A sustainable approach for reducing post-harvest losses and enhancing mango quality. Food Chemistry,480,14625.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.143625
Ramesh, M., Palanisamy, K., Babu, K. & Sharma, N.K. (2014).Effects of bulk & nano-titanium dioxide and zinc oxide on physio-morphological changes in Triticum aestivum Linn. J. Global Biosci., 3(2), 415-422.
Rathi, V.H. & Jeice, A.R.(2024).Green -fabrication of CuO nanoparticles using various plant extracts and their multifaceted applications in photocatalytic cationic dye degradation and antimicrobial activities. Biomass Convers. Biorefin.14,18551-18562.doi:10.1007/s13399-023-04350-2
Razium Ali Soomro., Syed Tufali., Hussain Sherazi., Sirajuddin., Najama Menon., Mohamed Raza Shah., Nazar Hussain Kalwar., Keith Richard Hallam. & Afzal Shah.(2013). Synthesis of Air Stable Copper Nanoparticles and Their use in Catalysis. Adv. Mat. Lett., 5(4), 191-198.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2013.8541
Sadeghi, Saeed,Mousavi-Sabet, Hamed ,Hedayati, Aliakbar, Zargari, Ashkan, Multisanti, Cristiana, Faggio. & Caterina., (2024). Copper-oxide nanoparticles effects on goldfish (Carassius auratus): Lethal toxicity, haematological, and biochemical effects, Vet. Res. Comm., 48,1-10. DOI:10.1007/s11259-024-10338-8.
Salem, S.S. & Fouda, A. (2020).Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their prospective biotechnological applications: an overview. Biol. Tra. Ele. Res., 199, 344-370. doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02138-3.
Saratale, R.G., Saratale, G.D., Shin, H.S., Jacob, J.M., Pugazhendhi, A., Bhaisare, M. & Kumar, G. (2018).New insights on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant and waste biomaterials: current knowledge, their agricultural and environmental applications. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res., 25,10164-10183.doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9912-6.
Saravanan, M., Prabhu Kumar, K. & Ramesh, M. (2011).Heamatological and biochemical responses of fresh water teleost fish Cyprinus Carpio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) during acute and chronic sublethal
exposure to Lindane, Pesticide. Biochem. Phy., 100, 206-211.
Seibel Henrike, Babmann Björn. & Rebl Alexander. (2021). Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Frontiers in Vet. Sci., 8,1-21. DOI=10.3389/fvets.2021.616955.
Shinoj Parappurathu, K. K. Baiju. & P. Vijayagopal(2021). Status and prospects of ornamental fish and fish
feed industry in Southern India. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series No. 248. pp.1-11.
Sivakumar, S.R., Manimaran, K., Govindasamy, M. et al. (2024). Green synthesis and characterization of CuO nanoparticles using Halymenia dilatata extract and evaluation of antimicrobial, anticancer activity. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 27623–27632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03678-5
Suresh, M., Rasheed, S.A.P., Jude, K., Dey, S., Sunil, S. & Varghese, D.(2016). Nanotechnology and its applications in dentistry. Int. J. Adv. Hlth. Sci., 2(9), 7À10.
Uysal, K., Emre, Y. & Köse, E. (2008).The determination of heavy metal accumulation ratios in muscle, skin and gills of some migratory fish species by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Bey melek Lagoon Antalya/Turkey). Micro Chem J., 90(1), 67-70. doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2008.03.005
Vinodhini, R.& Narayanan, M. (2008).Effects of heavy metals on the level of vitamin E, total Lipid and glycogen reserves in the liver of common carp (Cyprinus Carpio). Maejo Int J Sci Tech, 2, 391-399.
Yahya M.(2023). Evaluation of the toxicity of copper oxide and nanoparticles using the biochemical, haematological, and histological biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), J Fish Res.,7(4),156 -163.
Yesudas, L., Thirumalairaj, R., Vijayan, V.K., Durairaj, M.P., Shanmugaasokan, G. & Gunasekaran, S.(2014).Potential antibacterial activity of crude extracts and silver nanoparticles synthesized from Sargassum wightii. Int Curr Pharma J., 3(10), 322-325. DOI:10.3329/icpj.v3i10.20337
Zutshi, B.S.G., Prasad, R. & Nagaraja, R.(2010). Alteration in haematology of Labeo rohita under stress of
pollution from lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka, India, Environ. Monit., 168(1-4),11 -19. doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-1087-2.
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How to Cite
Impact of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Thuthi Keerai Abutilon indicum on Dotted molly, Poecilia sphenops. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(3), 1011-1018. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6558
