Isolation and identification of bacteria from air coolers in Mosul city, Iraq and study its ability for calcite formation
Article Main
Abstract
Evaporative coolers (ECs) are devices used to cool air. They are considered energy-saving and eco-friendly technologies, but eventually precipitate calcite. The present study aimed to isolate calcite-producing bacteria from environmental samples (ECs) and then investigate the influence of environmental parameters, such as pH and temperature, on calcite production. Twenty samples were obtained from sediments on the (ECs) in Mosul city, Iraq. The samples were inoculated on tryptic soy agar. Eleven bacterial isolates were obtained. One of the bacterial isolates exhibited a bush-like growth (complex colony) on tryptic soy agar and was identified using traditional methods. The diagnosis was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing to be Paenibacillus dendritiformis. The ability of the isolate to synthesize calcite was examined by cultivating it on Luria Bertani acetate agar. The effect of environmental parameters on calcite production was studied by culturing the isolate in Luria-Bertani acetate broth at pH 8, 9, and temperatures of 20°C and 30°C. The strain P. denditiformis demonstrated the capacity to produce calcite crystals in higher rate at pH 8 and 30ºC. Paenibacillus dendritiformis strain NFH1 was submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Bank database, and was shown to be the first strain isolated from air coolers in Iraq.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Paenibacillus dendritiformis, 16S rRNA, Evaporative cooler, Calcite precipitation
References
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Al-Ani, A. G. O., Younis, K. M., & Al-Taee, S. M. Y. (2023). Isolation and molecular identification of washing machine bacteria and study the effect of some detergents on their growth. Revis Bionatur, 8 (1), 42.https://doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.
Anas, G., Aligbe, D. S. Suleiman, G. & Warodi, F. A. (2016). Studies on microorganisms associated with air – conditioned environments .Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food technology, 10, 16-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-1007011618.
Bahobail, M. A. (2013). Evaporative Cooler: Self Salt Clean King Saud Univ., Vol. 25, 1-12.
Ben-Jacob, E., Cohen, I. & Levine, H. (2000). Cooperative organization of microorganisms, Adv. Phys. 49 ,395-554.
Burbank, M. B., Weaver, T. J., Williams, B. C. & Crawford, R. L. (2012). Urease activity of ureolytic bacteria isolated from six soils in which calcite was precipitated by indigenous bacteria. Geomicrobiology Journal 29, 389– 395. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2011.575913.
Cappuccino, J. G. & Welsh, C. (2018). Microbiology a laboratory manual. eleventh edition Global edition, Pearson, New york.
Cheng, L., Cord-Ruwisch, R. & Shahin,M. A. (2013). Cementation of sand soil by microbially induced calcite precipitation at various degrees of saturation .Can. Geotech. J. 50: 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0023
Dawwam, G. E., Abdelfattah, N. M., Abdel-Monem, M. O, Jahin, H. S., Omer, A. M, Abou-Taleb, K. A. & Mansor, E. S. (2023). An immobilized biosorbent from Paenibacillus dendritiformis dead cells and polyethersulfone for the sustainable bioremediation of lead from wastewater. Nature, 13,891.
Faisal, R. M. & Younis, R. M. (2024). Effect of antibiotics on the expression of pyocyanin synthetic genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different clinical sources of a few hospitals in Mosul, Iraq. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(2), 812-819. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i2.5590.
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Ibrahim, M. A., & Faisal, R. M. (2024). Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes on plasmids of Proteus mirabilis isolated from urine samples of Hospitals in Mosul City, Iraq. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(2), 830-841. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i2.5526.
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Prah, J., Macek, J. & Drazic, G. (2011). Precipitation of calcium carbonate from a calcium acetate and ammonium carbamate batch system. J Crystal Growth, 3241, 229-234.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.03.020.
Sambrook, J., Frisch, E. R. & Maniatis, T. (1989). Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor , NY.
Seifan, M. & Berenjian, A. (2018). Application of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in designing bio self-healing concrete. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 34(11) doi:10.1007/s11274-018-2552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-018-2552-2.
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Sulaimana,H.S. , Al-Sharrada,M.A. and Abedb ,I.A.(2024). A review of factors affecting the efficiency of geomaterial treatment using the MICP technique. Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering, 18 , 2, 88 – 96. DOI: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180207.
Taha, M., Shata S., Taher, H. & Abdulla, H. (2022). Factors Affecting Calcite Bio-precipitation via Urea Hydrolyzing Bacterial Consortium . Advances in Environmental and Life Sciences, 2, (2), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.21608/aels.2022.165065.1020.
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2021) MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28(10), 2731-2739. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121.
Torres-Aravena, A., Duarte-Nass, C., Azócar, L., Mella-Herrera, R., Rivas, M. & Jeison, D. (2018). Can Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) through a Ureolytic Pathway Be Successfully Applied for Removing Heavy Metals from Wastewaters? Crystals, 8, 438 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8110438
Vlasceanu . L. Sarbu , S. M. ,Engel ,A.S. and Kinkle ,B.K.(2000).Acidic cave – well biofilms located in Frasassi Gorge , Italy . Geomicrobiology ,7,125-139.
Wang, C. & Tionduoli, S. (2009).Calcium carbonate inhibition by a phosphonate terminated poly (maleic-co-sulfonate) polymeric inhibitor. Desalination, 249 . https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2009Desal.249....1W/doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.06.006.
Wilcox, S. M., Mulligan, C. N. & Neculita, C. M. (2024). Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation as a bioremediation technique for mining waste. Toxics. 12, 2- 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12020107.
Younis, R. M. & Faisal, R. M. (2024). Plasposon mutagenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates illustrates the role of ABC transporter in intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1256-1264. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5856.
Agereh ,S. R., Kiani, F., Khavazi, K., Rouhipour, H. & Khormali, F. (2019). An environmentally friendly soil improvement technology for sand and dust storms control. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal, 6(1), 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/EHEM.2019.07.
Al-Ani, A. G. O., Younis, K. M., & Al-Taee, S. M. Y. (2023). Isolation and molecular identification of washing machine bacteria and study the effect of some detergents on their growth. Revis Bionatur, 8 (1), 42.https://doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.
Anas, G., Aligbe, D. S. Suleiman, G. & Warodi, F. A. (2016). Studies on microorganisms associated with air – conditioned environments .Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food technology, 10, 16-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-1007011618.
Bahobail, M. A. (2013). Evaporative Cooler: Self Salt Clean King Saud Univ., Vol. 25, 1-12.
Ben-Jacob, E., Cohen, I. & Levine, H. (2000). Cooperative organization of microorganisms, Adv. Phys. 49 ,395-554.
Burbank, M. B., Weaver, T. J., Williams, B. C. & Crawford, R. L. (2012). Urease activity of ureolytic bacteria isolated from six soils in which calcite was precipitated by indigenous bacteria. Geomicrobiology Journal 29, 389– 395. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2011.575913.
Cappuccino, J. G. & Welsh, C. (2018). Microbiology a laboratory manual. eleventh edition Global edition, Pearson, New york.
Cheng, L., Cord-Ruwisch, R. & Shahin,M. A. (2013). Cementation of sand soil by microbially induced calcite precipitation at various degrees of saturation .Can. Geotech. J. 50: 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0023
Dawwam, G. E., Abdelfattah, N. M., Abdel-Monem, M. O, Jahin, H. S., Omer, A. M, Abou-Taleb, K. A. & Mansor, E. S. (2023). An immobilized biosorbent from Paenibacillus dendritiformis dead cells and polyethersulfone for the sustainable bioremediation of lead from wastewater. Nature, 13,891.
Faisal, R. M. & Younis, R. M. (2024). Effect of antibiotics on the expression of pyocyanin synthetic genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different clinical sources of a few hospitals in Mosul, Iraq. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(2), 812-819. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i2.5590.
Goodfellow, M., Kampfer, P., Dusse, H. J., Trujillo, M. E., Suzuki, K. I., Ludwig, W. & Whitman, W. B. (2012). Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd ed. New York, Springer.
Hamilton, W. R., Woolley, A. R. & Bishop, A. C. (1986). Minerals rocks and fossils, the Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, Italy.
Hashim, R. H., Hammdi, S. H. & Adel Eidan, A. A. (2022). Evaporative Cooling: A Review of its Types and Modeling. Basrah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 22(1) 36-47.
Ibrahim, M. A., & Faisal, R. M. (2024). Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes on plasmids of Proteus mirabilis isolated from urine samples of Hospitals in Mosul City, Iraq. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(2), 830-841. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i2.5526.
Kalsia, M., Sharma, A., Kaushik, R. & Dondapati, R. S. (2023). Evaporative Cooling Technologies: Conceptual Review Study. Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences & Green Asia Strategy, 10, 421.
Khalafallah, H. M., Abukhres, O. M., Hawad, A. F., Mukhtar, I. A. & Alrasheed, H. A. (2016) Air Conditioners as a Source of Bacterial Contamination in an Indoor Environment, I. J. of Appl. Med. and Bio. Res. 1, 20-26.
Khaleel, A. M., Faisal, R. M., & Altaii, H. A. (2023). The efficiency of molecular methods compared to traditional methods in identifying bacteria from blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 19(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.21161/mjm.220105.
Lee, Y. N. (2003). Calcite production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (MBO1). The journal of microbiology,41,345-348.
Matter, I. R., AL-Omari, A. W., & Almola, A. H. 16SrRNA sequencing analysis for identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the extreme kitchen environment. DOI. 10.21931/RB/2023.08.02.24.
Mitchell, A. C., Dideriksen, K., Spangler, L. H., Cunningham, A. & Gerlach, R. (2010). Microbially enhanced carbon capture and storage by mineral-trapping and solubility-trapping. Environ. Sci. Technol, 44, 5270–5276. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903270w.
Prah, J., Macek, J. & Drazic, G. (2011). Precipitation of calcium carbonate from a calcium acetate and ammonium carbamate batch system. J Crystal Growth, 3241, 229-234.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.03.020.
Sambrook, J., Frisch, E. R. & Maniatis, T. (1989). Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor , NY.
Seifan, M. & Berenjian, A. (2018). Application of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in designing bio self-healing concrete. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 34(11) doi:10.1007/s11274-018-2552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-018-2552-2.
Stefaniak,L. ,Szczesniak,S. , Walaszczyk,J. , Rajski,K. , Piekarska,K. and Danielewicz , j.(2025). Challenges and future directions in evaporative cooling: Balancing sustainable cooling with microbial safety .Building and Environment, 267 ,112292.
Sulaimana,H.S. , Al-Sharrada,M.A. and Abedb ,I.A.(2024). A review of factors affecting the efficiency of geomaterial treatment using the MICP technique. Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering, 18 , 2, 88 – 96. DOI: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180207.
Taha, M., Shata S., Taher, H. & Abdulla, H. (2022). Factors Affecting Calcite Bio-precipitation via Urea Hydrolyzing Bacterial Consortium . Advances in Environmental and Life Sciences, 2, (2), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.21608/aels.2022.165065.1020.
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2021) MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28(10), 2731-2739. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121.
Torres-Aravena, A., Duarte-Nass, C., Azócar, L., Mella-Herrera, R., Rivas, M. & Jeison, D. (2018). Can Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) through a Ureolytic Pathway Be Successfully Applied for Removing Heavy Metals from Wastewaters? Crystals, 8, 438 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8110438
Vlasceanu . L. Sarbu , S. M. ,Engel ,A.S. and Kinkle ,B.K.(2000).Acidic cave – well biofilms located in Frasassi Gorge , Italy . Geomicrobiology ,7,125-139.
Wang, C. & Tionduoli, S. (2009).Calcium carbonate inhibition by a phosphonate terminated poly (maleic-co-sulfonate) polymeric inhibitor. Desalination, 249 . https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2009Desal.249....1W/doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.06.006.
Wilcox, S. M., Mulligan, C. N. & Neculita, C. M. (2024). Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation as a bioremediation technique for mining waste. Toxics. 12, 2- 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12020107.
Younis, R. M. & Faisal, R. M. (2024). Plasposon mutagenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates illustrates the role of ABC transporter in intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1256-1264. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5856.
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Isolation and identification of bacteria from air coolers in Mosul city, Iraq and study its ability for calcite formation. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(3), 1214-1219. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6550
