Stock assessment of Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832) using geometric morphometrics and mitochondrial marker COX1 from tributaries of the Chenab River, India
Article Main
Abstract
Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832) is extensively dispersed in the Indian Himalayan region and is recognized as an important source of animal protein. Geographical isolation between river ecosystems is believed to promote phenotypic and genotypic variation, ultimately leading to changes in the stock structure of aquatic species. With this aim of the study, 190 specimens of S. richardsonii were collected from four different tributaries, Rajouri Tawi, Chingus Tawi, Nowshera Tawi, and Ans River, of the Chenab River, to assess the intraspecific phenotypic and genotypic variations among stocks through landmark-based geometric morphometrics and mitochondrial marker COX1 gene. Three stocks were identified from four different tributaries of the Indus River basin. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components explained 76.89% of the total variance (PC1 = 67.67% and PC2 = 9.22%). The PC1-based shape wireframe showed that landmarks 5, 7, and 8 were crucial in distinguishing different morphotypes. The Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) confirmed the existence of three morphologically distinct stocks within the Indus River basin. The COX1 sequence-based phylogenetic analysis also showed clear genetic differentiation among the stocks, supported by the Fst score-based heat map. These variations could be attributed to several factors, including uncommon hydrological conditions in these drainages, evolutionary pressures, and reproductive isolation among stocks. This study represents the first attempt to examine the stock structure of S. richardsonii using an integrated approach. The findings thoroughly explain species diversity and evolutionary dynamics in the Northwestern Himalayas and emphasize the importance of preserving genetic diversity and targeted conservation strategies to protect this ecologically significant species.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
COX1 gene, Genetic diversity, Indian Himalayas, Luss, Morphometric analysis
References
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De-Busserolles, F., Fitzpatrick, J. L., Paxton, J. R., Marshall, N. J., & Collin, S. P. (2013). Eye-size variability in deep-sea lanternfishes (Myctophidae): An ecological and phylogenetic study. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e58519. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058519
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Duff, N. M., Sommerfeld, R. E., & Litvak, M. K. (2019). Discriminating sex in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using geometric morphometrics. Zebrafish, 16, 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2018.1664
Dwivedi, A. K. (2022). Detection of body shape variations in vulnerable snow trout, Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832) from rivers of the Indian Himalayan Region. Limnologica, 97, 126025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2022. 126025
Echem, R. T. (2016). Geometric morphometric analysis of shape variation of Sardinella lemuru. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 3, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.22192/IJARBS.2016.03.09.013
Excoffier, L., & Lischer, H. E. L. (2010). Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10(3), 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x
Fagundes, P. C., Pereira, E. H., & Reis, R. E. (2020). Iterative taxonomic study of Pareiorhaphis hystrix (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) suggests a single, yet phenotypically variable, species in South Brazil. PLoS ONE, 15, e0237160 [1–26]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.po ne.02 37160
Gandotra, R., Shanker, R., & Singh, D. (2009). Studies on fecundity of snow trout Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) from the lotic bodies of Rajouri district (J&K). Current World Environment, 4(1), 127–132. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.12944/CWE.4.1.19
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Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., & de Waard, J. R. (2003). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 270, 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1098/ rspb.2002.2218
Ingram, T. (2015). Diversification of body shape in Sebastes rockfishes of the north-east Pacific. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 116, 805–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12635
Klingenberg, C. P. (2011). MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11, 353–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x
Korman, J., & Campana, S. E. (2009). Effects of hydropeaking on nearshore habitat use and growth of age-0 rainbow trout in a large regulated river. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 138(1), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1577/t08-026.1
Kullander, S. O., Fang, F., Delling, B., & Ahlander, E. (1999). The fishes of the Kashmir Valley. In L. Nyman (Ed.), River Jhelum, Kashmir Valley: Impact on the aquatic environment. Swedmer, Sweden, 100–167.
Kumar, S. & Singh, D. (2019). Genetic and morphometric comparison of two isolated populations of Barilius bendelisis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Indian Himalayas. Revista de Biología Tropical, 67(3), 466–477. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v67i3.33522
Li, Y., Ren, Z., Shedlock, A. M., Wu, J., Sang, L., Tersing, T. & Zhong, Y. (2013). High altitude adaptation of the schizothoracine fishes (Cyprinidae) revealed by the mitochondrial genome analyses. Gene, 517(2), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.096
Mandal, S., Singh, A., Sah, P., Singh, R. K., Kumar, R., Lal, K. K., & Mohindra, V. (2021). Genetic and morphological assessment of a vulnerable large catfish, Silonia silondia (Hamilton, 1822), in natural populations from India. Journal of Fish Biology, 98(2), 430-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jfb.14587
Mir, FA., Mir, JI., & Chandra, S. (2013). Phenotypic variation in the Snowtrout Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832) (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Indian Himalayas. Contributions to Zoology, 82(3), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08203001
Mir, J. I.; Mir, F. A.; & Patiyal, R. S. (2014). Phenotypic variations among three populations of Chirruh Snowtrout, Schizothorax esocinus (Heckel, 1838) in Kashmir Himalaya with insights from truss network system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 84, 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0194-6
Mirza, MR. (1991). A contribution to the systematics of the Schizothoracine fishes (Pisces: Cyprinidae) with the description of three new tribes. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 24, 339–341.
Mohanty, B. P., Karunakaran, D., Mahanty, A., Ganguly, S., Debnath, D., Mitra, T., & Ayyappan, S. (2015). Database on nutritional composition of food fishes from India. Current Science, 109(11), 1915-1917.
Lakra, W. S., Goswami, M., & Gopalakrishnan, A. (2009). Molecular identification and phylogenetic relationships of seven Indian Sciaenids (Pisces: Perciformes, Sciaenidae) based on 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial genes. Molecular Biology Reports, 36, 831–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-008-9252-1
Lakra, W. S., Verma, M. S., Goswami, M., Lal, K. K., Mohindra, V., Punia, P., &; Hebert, P. J. M. E. R. (2011). DNA barcoding Indian marine fishes. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998. 2010.02894.x
Librado, P., & Rozas, J. (2009). DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25(11), 1451–1452. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187
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Stock assessment of Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832) using geometric morphometrics and mitochondrial marker COX1 from tributaries of the Chenab River, India. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(2), 600-613. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i2.6535
