Active phytoconstituents from Balanites aegyptiaca and Pterocarpus marsupium and their role in antioxidant defense and cytotoxicity against liver (HepG2) and brain (U87MG) cancer cell lines
Article Main
Abstract
Phytochemicals derived from plants offer promising therapeutic potential due to their diverse chemical structures and biological activities. These include alkaloids, terpenes, phenolics and several other natural compounds, which can exhibit synergistic properties in cancer treatment when combined with cancer drugs. Thus, the antioxidant potential and anticancer properties of extracts from two plants, Balanites aegyptiaca and Pterocarpus marsupium were evaluated in vitro in this study against hepatic (HepG2) and brain (U87MG) cell lines to combat cytotoxicity to potential management of disease. The bioactive components responsible for the therapeutic effects were analysed through GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis. The qualitative and quantitative estimation was done on the methanolic plant extracts, followed by an evaluation of their antioxidant potential using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assays. The cytotoxicity was determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay against cancer cell lines. The extracts of both plants showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 52.78±0.50 µg/ml and 63.19±0.51 µg/ml, respectively, for DPPH assay. The cytotoxicity assay revealed the IC50 values as 44.70±0.58 µg/ml against HepG2 cells and, 40.1±0.70 µg/ml against U87MG cells for B. aegyptiaca and 59.83±0.47 µg/ml against HepG2 cells and 50.13±3.42 µg/ml against U87MG cells for P. marsupium. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of phytochemicals such as 4-O-Methylmannose, Hexadecanoic acid, 4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, 3,3'-Dimethoxy-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene, cis-Vaccenic acid, 4-(2-Methoxyethyl)phenol, 7-Hydroxyflavanone, etc. The study underscores the significance of examining plant-derived compounds in the context of developing innovative anticancer therapies while highlighting the necessity for in-depth investigations into the phytochemical profiles of these species.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, Balanites aegyptiaca, Cancer, cell lines, Pterocarpus marsupium
References
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Atmakuri, L.R., Dathi, S., (2010). Current trends in herbal medicines. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 3(1), 109-113.
Brahmi, F., Dahmoune, F., Kadri, N., Chibane, M., Dairi, S., Remini, H. Oukmanou-Bensidhoum, S., Mouni, L., Madani, K., (2017). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of two Algerian Mentha species M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds, M. pulegium L., extracted with different solvents. Journal of Complementrary and Integrative Medicine. 14(4), 20160064. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2016-0064
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Katiyar, D., Singh, V., Ali, M., (2016). Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Pterocarpus marsupium: A review. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 5(4), 31-39.
Khalil, M. I., Agamy, A. F., Elshewemi, S. S., Sultan, A. S., & Abdelmeguid, N. E. (2023). Pterostilbene induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Biochemical, pathological, and molecular markers. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 30(8), 103717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103717
Ko, J.H., Sethi, G., Um, J.Y., Shanmugam, M.K., Arfuso, F., Kumar, A.P., Bishayee, A., Ahn, K.S., (2017). The role of resveratrol in cancer therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18(12), 2589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122589
Kostrzewa-Susłow, E., Janeczko, T., (2012). Microbial transformations of 7‐hydroxyflavanone. The Scientific World Journal. 2012(1), 254929. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/254929
Kumar, P.P., Kumaravel, S., Lalitha, C., (2010). Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and GC-MS study of Vitex negundo. African Journal of Biochemistry Research. 4(7), 191-195.
Kumar, R., Gupta, L., Pal, P., Khan, S., Singh, N., Katiyar, S.B., Meena, S., Sarkar, J., Sinha, S., Kanaujiya, J.K., Lochab, S., Trivedi, A.K., Chauhan, P.M.S, (2010). Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of (tetrahydro-β-carboline)-1, 3, 5-triazine hybrids as anticancer agents. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45(6), 2265-2276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.001
Li, L., Seeram, N.P., (2010). Maple syrup phytochemicals include lignans, coumarins, a stilbene, and other previously unreported antioxidant phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58(22), 11673-11679. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1033398
McCormack, D., McFadden, D., (2012). Pterostilbene and cancer: current review. Journal of Surgical Research. 173(2), 301-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.09.054
Moraes, D.F.C., de Mesquita, L.S.S., do Amaral, F.M.M., de Sousa Ribeiro, M.N., Malik, S., (2017). Anticancer drugs from plants. Biotechnology and Production of Anticancer Compounds.121-142.
Mosmann, T., (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65(1-2), pp.55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
Naeem, A., Hu, P., Yang, M., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Zhu, W., & Zheng, Q. (2022). Natural products as anticancer agents: current status and future perspectives. Molecules, 27(23), 8367. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238367
Naji, E.F., Abdulfatah, H.F., Hashim, K.S., (2024). Plant Secondary Metabolites, Their Classification and Biological Roles: A Review. Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science. 18(1). https://doi.org/10.37652/juaps.2023.144549.1164
Ravi, L., Krishnan, K., (2017). Cytotoxic potential of N-hexadecanoic acid extracted from Kigelia pinnata leaves. Asian Journal of Cell Biology. 12, 20-27. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajcb.2017.20.27
Retnosari, R., Lestari, A., Marfu’ah, S., Santoso, A., Sukarianingsih, D., Rosidah, Y.A., (2021). Synthesis of 9-(4-bromophenyl)-3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1, 8 (2H)-dione using lime and lemon juice as a green catalyst and its antioxidant activity. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2353(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0052653
Reza, A.A., Haque, M.A., Sarker, J., Nasrin, M.S., Rahman, M.M., Tareq, A.M., Khan, Z., Rashid, M., Sadik, M.G., Tsukahara, T., Alam, A.K., (2021). Antiproliferative and antioxidant potentials of bioactive edible vegetable fraction of Achyranthes ferrugineaRoxb. in cancer cell line. Food Science & Nutrition. 9(7), 3777-3805. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2343
Roy, P.S., Saikia, B., (2016). Cancer and cure: A critical analysis. Indian Journal of Cancer. 53(3), 441-442. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.200658
Saboo, S.S., Chavan, R.W., Tapadiya, G.G., Khadabadi, S.S., (2014). An important ethnomedicinal plant Balanites aegyptiaca Del. American Journal of Ethnomedicine. 1(3), 122-128.
Sasidharan, S., Sreenivasan, Y., Chen, D., Saravanan, K., Sundram, K.M., Yoga Latha, L., (2011). Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 8(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60483
Sherif, S., Emara, N., (2016). Anticancer activity of Balanitis aegyptiaca extract on human hepatoma cells and prostate cell line culture. Int J PharmTech Res. 9. 2455-9563.
Sudhakar, A., (2009). History of cancer, ancient and modern treatment methods. Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy. 1(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5956.1000 00e2
Tesfaye, A., (2015). Balanites (Balanites aegyptiaca) Del., multipurpose tree: a prospective review. International Journal of Modern Chemistry and Applied Science. 2(3), 189-194.
Abu Bakar, M.F., Ahmad, N.E., Suleiman, M., Rahmat, A., Isha, A., (2015). Garcinia dulcis fruit extract induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 liver cancer cell line. Biomed Research International. 2015, 916902. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/916902
Ahmad, H., Rajagopal, K., (2015). Pharmacology of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Medicinal Plant Research. 5(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.5376/mpr.2015.05.0003
Al-Khayri, J.M., Mascarenhas, R., Harish, H.M., Gowda, Y., Lakshmaiah, V.V., Nagella, P., Al-Mssallem, M.Q., Alessa, F.M., Almaghasla, M.I., Rezk, A.A.S., (2023). Stilbenes, a versatile class of natural metabolites for inflammation—an overview. Molecules. 28(9), 3786. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093786
Al-Malki, A.L., Barbour, E.K., Abulnaja, K.O., Moselhy, S.S., Kumosani, T.A., Choudhry, H., (2016). Balanites aegyptiaca protection against proliferation of different cancer cell line. African Journal of Traditional and Complementary Alternative Medicine. 13(2), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v13i2.2
Al-Thobaiti, S. A., & Abu Zeid, I. M. (2018). Medicinal properties of desert date plants (Balanites aegyptiaca)-an overview. Global Journal of Pharmacology, 12(1), 01-12. 10.5829/idosi.gjp.2018.01.12
Ames, B.N., Gold, L.S., (1997). The causes and prevention of cancer: gaining perspective. Environmental Health Perspect. 105(4), 865-873. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.97105s4865
Anokwuru, C.P., Anyasor, G.N., Ajibaye, O., Fakoya, O., Okebugwu, P., (2011). Effect of extraction solvents on phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activities of three Nigerian medicinal plants. Nature and Science. 9(7), 53-61.
Anulika, N.P., Ignatius, E.O., Raymond, E.S., Osasere, O.I., Abiola, A.H., (2016). The chemistry of natural product: Plant secondary metabolites. International Journal Of Technology Enhancements And Emerging Engineering Research. 4(8), 1-9.
Atmakuri, L.R., Dathi, S., (2010). Current trends in herbal medicines. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 3(1), 109-113.
Brahmi, F., Dahmoune, F., Kadri, N., Chibane, M., Dairi, S., Remini, H. Oukmanou-Bensidhoum, S., Mouni, L., Madani, K., (2017). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of two Algerian Mentha species M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds, M. pulegium L., extracted with different solvents. Journal of Complementrary and Integrative Medicine. 14(4), 20160064. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2016-0064
Devgun, M., Nanda, A., Ansari, S., (2009). Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.-A comprehensive review. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 3(6), 359-367. http://www.phcogrev.com/temp/PhcogRev36359-1004536_024725.pdf
Dutta, S., Ray, S., (2020). Comparative assessment of total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activities of bark and leaf methanolic extracts of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 32(1), 643-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2018.09.015
Ebadi, A., Karimi, A., Bahmani, A., Najafi, Z., Chehardoli, G., (2024). Novel Xanthene‐1, 8‐dione Derivatives Containing the Benzylic Ether Tail as Potent Cytotoxic Agents: Design, Synthesis, In Vitro, and In Silico Studies. Journal of Chemistry. 2024(1), 6612503. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6612503
Hassan, L.E.A., Dahham, S.S., Saghir, S.A.M., Mohammed, A.M., Eltayeb, N.M., Majid, A.M.S.A., Majid, A.S.A., (2016). Chemotherapeutic potentials of the stem bark of Balanite aegyptiaca (L.) Delile: an antiangiogenic, antitumor and antioxidant agent. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 16, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1369-5
Ho, J.W., Leung, Y., Chan, C., (2002). Herbal medicine in the treatment of cancer. Current Medicinal Chemistry- Anticancer Agents. 2(2), 209-214. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568011023354164
Huang, W.Y., Cai, Y.Z., Zhang, Y., (2009). Natural phenolic compounds from medicinal herbs and dietary plants: potential use for cancer prevention. Nutrition and Cancer. 62(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580903191585
Ibrahim, O.H., Al-Qurashi, A.D., Asiry, K.A., Mousa, M.A., Alhakamy, N.A., Abo-Elyousr, K.A., (2022). Investigation of potential in vitro anticancer and antimicrobial activities of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) delile fruit extract and its phytochemical components. Plants. 11(19), 2621. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192621
International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 2022, https://www.iarc.who.int/
Jose, A., Chaitanya, M.V., Kannan, E., Madhunapantula, S.V., (2018). Tricaproin isolated from Simarouba glauca inhibits the growth of human colorectal carcinoma cell lines by targeting class-1 histone deacetylases. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9, 127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00127
Juneious, C.E., Rani, E., (2014). Molecular biological determination of PKC inhibitory effects of 1, 2, 3-propanetriol monoacetate produced form marine sponge associated bacteria. In: 3rd International Conference on Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Genomics. 2014, 3, 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-5073.S1.016
Katiyar, D., Singh, V., Ali, M., (2016). Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Pterocarpus marsupium: A review. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 5(4), 31-39.
Khalil, M. I., Agamy, A. F., Elshewemi, S. S., Sultan, A. S., & Abdelmeguid, N. E. (2023). Pterostilbene induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Biochemical, pathological, and molecular markers. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 30(8), 103717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103717
Ko, J.H., Sethi, G., Um, J.Y., Shanmugam, M.K., Arfuso, F., Kumar, A.P., Bishayee, A., Ahn, K.S., (2017). The role of resveratrol in cancer therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18(12), 2589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122589
Kostrzewa-Susłow, E., Janeczko, T., (2012). Microbial transformations of 7‐hydroxyflavanone. The Scientific World Journal. 2012(1), 254929. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/254929
Kumar, P.P., Kumaravel, S., Lalitha, C., (2010). Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and GC-MS study of Vitex negundo. African Journal of Biochemistry Research. 4(7), 191-195.
Kumar, R., Gupta, L., Pal, P., Khan, S., Singh, N., Katiyar, S.B., Meena, S., Sarkar, J., Sinha, S., Kanaujiya, J.K., Lochab, S., Trivedi, A.K., Chauhan, P.M.S, (2010). Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of (tetrahydro-β-carboline)-1, 3, 5-triazine hybrids as anticancer agents. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45(6), 2265-2276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.001
Li, L., Seeram, N.P., (2010). Maple syrup phytochemicals include lignans, coumarins, a stilbene, and other previously unreported antioxidant phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58(22), 11673-11679. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1033398
McCormack, D., McFadden, D., (2012). Pterostilbene and cancer: current review. Journal of Surgical Research. 173(2), 301-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.09.054
Moraes, D.F.C., de Mesquita, L.S.S., do Amaral, F.M.M., de Sousa Ribeiro, M.N., Malik, S., (2017). Anticancer drugs from plants. Biotechnology and Production of Anticancer Compounds.121-142.
Mosmann, T., (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65(1-2), pp.55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
Naeem, A., Hu, P., Yang, M., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Zhu, W., & Zheng, Q. (2022). Natural products as anticancer agents: current status and future perspectives. Molecules, 27(23), 8367. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238367
Naji, E.F., Abdulfatah, H.F., Hashim, K.S., (2024). Plant Secondary Metabolites, Their Classification and Biological Roles: A Review. Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science. 18(1). https://doi.org/10.37652/juaps.2023.144549.1164
Ravi, L., Krishnan, K., (2017). Cytotoxic potential of N-hexadecanoic acid extracted from Kigelia pinnata leaves. Asian Journal of Cell Biology. 12, 20-27. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajcb.2017.20.27
Retnosari, R., Lestari, A., Marfu’ah, S., Santoso, A., Sukarianingsih, D., Rosidah, Y.A., (2021). Synthesis of 9-(4-bromophenyl)-3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1, 8 (2H)-dione using lime and lemon juice as a green catalyst and its antioxidant activity. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2353(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0052653
Reza, A.A., Haque, M.A., Sarker, J., Nasrin, M.S., Rahman, M.M., Tareq, A.M., Khan, Z., Rashid, M., Sadik, M.G., Tsukahara, T., Alam, A.K., (2021). Antiproliferative and antioxidant potentials of bioactive edible vegetable fraction of Achyranthes ferrugineaRoxb. in cancer cell line. Food Science & Nutrition. 9(7), 3777-3805. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2343
Roy, P.S., Saikia, B., (2016). Cancer and cure: A critical analysis. Indian Journal of Cancer. 53(3), 441-442. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.200658
Saboo, S.S., Chavan, R.W., Tapadiya, G.G., Khadabadi, S.S., (2014). An important ethnomedicinal plant Balanites aegyptiaca Del. American Journal of Ethnomedicine. 1(3), 122-128.
Sasidharan, S., Sreenivasan, Y., Chen, D., Saravanan, K., Sundram, K.M., Yoga Latha, L., (2011). Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 8(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60483
Sherif, S., Emara, N., (2016). Anticancer activity of Balanitis aegyptiaca extract on human hepatoma cells and prostate cell line culture. Int J PharmTech Res. 9. 2455-9563.
Sudhakar, A., (2009). History of cancer, ancient and modern treatment methods. Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy. 1(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5956.1000 00e2
Tesfaye, A., (2015). Balanites (Balanites aegyptiaca) Del., multipurpose tree: a prospective review. International Journal of Modern Chemistry and Applied Science. 2(3), 189-194.
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Active phytoconstituents from Balanites aegyptiaca and Pterocarpus marsupium and their role in antioxidant defense and cytotoxicity against liver (HepG2) and brain (U87MG) cancer cell lines. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(2), 561-573. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i2.6493
