Storage and shelf-life evaluation of Indian spinach beet (Beta vulgaris cv. Pusa Bharati) employing various packaging materials
Article Main
Abstract
Leafy vegetables are a common source of vitamins and minerals in the human diet; however, they have a short shelf life due to their high metabolic activity and poor storage conditions. Considering this point, the storage and shelf-life studies of Indian spinach beet (Beta vulgaris cv. Pusa Bharati) were executed under three storage conditions, i.e. ambient temperature (S0), Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) (S1) and Cold Room (S3) in combination with packaging material [Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) perforated (P1) and non-perforated (P2); Biodegradable perforated (P3) and non-perforated (P4); banana leaf (P5)]. The interaction between storage and packaging was studied by examining the effect on physicochemical characteristics, such as physiological loss in weight (PLW), ascorbic acid content (AA), spoilage, and overall acceptability, to evaluate quality and shelf life. It was observed that PLW% increased rapidly and AA decreased rapidly in ambient conditions across all treatments. In Cold room conditions, a minimum increase in PLW% and a minimum decrease in AA were recorded, with the highest mean coupled with LDPE. S2P2 obtained the highest overall acceptability score, extending the shelf life of produce up to 8 days. S1P0 recorded the minimum increase in PLW and the minimum decrease in firmness, and AA extended shelf life by up to 4 days. However, in terms of overall profit in storing vegetables in different systems, S1P0 showed a higher Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratio than the other conditions. Furthermore, S1P5 and S2P5 showed similar results to S1P2 and S2P2, acting as a barrier to minimize metabolic activity for a shorter duration.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Banana leaf packaging, Indian Spinach Beet, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), low temperature, Physiological loss in weight (PLW), Zero Energy Cool Chamber(ZECC)
References
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Ambuko, J., Wanjiru, F., Cheminingwa, G.N. , Owino, W.O. & Mwachoni, E. (2017). Preservation of postharvest quality of leafy amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) vegetables using evaporative cooling. J. Food Qual., pp. 1-7, 10.1155/2017/5303156
Brandl, M.T. & Mandrell, R.E. (2022). Fitness of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson in the cilantro phyllosphere. App. Env. Micro Biology., 68:3614-362
Burton, W.G. (1978). Biochemical and physiological effects of modified atmospheres and their role in quality maintenance', in: Hultin H O and Milner M (Eds.), Postharvest Biology and Biotechnology, FNP, Westport CT, 1978.
Buthelezi, N. M. D. & Mafeo., T. P. (2024). Effect of perforated low-density polyethylene films on postharvest quality of avocado fruit, Heliyon, 10(5), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27656.
Camelo, A.F.L. (2004). Manual for preparation and sale of fruits and vegetables from field to market, Agricultural Service Bulletin 151, FAO 2004, https://www.fao.org/4/y4893e/y4893e06.htm
Chen, L., Zhu, Y., Hu, Z., Wu, S., & Jin, C. (2021). Beetroot as a functional food with huge health benefits: Antioxidant, antitumor, physical function, and chronic metabolomics activity. Food Sci Nutr., 9;9(11):6406-6420.
Chen, N., Wei, W., Yang, Y., Chen, L., Shan, W., Chen, J., Lu, W., Kuang, J., & Wu, C. (2024). Postharvest Physiology and Handling of Guava Fruit. Foods , 13, 805. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050805
Dash, C.D., Sushree, T., Mohapatra, G.M., Majhi, A.J., & Ghosal, M.K. (2016). Storability and economics studies for cultivating and short-term storage of leafy vegetables (greens) in zero energy cool chamber with gravity fed micro-dripper watering system under coastal conditions. Environment and Ecology, 34(4), 1818-1824.
Forero-Cabrera, N., Pacheco, S. G., Rivera-Acosta, J., Silva Dimaté, A. S. & Sánchez-Sáenz, C. (2017). Banana leaf as packaging of lulo for different storage temperatures and the effects on postharvest characteristics. Agronomía Colombiana, 35. 107. 10.15446/agron.colomb.v35n1.64135.
Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations (FAO) (1989). Prevention of post-harvest food losses fruits, vegetables and root crops a training manual. ISBN 92-5-102766-8
Garande, V., Raut, P.D., Shinde, U.S., Dhumal, S., Sonawane, P.N. & Sarvade, S.A. (2019). Studies on Storage Behavior of Primary Processed Leafy Vegetables under Different Storage Conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8. 2249-2272. 10.20546/ijcmas.2019.806.268.
Ghosal, M.K., Titikshya, S. & Mohapatra, G.M. (2019). Studies on Short-Term Storage of Leafy Vegetable (Spinach) in Zero Energy Cool Chamber with Gravity Fed Micro-Dripper Watering System. South Asian Res J Agri Fish., 1(3). 86-90 DOI: 10.36346/SARJAF.2019.v01i03.003
Indore, H.D., Garande, V.K., Dhumal, S. S., Patgaonkar D.R., Patil, V. S. & Sonawane, P. N. (2016). Effect of packaging materials and storage conditions on shelf life and quality of okra. Int. J. of Adv. Res., 4(11):257-265 DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/2078
Jaggi, M. P., R. Sharma & V. Sahiba. (2005). Acceptability of spinach (Spinacea oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonellafoenumgraecum L.) stored in flexible consumer packets. J. Dairying and Home Sci., 24(2):137-141.
Johnson, B.C. (1948). Methods of Vitamin Determination, Burges Publishing Co., Minnea polis, p. 98
Kad, V., Yenge, G. & Shelke, G. (2022). Studies on Packaging and Storage of Green Capsicum (Cv. Indra) at Different Storage Conditions. Journal of Agriculture Research and Technology., 47. 306-315. Doi:10.56228/JART.2022.47310.
Kader, A.A. (2002). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, third edition. Uni. of Cal., Agri. and Natural Res., Publication No. 3311. pp: 535.
Kamal, S. K. & Pandey, D. K. (2018). Zero energy cool chambers for extending the shelf-life of green vegetables. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ; 7(2): 3555-3556
Krishnakumar, T. & Dayanandakumar. (2002). Design of cold storage for fruits and vegetables. 10.13140/RG.2.2.14335.82082.
Lee, S. & Kader, A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing Vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 20. 207-220. 10.1016/S1925-5214(00)00133-2.
Mahajan, B.V., Dhillon, W.S., Kumar, M., & Singh, B. (2015). Effect of different packaging films on shelf life and quality of peach under super and ordinary market conditions. J Food Sci Technol., ;52(6):3756-62. doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1382-y. Epub 2014 Jun 13. PMID: 26028760; PMCID: PMC4444870.
Mahara, G. & Karki, A. (2024). Packaging Materials and Their Effect on Shelf Life and Quality of Banana in Kailali District of Nepal. South Asian Research Journal of Agriculture and Fisheries. 6. 42-52. 10.36346/sarjaf.2024.v06i03.002.
Majubwa, R. O., Msogoya, T., Mtui, H. D. & Shango, A. J. (2022). CoolBot Coldroom Technology Enhance Postharvest Quality and Shelf-life of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Fruits. Proceedings of the 2nd SUA Scientific Conference on Research and Technological Innovations Towards Transformation of Lower Middle Income Countries, 21. 11-21.
Mohammed, M., Wilson, L.A. & Gomes, P.I.(1999). Postharvest sensory and physiochemical attributes of processing and nonprocessing tomato cultivars. J Food Qual., ;22:167–182. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00549.x.
Murcia, W. A., Jiménez-Monreal, A.M., Gonzalez, J., Martínez-Tomé,M. (2020). Spinach, Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fruits and Vegetables, Academic Press, Pages 181-195, ISBN 9780128127803, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812780-3.00011-8.
Panse, V. G. & P. V. Sukhatme. (1985). Statistical Methods of Agricultural Workers, ICAR, New Delhi. pp. 143-147.
Paulus, D., Ferreira, S., & Becker, D. (2021). Preservation and post-harvest quality of okra using low density polyethylene. AIMS Agriculture and Food., 6. 321-336. 10.3934/agrfood.2021020.
Prasad, B.V.G., Chakravorty, S., Rao, P., & Deb, P. (2018). Effect of Post-harvest Treatments and Packaging on Spinach Beet (Beta vulgaris var bengalensis
Hort.) under Ambient Condition. Int. J. of Current Microbiology and App. Sci., 7. 711-20. 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.085.
Ranganna, S. (2014). Handbook of analysis and quality control for fruit and vegetable Products, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Rashwan, A.K., Younis, H.A., & Abdelshafy, A.M. (2024). Plant starch extraction, modification, and green applications: a review. Environ Chem Lett, 22, 2483–2530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01753-z
Roy, S. K. & Khurdiya, D. (1983). Zero energy cool chamber for storage of horticultural produce. Science in Service of Agriculture. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Roy, S.K. & Khurdiya, D.S. (1986). Studies on evaporatively cooled zero energy input cool chamber for Storage of horticultural produce. Indian Food Packer., 40 : 26–31 .
Roy, S.K. & Pal, R.K. (1991). A low cost zero energy cool chamber for short term storage of mango. Acta Horticulture., 291(1): 519-24
Sharma, R. & Thakur, A. (2019). Innovations in Packaging for Enhancing Shelf Life of Horticultural Produce. Conference: National Seminar on Doubling Income Through Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture At: Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Sharma, M., Lakshman, S., Ferguson, S., Ingram, D.T., Luo, Y. & Patel, J. (2011). Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the persistence and expression of virulence factors of Escherichia coli 0157: H7 on shredded iceberg lettuce. J. Food Prot., 74(5): 718-726
Shende, S.M. (2018). Design of Cold Storage‖, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5(9), e-ISSN: 2395- 0056.
Singh, R.K.P. & Satapathy, K. K. (2006). Performance evaluation of zero energy cool chamber in hilly region, Agric Eng Today., 30(5–6), 2006.
Singh, S., Jakhwal, R., Tomar, S. Tomer, H., S. &Kumar, R.,(2022). Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) for Extending Shelf-life of Vegetables. The Agriculture Magzine, 1(11).
Yadav, R.T., Yadav, A.N., Ghag, K. S. & Gavnang, M.R. (2010). Comparative study of low cost evaporative cooling system for storage of tomato, International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 3 (2), Oct. 2010: 199-204.
Ambuko, J., Wanjiru, F., Cheminingwa, G.N. , Owino, W.O. & Mwachoni, E. (2017). Preservation of postharvest quality of leafy amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) vegetables using evaporative cooling. J. Food Qual., pp. 1-7, 10.1155/2017/5303156
Brandl, M.T. & Mandrell, R.E. (2022). Fitness of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson in the cilantro phyllosphere. App. Env. Micro Biology., 68:3614-362
Burton, W.G. (1978). Biochemical and physiological effects of modified atmospheres and their role in quality maintenance', in: Hultin H O and Milner M (Eds.), Postharvest Biology and Biotechnology, FNP, Westport CT, 1978.
Buthelezi, N. M. D. & Mafeo., T. P. (2024). Effect of perforated low-density polyethylene films on postharvest quality of avocado fruit, Heliyon, 10(5), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27656.
Camelo, A.F.L. (2004). Manual for preparation and sale of fruits and vegetables from field to market, Agricultural Service Bulletin 151, FAO 2004, https://www.fao.org/4/y4893e/y4893e06.htm
Chen, L., Zhu, Y., Hu, Z., Wu, S., & Jin, C. (2021). Beetroot as a functional food with huge health benefits: Antioxidant, antitumor, physical function, and chronic metabolomics activity. Food Sci Nutr., 9;9(11):6406-6420.
Chen, N., Wei, W., Yang, Y., Chen, L., Shan, W., Chen, J., Lu, W., Kuang, J., & Wu, C. (2024). Postharvest Physiology and Handling of Guava Fruit. Foods , 13, 805. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050805
Dash, C.D., Sushree, T., Mohapatra, G.M., Majhi, A.J., & Ghosal, M.K. (2016). Storability and economics studies for cultivating and short-term storage of leafy vegetables (greens) in zero energy cool chamber with gravity fed micro-dripper watering system under coastal conditions. Environment and Ecology, 34(4), 1818-1824.
Forero-Cabrera, N., Pacheco, S. G., Rivera-Acosta, J., Silva Dimaté, A. S. & Sánchez-Sáenz, C. (2017). Banana leaf as packaging of lulo for different storage temperatures and the effects on postharvest characteristics. Agronomía Colombiana, 35. 107. 10.15446/agron.colomb.v35n1.64135.
Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations (FAO) (1989). Prevention of post-harvest food losses fruits, vegetables and root crops a training manual. ISBN 92-5-102766-8
Garande, V., Raut, P.D., Shinde, U.S., Dhumal, S., Sonawane, P.N. & Sarvade, S.A. (2019). Studies on Storage Behavior of Primary Processed Leafy Vegetables under Different Storage Conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8. 2249-2272. 10.20546/ijcmas.2019.806.268.
Ghosal, M.K., Titikshya, S. & Mohapatra, G.M. (2019). Studies on Short-Term Storage of Leafy Vegetable (Spinach) in Zero Energy Cool Chamber with Gravity Fed Micro-Dripper Watering System. South Asian Res J Agri Fish., 1(3). 86-90 DOI: 10.36346/SARJAF.2019.v01i03.003
Indore, H.D., Garande, V.K., Dhumal, S. S., Patgaonkar D.R., Patil, V. S. & Sonawane, P. N. (2016). Effect of packaging materials and storage conditions on shelf life and quality of okra. Int. J. of Adv. Res., 4(11):257-265 DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/2078
Jaggi, M. P., R. Sharma & V. Sahiba. (2005). Acceptability of spinach (Spinacea oleracea) and fenugreek (Trigonellafoenumgraecum L.) stored in flexible consumer packets. J. Dairying and Home Sci., 24(2):137-141.
Johnson, B.C. (1948). Methods of Vitamin Determination, Burges Publishing Co., Minnea polis, p. 98
Kad, V., Yenge, G. & Shelke, G. (2022). Studies on Packaging and Storage of Green Capsicum (Cv. Indra) at Different Storage Conditions. Journal of Agriculture Research and Technology., 47. 306-315. Doi:10.56228/JART.2022.47310.
Kader, A.A. (2002). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, third edition. Uni. of Cal., Agri. and Natural Res., Publication No. 3311. pp: 535.
Kamal, S. K. & Pandey, D. K. (2018). Zero energy cool chambers for extending the shelf-life of green vegetables. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ; 7(2): 3555-3556
Krishnakumar, T. & Dayanandakumar. (2002). Design of cold storage for fruits and vegetables. 10.13140/RG.2.2.14335.82082.
Lee, S. & Kader, A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing Vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 20. 207-220. 10.1016/S1925-5214(00)00133-2.
Mahajan, B.V., Dhillon, W.S., Kumar, M., & Singh, B. (2015). Effect of different packaging films on shelf life and quality of peach under super and ordinary market conditions. J Food Sci Technol., ;52(6):3756-62. doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1382-y. Epub 2014 Jun 13. PMID: 26028760; PMCID: PMC4444870.
Mahara, G. & Karki, A. (2024). Packaging Materials and Their Effect on Shelf Life and Quality of Banana in Kailali District of Nepal. South Asian Research Journal of Agriculture and Fisheries. 6. 42-52. 10.36346/sarjaf.2024.v06i03.002.
Majubwa, R. O., Msogoya, T., Mtui, H. D. & Shango, A. J. (2022). CoolBot Coldroom Technology Enhance Postharvest Quality and Shelf-life of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Fruits. Proceedings of the 2nd SUA Scientific Conference on Research and Technological Innovations Towards Transformation of Lower Middle Income Countries, 21. 11-21.
Mohammed, M., Wilson, L.A. & Gomes, P.I.(1999). Postharvest sensory and physiochemical attributes of processing and nonprocessing tomato cultivars. J Food Qual., ;22:167–182. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00549.x.
Murcia, W. A., Jiménez-Monreal, A.M., Gonzalez, J., Martínez-Tomé,M. (2020). Spinach, Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fruits and Vegetables, Academic Press, Pages 181-195, ISBN 9780128127803, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812780-3.00011-8.
Panse, V. G. & P. V. Sukhatme. (1985). Statistical Methods of Agricultural Workers, ICAR, New Delhi. pp. 143-147.
Paulus, D., Ferreira, S., & Becker, D. (2021). Preservation and post-harvest quality of okra using low density polyethylene. AIMS Agriculture and Food., 6. 321-336. 10.3934/agrfood.2021020.
Prasad, B.V.G., Chakravorty, S., Rao, P., & Deb, P. (2018). Effect of Post-harvest Treatments and Packaging on Spinach Beet (Beta vulgaris var bengalensis
Hort.) under Ambient Condition. Int. J. of Current Microbiology and App. Sci., 7. 711-20. 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.085.
Ranganna, S. (2014). Handbook of analysis and quality control for fruit and vegetable Products, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Rashwan, A.K., Younis, H.A., & Abdelshafy, A.M. (2024). Plant starch extraction, modification, and green applications: a review. Environ Chem Lett, 22, 2483–2530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01753-z
Roy, S. K. & Khurdiya, D. (1983). Zero energy cool chamber for storage of horticultural produce. Science in Service of Agriculture. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Roy, S.K. & Khurdiya, D.S. (1986). Studies on evaporatively cooled zero energy input cool chamber for Storage of horticultural produce. Indian Food Packer., 40 : 26–31 .
Roy, S.K. & Pal, R.K. (1991). A low cost zero energy cool chamber for short term storage of mango. Acta Horticulture., 291(1): 519-24
Sharma, R. & Thakur, A. (2019). Innovations in Packaging for Enhancing Shelf Life of Horticultural Produce. Conference: National Seminar on Doubling Income Through Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture At: Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Sharma, M., Lakshman, S., Ferguson, S., Ingram, D.T., Luo, Y. & Patel, J. (2011). Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the persistence and expression of virulence factors of Escherichia coli 0157: H7 on shredded iceberg lettuce. J. Food Prot., 74(5): 718-726
Shende, S.M. (2018). Design of Cold Storage‖, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5(9), e-ISSN: 2395- 0056.
Singh, R.K.P. & Satapathy, K. K. (2006). Performance evaluation of zero energy cool chamber in hilly region, Agric Eng Today., 30(5–6), 2006.
Singh, S., Jakhwal, R., Tomar, S. Tomer, H., S. &Kumar, R.,(2022). Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) for Extending Shelf-life of Vegetables. The Agriculture Magzine, 1(11).
Yadav, R.T., Yadav, A.N., Ghag, K. S. & Gavnang, M.R. (2010). Comparative study of low cost evaporative cooling system for storage of tomato, International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 3 (2), Oct. 2010: 199-204.
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Storage and shelf-life evaluation of Indian spinach beet (Beta vulgaris cv. Pusa Bharati) employing various packaging materials. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(3), 992-1002. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6438
