Alterations in haemato-biochemical indices in Trypanosoma sp. infected fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)
Article Main
Abstract
Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala, is an important food fish in India. There is little evidence available about the effects of trypanosomiasis on the haemato-biochemical characteristic of C. mrigalaThe present study aimed to determine the Prevalence of Trypanosoma in C. mrigala and haemato-biochemical alterations that occur in trypanosoma-infected C. mrigala. The fish samples were collected from various ponds and natural water bodies in the Balrampur district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The blood samples were collected from the caudal fin of fish to identify infection and analyse alterations in haemato-biochemical indices. The recorded data was subjected to biostatistical analysis. Prevalence of Trypanosoma in C. mrigala was 35.56%. Haemato-biochemical analysis showed that Trypanosoma-infected fish had significantly lower red blood corpuscles (RBC) counts (0.62 x 106 x 106 /mm3; p<0.05) and Hb% (5.82; p<0.05). The PCV% (25.8 ), MCHC% (24.52), serum glucose content (59.43 mg/dL), and serum protein content (20.24 mg/dL) of the infected fish were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those of non-infected fish. TLC (12.54 x 103 /mm3), MCV (274.8 µm%), and MCH (96.7 pg) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in Trypanosoma-infected fish. The percentage of monocytes (7.72%), eosinophils (1.48%), neutrophils (7.32%), and triglycerides level (429.14 mg/dL) was significantly higher (p<0.01) in fishes infected with Trypanosoma. The study highlights the physiological impact of parasites on fish health. This recommends regular monitoring of hematological and biochemical indices in aquaculture. This strategic planning can help to prevent fish mortality, ensure sustainable fisheries, and safeguard economic benefits for fish farmers and food security for society.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Biochemistry, Cirrhinus mrigala, Fish parasites, Haematology, Trypanosoma spp..
References
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Ahmed H.S.H. & Mohammed B.E. (2011). Prevalence of trypanosome infection in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias lazera from fish farms and reservoir of Jebel Aulia dam in Sudan. World's Veterinary Journal, 1(1), 14-16.
Aly, A.A., Manal, Makhlouf, M. & Derwa, H.I. (2005). Biochemical and pathological studies on trypanosomiasis among catfish “Clarias gariepenus”. Journal of Veterinary Medical Research, 15(2), 47-51. https://doi.org/10.21608/JVMR.2005.77930.
Bag, S.K., Chakraborty, J. & Bandyopadhyay, P.K. (2011). Changes in haematological parameters in trypanosome infected Clarias batrachus (L.) in West Bengal. 22nd National Congress of Parasitology, Dept. of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, W.B.
Barnes, H. & Blackstock, J. (1973). Estimation of lipids in marine animals and tissues: Detailed investigation of the sulphosphovanillin method for ' total' lipids. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 12, 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(73)90040-3.
Brown, B.A. (1980). Haematology- Principle and procedure. Lea and Fabinger, Philadelphia. 461p.
Chakraborty, N.M., Kumariah, P. & Routray, P. (2000). Occurrence of fish diseases in tanks and ponds in Karnataka. Environment and Ecology,18,1001-1006.
Chong, R. (2005). Trypanosomiasis in cultured Epinephelus areolatus. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 25(1), 32-35.
Dacie, J.V. & Lewis, S.M. (2001). Practical haematology (9th edition). Churchill Livingstone, London. 633p.
Ellis, J., Barratt, J., Kaufer, A., Pearn, L., Armstrong, B., Johnson, M., Park, Y., Downey, L., Cao, M., Neill, L., Lee, R., Ellis, B., Tyler, K., Lun, Z.R. & Stark, D. (2021). A new subspecies of Trypanosoma cyclops found in the Australian terrestrial leech Chtonobdella bilineata. Parasitology, 148(10), 1125-1136. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182021000639.
Fudjimoto, R.Y., Neves, M.S., Santos, R.F.B., Souza, N.C., Do Couto, M.V.S., Lopes, J.N.S., Diniz, D.G. & Eiras, J.C. (2013). Morphological and hematological studies of Trypanosoma spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guama River-Pa, Brazil. Anasis de Academia Brasilcira Cidencias, 85(3):1149-1156. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000039.
Gupta, N. & Jairajpuri, D.S. (1983). Trypanosoma batrachi Qadri, 1962 and its effect on the biochemical composition of the blood of Clarias batrachus. Acta Protozoologica, 22, 79-85.
Gupta, N., Gupta, D.K. & Saraswat, H. (2000). Hypoglycemia in Heteropneustes fossilis parasitized by two new species of parasites (Trypanosoma karelensis n. sp. and Myxosoma fossili n. sp.). Proceedings of National Symposium on Fish Health Management and Sustainable Aquaculture. Pantnagar, UP, Chauhan, R.S. & Sharma, A.P. (Eds.). pp 179-186.
Gupta D.K., Gupta N. & Gupta A. (2002). Dimorphism of Trypanosoma in Heteropneustes fossilis and its role in inducing haematological aberrations. Flora and Fauna, 8, 3-6.
Gupta, N. (2006). Historical review of piscine trypanosomiasis and survey of Indian Trypanosoma. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 30(2), 101-115.
Gupta, D.K., Gupta, N. & Yadav, P. (2003). Trypanosoma piscidium n.sp. and its role in inducing anywhere in Colisa fasciatus. In: Biodiversity conservation, environmental pollution and ecology Volume 2 (eds, Panday, B.N., Choudhary, R.K. & Singh, B.K.). APH Publishing Corporation New Delhi. pp. 127-133.
Gupta, D.K., Gupta, N. & Gangwar, R. (2006). Two new species of Trypanosoma from freshwater fish (Heteropnueutes fossilis and Channa punctaus) from Bareilly, India. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 30, 58-63.
Hansen, H. (2000). Infection of haemoflagellates (Protozoa, Kinetoplastida) in freshwater fish from the Lake Vannsjo, Norway. Candadian Scientist Thesis in Parasitology, University of Oslo, Zoological Museum, Sarsgate, Oslo. N-0562.
Hayes, P.M., Lawton, S.P., Smit, N.J., Gibson, W.C., & Davies, A.J. (2014). Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa, including its development in a leech vector. Parasites Vectors, 7, 50.
Hussain, S, Hassan, M.Z., Mukhtar, Y. & Saddiqui, BN (2003). Impact of level through mass media among the people of Faisalabad city. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 5, 660-661.
Jarallah, H.M. (2021). Study of haemoflagellates Trypanosoma sp. infection in some fish of Iraq marshes and relationship of leukocytes with inflammatory response.IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environtal Science, 877, 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012011.
Joshi, B.D. & Dabral, R. (1981). Some haematological changes in fresh water cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis, infected with the trypanosome, Trypanosoma maguri. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science, 90, 295-301
Lapirova, T.B. & Zabotkina, E.A. (2018). Effect of trypanosomiasis on hematologic characteristics of bream (Abramis brama). Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 9(3), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.15421/021845.
Lebelo S.L., Saunders D.K. & Crawford, T.G. (2001). Observations on blood viscosity in striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbam) associated with fish hatchery conditions. Kansas Academy of Science, 104, 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1660/0022-8443(2001)104[0183:OOBVIS]2.0.CO;2.
Lemos, M., Fermino, B.R., Simas-Rodrigues, C., Hoffman, L., Silva, R., Camargo, E.P., Teixeira, M.M.G. & Souto-Padron, T. (2015). Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species. Parasites Vectors, 8, 573. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. & Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biology and Chemistry,193(1), 265-275.
Mahasri, G., Koesdarto, S., Desi, K., Sari, P.W., Muhammad, B., Santamurti, Iqyu, W., Kandi, Selvi, D.S. & Fitri, M.A. (2019). Prevalence and intensity of Trypanosoma sp. in wild swamp eels (Synbranchus bengalensis) marketed in Surabaya, Indonesia, Biodiversitas, 20(11), 3262-3268. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201119.
Małgorzata, W., Elżbieta, K., Katarzyna, Ł. & Bartosz, B. (2022). Hematological methods in fish – Not only for beginners, Aquaculture,547, 737498, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.
Margolis, L., Esch, G.W, Holmer, J.C, Kuris, A.M. & Schad, G. A. (1982). The use of ecological terms in parasitology. Journal of Parasitology, 68, 131-133.
Martins, M.L., Tavares-Dias, M., Fujimoto, R.Y., Onaka, E.M. & Nomura, D.T. (2004). Haematological alterations of Leporinus macrocephalus (Osteichtyes: Aniskidae) in fish pond. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterináriae Zootecnia, 56, 640-646.
Mbaya, A., Kumshe, H. & Nwosu, C.O. (2012). The mechanisms of anemia in trypanosomosis: A review. In: Anaemia (ed, Silverbergs, D.S.) IntechOpen, London, U.K. pp. 269-281. https://doi.org/10.5772/29530.
Nandi, N.C., Nandi, R. & Mandal, A.K. (2002). Index catalogue and bibliography of protozoan parasites from Indian fishes: Supplement I. Occasional Paper No. 193. Records of the ZSI. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, p65.
Osman, H.A.M., Fadel, N.G. & Ali, A.T. (2009). Biochemical and histopathological alterations in catfish, Clarias gariepinus, infected with trypanosomiasis with special reference to immunization. Egypt Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinical Pathology, 22, 164-181.
Overath, P., Haag, J., Mameza, M.G. & Lischke, A. (1999). Freshwater fish trypanosomes: Definition of two types, host control by antibodies and lack of antigenic variation. Parasitology, 119(6), 591-601.
Palmer, L.J., Damgaard, C., Holmstrup, P. & Nielsen, C.H. (2016). Influence of complement on neutrophil extracellular trap release induced by bacteria. Journal of Periodontal Research, 51(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12284.
Parmar, A. & Prakash, S. (2022). Impact of ectoparasites on Haemato-biochemical indices of snake headed fishes. International Journal of Zoological Investigation, 8(2), 264-268. https://doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.057.
Prakash, S. & Verma, A.K. (2022). Population dynamics of crustacean parasites and their effects on the health status of fresh water cultivable fishes, International Journal of Entomology Research, 7(11), 23-26.
Qadri, S.S. (1962). The development in culture of Trypanosoma striate from Indian fish. Parasitology, 52, 229-235.
Rahma, F.W., Mahasri, G. & Surmartiwi, L. (2015). Effect of Sargassum sp. extract on erythrocyte amount and leukocytes differential in catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 7(2), 213-217. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v7i2.11209.
Ralston, K.S., Kabututu, Z.P., Melehani, J.H., Oberholzer, M. & Hill, K.L. (2009). The Trypanosoma brucei flagellum: moving parasites in new directions. Annual Review of Microbiology, 63, 335-362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073353.
Ramnik, S. (1994). Medical Laboratory Technology. 4th Editon. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi. 187p.
Rauthana, J.V.S., Purohitb, M.K. & Singh, S. (2022). Haematological and biochemical changes in freshwater zig-zag eel Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) infected with trypanosomes. Inventum Biologicum, 2(4), 121-125. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8015088.
Saad, M., Mahasri, G. & Satyantini, W.H. (2017). Production of carp Immunoglobulin-M exposed with whole protein from Myxobolus koi spore through feed as an immunostimulant. 1st International Conference on Implementation of Climate Change Agreement to Meet Sustainable Development Goals, Postgraduate School Universitas Airlangga. Atlantis Press. Surabaya.
Salasia, S.I.O, Sulanjari, D. & Ratnawati, A. (2001). Hematology study of freshwater fish. Biologi, 2(12), 710-723.
Santoso, B.B., Basuki, F. & Hastuti, S. (2013). Analysis of body resistance hybrid Nila Larasati (Oreochromis niloticus) generation 5 (F5) infected by Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria with different concentrations. Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology, 2(3), 64-75.
Shahi, N., Yousuf, A.R., Rather, M.I. Ahmad, F. & Yaseen, T. (2013). First report of blood parasites in fishes from Kashmir and their effect on the haematological profile. Open Veterinary Journal, 3(2), 89-95
Upadhyay, S.K. (2012). Transmission dynamics and environmental influence on food borne parasitic helminthes of the Gangetic plains and central west coast of India. Unpublished D.Phil Thesis, University of Allahabad, India. 400p.
Upadhyay, S.K. (2020). Parasitology: Taxonomy and bioecology. Write and Print Publications, New Delhi. 209p.
Upadhyay, S.K. (2023). Parasitology: Risks and challenges for health and sustainability. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York. 274p. https://doi.org/10.52305/IFHF7477.
Upadhyay, S.K., Singh, M. & Sharma, A.K. (2024). Therapeutic advances in human health and diseases. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York. 354p. https://doi.org/10.52305/LVLG8834.
Valentin, G. (1841). Überein Entozoon im Blute von Salmo fario. Archives of D.J. Müller, pp. 435-436.
Ahmed H.S.H. & Mohammed B.E. (2011). Prevalence of trypanosome infection in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias lazera from fish farms and reservoir of Jebel Aulia dam in Sudan. World's Veterinary Journal, 1(1), 14-16.
Aly, A.A., Manal, Makhlouf, M. & Derwa, H.I. (2005). Biochemical and pathological studies on trypanosomiasis among catfish “Clarias gariepenus”. Journal of Veterinary Medical Research, 15(2), 47-51. https://doi.org/10.21608/JVMR.2005.77930.
Bag, S.K., Chakraborty, J. & Bandyopadhyay, P.K. (2011). Changes in haematological parameters in trypanosome infected Clarias batrachus (L.) in West Bengal. 22nd National Congress of Parasitology, Dept. of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, W.B.
Barnes, H. & Blackstock, J. (1973). Estimation of lipids in marine animals and tissues: Detailed investigation of the sulphosphovanillin method for ' total' lipids. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 12, 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(73)90040-3.
Brown, B.A. (1980). Haematology- Principle and procedure. Lea and Fabinger, Philadelphia. 461p.
Chakraborty, N.M., Kumariah, P. & Routray, P. (2000). Occurrence of fish diseases in tanks and ponds in Karnataka. Environment and Ecology,18,1001-1006.
Chong, R. (2005). Trypanosomiasis in cultured Epinephelus areolatus. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 25(1), 32-35.
Dacie, J.V. & Lewis, S.M. (2001). Practical haematology (9th edition). Churchill Livingstone, London. 633p.
Ellis, J., Barratt, J., Kaufer, A., Pearn, L., Armstrong, B., Johnson, M., Park, Y., Downey, L., Cao, M., Neill, L., Lee, R., Ellis, B., Tyler, K., Lun, Z.R. & Stark, D. (2021). A new subspecies of Trypanosoma cyclops found in the Australian terrestrial leech Chtonobdella bilineata. Parasitology, 148(10), 1125-1136. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182021000639.
Fudjimoto, R.Y., Neves, M.S., Santos, R.F.B., Souza, N.C., Do Couto, M.V.S., Lopes, J.N.S., Diniz, D.G. & Eiras, J.C. (2013). Morphological and hematological studies of Trypanosoma spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guama River-Pa, Brazil. Anasis de Academia Brasilcira Cidencias, 85(3):1149-1156. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000039.
Gupta, N. & Jairajpuri, D.S. (1983). Trypanosoma batrachi Qadri, 1962 and its effect on the biochemical composition of the blood of Clarias batrachus. Acta Protozoologica, 22, 79-85.
Gupta, N., Gupta, D.K. & Saraswat, H. (2000). Hypoglycemia in Heteropneustes fossilis parasitized by two new species of parasites (Trypanosoma karelensis n. sp. and Myxosoma fossili n. sp.). Proceedings of National Symposium on Fish Health Management and Sustainable Aquaculture. Pantnagar, UP, Chauhan, R.S. & Sharma, A.P. (Eds.). pp 179-186.
Gupta D.K., Gupta N. & Gupta A. (2002). Dimorphism of Trypanosoma in Heteropneustes fossilis and its role in inducing haematological aberrations. Flora and Fauna, 8, 3-6.
Gupta, N. (2006). Historical review of piscine trypanosomiasis and survey of Indian Trypanosoma. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 30(2), 101-115.
Gupta, D.K., Gupta, N. & Yadav, P. (2003). Trypanosoma piscidium n.sp. and its role in inducing anywhere in Colisa fasciatus. In: Biodiversity conservation, environmental pollution and ecology Volume 2 (eds, Panday, B.N., Choudhary, R.K. & Singh, B.K.). APH Publishing Corporation New Delhi. pp. 127-133.
Gupta, D.K., Gupta, N. & Gangwar, R. (2006). Two new species of Trypanosoma from freshwater fish (Heteropnueutes fossilis and Channa punctaus) from Bareilly, India. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 30, 58-63.
Hansen, H. (2000). Infection of haemoflagellates (Protozoa, Kinetoplastida) in freshwater fish from the Lake Vannsjo, Norway. Candadian Scientist Thesis in Parasitology, University of Oslo, Zoological Museum, Sarsgate, Oslo. N-0562.
Hayes, P.M., Lawton, S.P., Smit, N.J., Gibson, W.C., & Davies, A.J. (2014). Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa, including its development in a leech vector. Parasites Vectors, 7, 50.
Hussain, S, Hassan, M.Z., Mukhtar, Y. & Saddiqui, BN (2003). Impact of level through mass media among the people of Faisalabad city. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 5, 660-661.
Jarallah, H.M. (2021). Study of haemoflagellates Trypanosoma sp. infection in some fish of Iraq marshes and relationship of leukocytes with inflammatory response.IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environtal Science, 877, 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012011.
Joshi, B.D. & Dabral, R. (1981). Some haematological changes in fresh water cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis, infected with the trypanosome, Trypanosoma maguri. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science, 90, 295-301
Lapirova, T.B. & Zabotkina, E.A. (2018). Effect of trypanosomiasis on hematologic characteristics of bream (Abramis brama). Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 9(3), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.15421/021845.
Lebelo S.L., Saunders D.K. & Crawford, T.G. (2001). Observations on blood viscosity in striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbam) associated with fish hatchery conditions. Kansas Academy of Science, 104, 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1660/0022-8443(2001)104[0183:OOBVIS]2.0.CO;2.
Lemos, M., Fermino, B.R., Simas-Rodrigues, C., Hoffman, L., Silva, R., Camargo, E.P., Teixeira, M.M.G. & Souto-Padron, T. (2015). Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species. Parasites Vectors, 8, 573. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. & Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biology and Chemistry,193(1), 265-275.
Mahasri, G., Koesdarto, S., Desi, K., Sari, P.W., Muhammad, B., Santamurti, Iqyu, W., Kandi, Selvi, D.S. & Fitri, M.A. (2019). Prevalence and intensity of Trypanosoma sp. in wild swamp eels (Synbranchus bengalensis) marketed in Surabaya, Indonesia, Biodiversitas, 20(11), 3262-3268. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201119.
Małgorzata, W., Elżbieta, K., Katarzyna, Ł. & Bartosz, B. (2022). Hematological methods in fish – Not only for beginners, Aquaculture,547, 737498, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.
Margolis, L., Esch, G.W, Holmer, J.C, Kuris, A.M. & Schad, G. A. (1982). The use of ecological terms in parasitology. Journal of Parasitology, 68, 131-133.
Martins, M.L., Tavares-Dias, M., Fujimoto, R.Y., Onaka, E.M. & Nomura, D.T. (2004). Haematological alterations of Leporinus macrocephalus (Osteichtyes: Aniskidae) in fish pond. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterináriae Zootecnia, 56, 640-646.
Mbaya, A., Kumshe, H. & Nwosu, C.O. (2012). The mechanisms of anemia in trypanosomosis: A review. In: Anaemia (ed, Silverbergs, D.S.) IntechOpen, London, U.K. pp. 269-281. https://doi.org/10.5772/29530.
Nandi, N.C., Nandi, R. & Mandal, A.K. (2002). Index catalogue and bibliography of protozoan parasites from Indian fishes: Supplement I. Occasional Paper No. 193. Records of the ZSI. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, p65.
Osman, H.A.M., Fadel, N.G. & Ali, A.T. (2009). Biochemical and histopathological alterations in catfish, Clarias gariepinus, infected with trypanosomiasis with special reference to immunization. Egypt Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinical Pathology, 22, 164-181.
Overath, P., Haag, J., Mameza, M.G. & Lischke, A. (1999). Freshwater fish trypanosomes: Definition of two types, host control by antibodies and lack of antigenic variation. Parasitology, 119(6), 591-601.
Palmer, L.J., Damgaard, C., Holmstrup, P. & Nielsen, C.H. (2016). Influence of complement on neutrophil extracellular trap release induced by bacteria. Journal of Periodontal Research, 51(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12284.
Parmar, A. & Prakash, S. (2022). Impact of ectoparasites on Haemato-biochemical indices of snake headed fishes. International Journal of Zoological Investigation, 8(2), 264-268. https://doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.057.
Prakash, S. & Verma, A.K. (2022). Population dynamics of crustacean parasites and their effects on the health status of fresh water cultivable fishes, International Journal of Entomology Research, 7(11), 23-26.
Qadri, S.S. (1962). The development in culture of Trypanosoma striate from Indian fish. Parasitology, 52, 229-235.
Rahma, F.W., Mahasri, G. & Surmartiwi, L. (2015). Effect of Sargassum sp. extract on erythrocyte amount and leukocytes differential in catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 7(2), 213-217. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v7i2.11209.
Ralston, K.S., Kabututu, Z.P., Melehani, J.H., Oberholzer, M. & Hill, K.L. (2009). The Trypanosoma brucei flagellum: moving parasites in new directions. Annual Review of Microbiology, 63, 335-362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073353.
Ramnik, S. (1994). Medical Laboratory Technology. 4th Editon. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi. 187p.
Rauthana, J.V.S., Purohitb, M.K. & Singh, S. (2022). Haematological and biochemical changes in freshwater zig-zag eel Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) infected with trypanosomes. Inventum Biologicum, 2(4), 121-125. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8015088.
Saad, M., Mahasri, G. & Satyantini, W.H. (2017). Production of carp Immunoglobulin-M exposed with whole protein from Myxobolus koi spore through feed as an immunostimulant. 1st International Conference on Implementation of Climate Change Agreement to Meet Sustainable Development Goals, Postgraduate School Universitas Airlangga. Atlantis Press. Surabaya.
Salasia, S.I.O, Sulanjari, D. & Ratnawati, A. (2001). Hematology study of freshwater fish. Biologi, 2(12), 710-723.
Santoso, B.B., Basuki, F. & Hastuti, S. (2013). Analysis of body resistance hybrid Nila Larasati (Oreochromis niloticus) generation 5 (F5) infected by Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria with different concentrations. Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology, 2(3), 64-75.
Shahi, N., Yousuf, A.R., Rather, M.I. Ahmad, F. & Yaseen, T. (2013). First report of blood parasites in fishes from Kashmir and their effect on the haematological profile. Open Veterinary Journal, 3(2), 89-95
Upadhyay, S.K. (2012). Transmission dynamics and environmental influence on food borne parasitic helminthes of the Gangetic plains and central west coast of India. Unpublished D.Phil Thesis, University of Allahabad, India. 400p.
Upadhyay, S.K. (2020). Parasitology: Taxonomy and bioecology. Write and Print Publications, New Delhi. 209p.
Upadhyay, S.K. (2023). Parasitology: Risks and challenges for health and sustainability. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York. 274p. https://doi.org/10.52305/IFHF7477.
Upadhyay, S.K., Singh, M. & Sharma, A.K. (2024). Therapeutic advances in human health and diseases. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York. 354p. https://doi.org/10.52305/LVLG8834.
Valentin, G. (1841). Überein Entozoon im Blute von Salmo fario. Archives of D.J. Müller, pp. 435-436.
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How to Cite
Alterations in haemato-biochemical indices in Trypanosoma sp. infected fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(2), 878-884. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i2.6373
