Biopesticidal effect of leaf extract of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on growth parameters and diseases of tomato
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Abstract
This paper investigates the potential use of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) aqueous leaf extract on the growth, yield and disease control of a common vegetable plant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The neem extract increased shoot height, number of branches, number of leaves, number of buds, number of flowers and number of fruits of tomato plant over controls in different treatments. Numbers of diseases were calculated as percentage and disease/plant. The percentage of reduction of disease was calculated after the spray of neem extract on plants. Neem extract was found effectively in controlling canker (50.32%), early blight (55.12%), wilt (59.45%), leaf spot (55.48%), fruit spot (41.93%), blossom end rot (40.86%) and sun scald (25.61%) in comparison to controls under field condition. Thus, biopesticides can contribute in reducing use of chemical pesticides and subsequently minimize its hazards to the environment and human health.
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Keywords
Biopesticide, Diseases, Growth parameters, Neem extract, Tomato
References
Aba AlKhail, A.A. (2005). Antifungal activity of some extracts against some plant pathogenic fungi. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 8(3):413-417.
Abbasi, P.A., Cuppels, D.A. and Lazarovits, G. (2003). Effect of foliar applications of neem oil and fish emulsion on bacterial spot and yield of tomatoes and peppers. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 25: 41-48.
Abd-El-Kareem, F. (2007). Induced resistance in bean plants against root rot and alternaria leaf spot diseases using biotic and abiotic inducers under field conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 767-774.
Aboellil, A.H. (2007). Trilogy, a product of neem (Azadirachta indica) induces resistance in cucumber againstPodosphaera xanthi. Research Journal of Microbiology, 2 (5): 402–414.
Abogharsa, I.A., Saeed M.A. and Buhidma M.S. (2006). Control of fusarium wilt fungus on tomato plant by plant extracts. Ninth Arab Congress of Plant Protection, Damascus, Syria.
Akhtar, M. and Mahmood, I. (1995). Evaluation of a neem based product against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars. Annal. Appl. Biol., 16: 6-7.
Amadioha, A.C. (2000). Controlling rice blast in vitro and in vivo with extracts of Azadirachta indica. Crop Prot., 5: 287-290.
Anderson, M. (2010). Plant growth is stimulated by tea-seed extract: a new natural growth regulator? Hort. Science, 45(12): 1848-1853.
Arden F. Sherf. (1987). Text for septoria leaf spot from: foliar blights of tomato. Department of plant pathology, Cornell University; text for septoria leaf spot from: foliar blights of tomato, V38, 1987, Ohio State University.
Bohra, B., Vyas B.N. and Mistry, K.B. (2006). Ecofriendly management of damping- off in winter vegetables and tobacco using microbial agents and neem formulations. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 36: 178-181.
Brahmachari, G. (2004). Neem- an omnipotent plant: A retrospection. Chem. Biochem., 5: 408-421.
Chaturvedi, R., Razdan, M.K. and Bhojwani, S.S. (2003). Production of haploids of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) by anther culture. Plant Cell Rep., 21: 531-537.
Croxton, S.D., Foshee, III, W.G., Blythe, E.K., Murphy, J.F. and Sibley, J.L. (2011). Evaluation of selected tempera paints applied to tomatoes to reduce the occurrence of Tomato spotted wilt virus. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 17:177-189.
Deepak, S.A., Oros, G., Sathyanarayana, S.G., Shetty, H.S. and Sashikanth, S. (2007). Antisporulant activity of watery extracts of plants against Sclerospora graminicola causing downy mildew disease of pearl millet. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 2 (1):36-42.
Deepak, S.A., Oros, G., Sathyanarayana, S.G., Shetty, N.P., Shetty, H.S., Sashikanth, S. (2005). Antisporulant activity of leaf extracts of Indian plants against Sclerospora graminicola causing downy mildew disease of pearl millet. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 38(1):31–39.
Dubey, R.C., Kumar, H. and Pandey, R.R. (2009). Fungitoxic effect of neem extracts on growth and sclerotial survival of Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. J. Am. Sci., 5: 17-24.
El-Khallal, S.M. (2007). Induction and modulation of resistance in tomato plants against fusarium wilt disease by bioagent fungi (Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) and/or hormonal elicitors (Jasmonic Acid & Salicylic Acid): 2-changes in the antioxidant enzymes, phenolic compounds and pathogen related-proteins. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1 (4): 717–732.
El-Mougy, N.S., Abd-El-Karem, F., El-Gamal, N.G. and Fotouh, Y.O. (2004). Application of fungicides alternatives for controlling cowpea root rot diseases under greenhouse and field conditions. Egypt. J. Phytopathol., 32: 23-35.
Elshafie, H.A.F. and Basedow, T.H. (2003). The efficacy of different neem preparations for the control of insects damaging potatoes and eggplants in the Sudan. Crop protection, 22: 1015-1021.
Enikuomehin, O.A. (2005). Cercospora leaf spot disease management in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) with plant extracts. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 43(1-2): 19-23.
Gajalakshmi, S. and Abbasi, S.A. (2004). Neem leaves as a source of fertilizer cum-pesticide vermicompost. Bioresource Technol., 92: 291-296.
Gangaiah, C., Carey, E. and Tisserat, N.A. (2004). Suppression of Septoria Leaf Spot disease of tomato using aerated compost tea. Kansas State University. ASHS annual meeting. Available on http://www.ashs.org / annual meeting /conference/index.lasso.
Gleason, M.L., Gitaitis, R.D. and Ricker, M.D. (1993). Recent progress in understanding and controlling bacterial canker of tomato in eastern North America. Plant Disease, 77:1069-1076.
Guleria, S. and Kumar, A. (2006). Azadirachta indica leaf extract induces resistance in sesame against Alternaria leaf spot disease. Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology, 5: 81–86.
Hagerman, A., Muller I. and Makkar, H. (2000). Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. A laboratory manual, Vienna: FAO/IAEA, pp. 4-7.
Hartman, M, Szoboszlai, S. and Kriszt, B. (1995). Biogazdák által alkalmazott növényi kivonatok értékelése laboratóriumi körülmé- nyek között. Növényvédelem, 31 (2): 59–65.
Hussain, B., War, A.R. and Sharma, H.C. (2013). Jasmonic and salicylic acid-induced resistance in sorghum against the stem borer Chilo partellus. Phytoparasitica. pp.1-22.
Ikeda, H. and Osawa, T. (1988). The effects of NO3/NH4 ratios and temperature of the nutrient solution on growth, yield and blossom end rot incidence in tomato. J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 57: 62-69.
Reddy, M.S. Ryu, C.M., Rodríguez-Kábana, R., Dawkins, T. and Kloepper, J.W. (2001). Can Beneficial Bacteria from Auburn Boost Tomato Growth and Yield? www.bashanfoundation.org/reddy/reddyyield.pdf.
Jaber H. Al-Dahmani, Pervaiz A. Abbasi, Sally A. Miller and Harry A.J. Hoitink. (2003). Suppression of bacterial spot of tomato with foliar sprays of compost extracts under greenhouse and field conditions. Plant Disease, 87(8): 913-919.
Jayaraj, J.A., Wan, M. and Rahman Punja, Z.K. (2008). Seaweed extract reduces foliar fungal diseases on carrot. Crop Protection, 27:1360–1366.
Jones, J.B., Jones, J.P., Stall, R.E. and Zitter, T.A. (1991). Compendium of tomato diseases. American Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul, MN.
Kumaran, A. and Karunakaran, R. (2006). Anti oxidant and free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extracts of Coleus aromaticus. Food chemistry, 97: 109-114.
Mandal, S., Mallicka, N. and Mitraa A. (2009). Salicylic acid induced resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47(7): 642-649.
Mondall, N.K., Mojumdar, A. Chatterje, S.K., Banerjee, A. Datta J.K. and Gupta, S. (2009). Antifungal activities and chemical characterization of Neem leaf extracts on the growth of some selected fungal species in vitro culture medium. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 13(1): 49–53.
Nahak, G. and Sahu, R.K. (2010). Antioxidant activity in bark and roots of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Mahaneem (Melia azedarach).J of American Sci., 4: 28–34.
Obdoni, B. and Ochuko, P. (2001). Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some homostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci., 8: 203-208.
Ogechi, N., Agbenin, Marley, P.S. (2006). In-vitro assay of some plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Lycopersici Causal agent of tomato wilt. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 46(3): 215-220.
Okunlola, I.A. and Thomas, I.O. (2013). Effect of mixed cropping and plant extracts on the growth, yield and pest control of jute (Corchorus olitorius L.). Folia Hort., 25 (1): 49-60.
Pandey, A.K., Namgyal, D., Mehdi, M., Mir, M.S. and Shikh, B.A. (2006). A case study: major insect pest associated with different vegetable crops in cold arid region, Ladakh of Jammu and Kashmir. J. Entomol. Res., 30: 169–174.
Panthee, D.R. and Chen, F. (2010). Genomics of fungal disease resistance in tomato. Curr. Genomics, 11: 30-39.
Pattnaik, M., Kar, M. and Sahu, R.K. (2012). Bioefficacy of some plant extracts on growth parameters and control of diseases in Lycopersicum esculentum. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2(2):129-142.
Paul, P.K and Sharma, P.D. (2002). Azadirachta indica leaf extract induces resistance in barley against leaf stripe disease. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 61(1): 3–13
Rauf, B.A. (2000). Seed-borne disease problems of legume crops in Pakistan. Pak. J. Sci. and Industrial Res., 43: 249-254.
Roberts, S.J. (2006). Physical and biological seed treatments for control of bacterial diseases of carrots and brassicas caused by Xanthomonas app., 11th International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Rojo, F.G., Reynoso, M.M. Sofia M.F. and Torres, A.M. (2007). Biological control by Trichoderma species of Fusarium solani causing peanut brown root rot under field conditions. Crop protection, 26: 549-555.
Schmitt, A., Koch, E., Stephan, D., Kromphardt, C., Jahn, M., Krauthausen, H.J., Forsberg, G., Werner, S., Amein, T., Wright, F. Tinivella, Van der Wolf J. and Groot, S.P.C. (2009). Evaluation of non-chemical seed treatment methods for the control of Phoma valerianellae on lamb`s lettuce seeds. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 116 (5), 200–207.
Soylu, S., Soylu, E.M., Bozkurt, ?.A. and Kaya, A.D. (2003). Antibacterial activities of essential oils from oregano, thyme, rosemary and lavender plants against Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola, the causal agent of halo blight of bean. Ovidius Univ. Ann. Med. Sci. Pharm., 1: 40-44.
Sunil, K. and Srivastava, K. (2013). Screening of tomato genotypes against early blight (Alternaria solani) under field condition. The Bioscan., 8(1): 189-193.
Tinivella, F., Hirata, L.M. Celan, A., Wright, S.A.I., Amein, T., Schmitt, A. Koch, E. Van Der Wolf, J., Groot, S.P.C., Stephan, D. Garibaldi, A. Gullino, M.L. (2009). Control of seed-borne pathogens on legumes by microbial and other alternative seed treatments. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 123: 139-151.
Vir, D. and Sharma, R.K. (1985). Studies on the fungicidal properties of neem oil. Indian J. Plant Pathol., 3: 241-242.
Wan, J., Xu, J., Yang, M., Yang, Z., Huang, Q. and Zhao, S. (2012). Effects of three plant extracts on growth and development of dodder and soybean and on protective enzymes of host. Legume Genomics and Genetics, 3(2): 8-13.
Wszeaki, A.L., and Miller, S.A. (2005). Determining the efficacy of disease management product in organically-produced tomatoes. Plant Health Progress. Plant Health Progress, (July): 1-7.
Abbasi, P.A., Cuppels, D.A. and Lazarovits, G. (2003). Effect of foliar applications of neem oil and fish emulsion on bacterial spot and yield of tomatoes and peppers. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 25: 41-48.
Abd-El-Kareem, F. (2007). Induced resistance in bean plants against root rot and alternaria leaf spot diseases using biotic and abiotic inducers under field conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 767-774.
Aboellil, A.H. (2007). Trilogy, a product of neem (Azadirachta indica) induces resistance in cucumber againstPodosphaera xanthi. Research Journal of Microbiology, 2 (5): 402–414.
Abogharsa, I.A., Saeed M.A. and Buhidma M.S. (2006). Control of fusarium wilt fungus on tomato plant by plant extracts. Ninth Arab Congress of Plant Protection, Damascus, Syria.
Akhtar, M. and Mahmood, I. (1995). Evaluation of a neem based product against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars. Annal. Appl. Biol., 16: 6-7.
Amadioha, A.C. (2000). Controlling rice blast in vitro and in vivo with extracts of Azadirachta indica. Crop Prot., 5: 287-290.
Anderson, M. (2010). Plant growth is stimulated by tea-seed extract: a new natural growth regulator? Hort. Science, 45(12): 1848-1853.
Arden F. Sherf. (1987). Text for septoria leaf spot from: foliar blights of tomato. Department of plant pathology, Cornell University; text for septoria leaf spot from: foliar blights of tomato, V38, 1987, Ohio State University.
Bohra, B., Vyas B.N. and Mistry, K.B. (2006). Ecofriendly management of damping- off in winter vegetables and tobacco using microbial agents and neem formulations. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 36: 178-181.
Brahmachari, G. (2004). Neem- an omnipotent plant: A retrospection. Chem. Biochem., 5: 408-421.
Chaturvedi, R., Razdan, M.K. and Bhojwani, S.S. (2003). Production of haploids of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) by anther culture. Plant Cell Rep., 21: 531-537.
Croxton, S.D., Foshee, III, W.G., Blythe, E.K., Murphy, J.F. and Sibley, J.L. (2011). Evaluation of selected tempera paints applied to tomatoes to reduce the occurrence of Tomato spotted wilt virus. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 17:177-189.
Deepak, S.A., Oros, G., Sathyanarayana, S.G., Shetty, H.S. and Sashikanth, S. (2007). Antisporulant activity of watery extracts of plants against Sclerospora graminicola causing downy mildew disease of pearl millet. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 2 (1):36-42.
Deepak, S.A., Oros, G., Sathyanarayana, S.G., Shetty, N.P., Shetty, H.S., Sashikanth, S. (2005). Antisporulant activity of leaf extracts of Indian plants against Sclerospora graminicola causing downy mildew disease of pearl millet. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 38(1):31–39.
Dubey, R.C., Kumar, H. and Pandey, R.R. (2009). Fungitoxic effect of neem extracts on growth and sclerotial survival of Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. J. Am. Sci., 5: 17-24.
El-Khallal, S.M. (2007). Induction and modulation of resistance in tomato plants against fusarium wilt disease by bioagent fungi (Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) and/or hormonal elicitors (Jasmonic Acid & Salicylic Acid): 2-changes in the antioxidant enzymes, phenolic compounds and pathogen related-proteins. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1 (4): 717–732.
El-Mougy, N.S., Abd-El-Karem, F., El-Gamal, N.G. and Fotouh, Y.O. (2004). Application of fungicides alternatives for controlling cowpea root rot diseases under greenhouse and field conditions. Egypt. J. Phytopathol., 32: 23-35.
Elshafie, H.A.F. and Basedow, T.H. (2003). The efficacy of different neem preparations for the control of insects damaging potatoes and eggplants in the Sudan. Crop protection, 22: 1015-1021.
Enikuomehin, O.A. (2005). Cercospora leaf spot disease management in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) with plant extracts. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 43(1-2): 19-23.
Gajalakshmi, S. and Abbasi, S.A. (2004). Neem leaves as a source of fertilizer cum-pesticide vermicompost. Bioresource Technol., 92: 291-296.
Gangaiah, C., Carey, E. and Tisserat, N.A. (2004). Suppression of Septoria Leaf Spot disease of tomato using aerated compost tea. Kansas State University. ASHS annual meeting. Available on http://www.ashs.org / annual meeting /conference/index.lasso.
Gleason, M.L., Gitaitis, R.D. and Ricker, M.D. (1993). Recent progress in understanding and controlling bacterial canker of tomato in eastern North America. Plant Disease, 77:1069-1076.
Guleria, S. and Kumar, A. (2006). Azadirachta indica leaf extract induces resistance in sesame against Alternaria leaf spot disease. Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology, 5: 81–86.
Hagerman, A., Muller I. and Makkar, H. (2000). Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. A laboratory manual, Vienna: FAO/IAEA, pp. 4-7.
Hartman, M, Szoboszlai, S. and Kriszt, B. (1995). Biogazdák által alkalmazott növényi kivonatok értékelése laboratóriumi körülmé- nyek között. Növényvédelem, 31 (2): 59–65.
Hussain, B., War, A.R. and Sharma, H.C. (2013). Jasmonic and salicylic acid-induced resistance in sorghum against the stem borer Chilo partellus. Phytoparasitica. pp.1-22.
Ikeda, H. and Osawa, T. (1988). The effects of NO3/NH4 ratios and temperature of the nutrient solution on growth, yield and blossom end rot incidence in tomato. J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci., 57: 62-69.
Reddy, M.S. Ryu, C.M., Rodríguez-Kábana, R., Dawkins, T. and Kloepper, J.W. (2001). Can Beneficial Bacteria from Auburn Boost Tomato Growth and Yield? www.bashanfoundation.org/reddy/reddyyield.pdf.
Jaber H. Al-Dahmani, Pervaiz A. Abbasi, Sally A. Miller and Harry A.J. Hoitink. (2003). Suppression of bacterial spot of tomato with foliar sprays of compost extracts under greenhouse and field conditions. Plant Disease, 87(8): 913-919.
Jayaraj, J.A., Wan, M. and Rahman Punja, Z.K. (2008). Seaweed extract reduces foliar fungal diseases on carrot. Crop Protection, 27:1360–1366.
Jones, J.B., Jones, J.P., Stall, R.E. and Zitter, T.A. (1991). Compendium of tomato diseases. American Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul, MN.
Kumaran, A. and Karunakaran, R. (2006). Anti oxidant and free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extracts of Coleus aromaticus. Food chemistry, 97: 109-114.
Mandal, S., Mallicka, N. and Mitraa A. (2009). Salicylic acid induced resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 47(7): 642-649.
Mondall, N.K., Mojumdar, A. Chatterje, S.K., Banerjee, A. Datta J.K. and Gupta, S. (2009). Antifungal activities and chemical characterization of Neem leaf extracts on the growth of some selected fungal species in vitro culture medium. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 13(1): 49–53.
Nahak, G. and Sahu, R.K. (2010). Antioxidant activity in bark and roots of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Mahaneem (Melia azedarach).J of American Sci., 4: 28–34.
Obdoni, B. and Ochuko, P. (2001). Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some homostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci., 8: 203-208.
Ogechi, N., Agbenin, Marley, P.S. (2006). In-vitro assay of some plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Lycopersici Causal agent of tomato wilt. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 46(3): 215-220.
Okunlola, I.A. and Thomas, I.O. (2013). Effect of mixed cropping and plant extracts on the growth, yield and pest control of jute (Corchorus olitorius L.). Folia Hort., 25 (1): 49-60.
Pandey, A.K., Namgyal, D., Mehdi, M., Mir, M.S. and Shikh, B.A. (2006). A case study: major insect pest associated with different vegetable crops in cold arid region, Ladakh of Jammu and Kashmir. J. Entomol. Res., 30: 169–174.
Panthee, D.R. and Chen, F. (2010). Genomics of fungal disease resistance in tomato. Curr. Genomics, 11: 30-39.
Pattnaik, M., Kar, M. and Sahu, R.K. (2012). Bioefficacy of some plant extracts on growth parameters and control of diseases in Lycopersicum esculentum. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2(2):129-142.
Paul, P.K and Sharma, P.D. (2002). Azadirachta indica leaf extract induces resistance in barley against leaf stripe disease. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 61(1): 3–13
Rauf, B.A. (2000). Seed-borne disease problems of legume crops in Pakistan. Pak. J. Sci. and Industrial Res., 43: 249-254.
Roberts, S.J. (2006). Physical and biological seed treatments for control of bacterial diseases of carrots and brassicas caused by Xanthomonas app., 11th International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Rojo, F.G., Reynoso, M.M. Sofia M.F. and Torres, A.M. (2007). Biological control by Trichoderma species of Fusarium solani causing peanut brown root rot under field conditions. Crop protection, 26: 549-555.
Schmitt, A., Koch, E., Stephan, D., Kromphardt, C., Jahn, M., Krauthausen, H.J., Forsberg, G., Werner, S., Amein, T., Wright, F. Tinivella, Van der Wolf J. and Groot, S.P.C. (2009). Evaluation of non-chemical seed treatment methods for the control of Phoma valerianellae on lamb`s lettuce seeds. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 116 (5), 200–207.
Soylu, S., Soylu, E.M., Bozkurt, ?.A. and Kaya, A.D. (2003). Antibacterial activities of essential oils from oregano, thyme, rosemary and lavender plants against Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola, the causal agent of halo blight of bean. Ovidius Univ. Ann. Med. Sci. Pharm., 1: 40-44.
Sunil, K. and Srivastava, K. (2013). Screening of tomato genotypes against early blight (Alternaria solani) under field condition. The Bioscan., 8(1): 189-193.
Tinivella, F., Hirata, L.M. Celan, A., Wright, S.A.I., Amein, T., Schmitt, A. Koch, E. Van Der Wolf, J., Groot, S.P.C., Stephan, D. Garibaldi, A. Gullino, M.L. (2009). Control of seed-borne pathogens on legumes by microbial and other alternative seed treatments. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 123: 139-151.
Vir, D. and Sharma, R.K. (1985). Studies on the fungicidal properties of neem oil. Indian J. Plant Pathol., 3: 241-242.
Wan, J., Xu, J., Yang, M., Yang, Z., Huang, Q. and Zhao, S. (2012). Effects of three plant extracts on growth and development of dodder and soybean and on protective enzymes of host. Legume Genomics and Genetics, 3(2): 8-13.
Wszeaki, A.L., and Miller, S.A. (2005). Determining the efficacy of disease management product in organically-produced tomatoes. Plant Health Progress. Plant Health Progress, (July): 1-7.
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Biopesticidal effect of leaf extract of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on growth parameters and diseases of tomato. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(1), 482-488. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.636
