Effect of Fusarium udum infection on the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in resistant and susceptible genotypes Pigeon pea
Article Main
Abstract
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is India's second most important pulse crop after chickpea. It is susceptible to several pathogens, including Fusarium udum, which is considered the most important fungal pathogen, causing considerable economic loss in India and worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in pathogen-induced enzymes (PIE) in F. udum wilt-resistant (ICP-8863, BDN-1 and BDN-2) and susceptible genotypes (ICP-2376 and BAHAR) of pigeon pea after seven days of infection. Fifteen days old seedlings were inoculated with F. udum (10⁶ spores/ml) using the root-dip method. The wilt incidence was observed after seven days of infection; microscopic examination confirmed the presence of F. udum based on its characteristic mycelial pattern and conidial features. Biochemical response was recorded by estimating PIE viz., peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in various pigeon pea genotypes after the manifestation of infection. The activity of PIE increased in resistant genotypes, particularly BDN-2, which showed the highest PO activity (1.57-fold), while BDN-1 recorded the highest PAL activity (1.55-fold). Overall, defense enzyme activity was lower in susceptible varieties. These results suggested that biochemical changes recorded in resistant genotypes help restrict the disease during infection.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Fusarium udum, Peroxidase, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, Pigeon pea, Polyphenol oxidase
References
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Li, M., Hou, S., Wang, J., Hu, J., & Lin, X. (2021). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus suppresses tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) Ralstonia wilt via establishing a soil–plant integrated defense system. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 21(11), 3607–3619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03016-8
Lee, J. H., Kasote, D. M., Jayaprakasha, G. K., Avila, C. A., Crosby, K. M., & Patil, B. S. (2020). Effect of production system and inhibitory potential of aroma volatiles on polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity in tomatoes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(1), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10644
Mabrouk, O. I., Farouk, A. M., Draz, I. S., Zayto, M. A., Omar, G. E., & khadija najeeb. (2025). Alternative Management of Wheat Leaf Rust Caused by Puccinia triticina Revealing Histological and Biochemical Defense Mechanisms. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, https://doi.org/10.21608/ejp.2025.415660
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Purohit, A., Ghosh, S., Ganguly, S., Negi, M. S., Tripathi, S. B., Chaudhuri, R. K., & Dipankar Chakraborti. (2021). Comparative transcriptomic profiling of susceptible and resistant cultivars of pigeonpea demonstrates early molecular responses during Fusarium udum infection. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01587-7
Raj, S. K., Singh, R., Srivastava, A., & Srivastava, S. (2024). Diseases of Pigeon Pea. Handbook of Plant Disease Management, 1, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35512-8_25-1
Ramanagouda G, Naik, M. K., Rameshwar Telangre, & Sharma, M. (2022). Distribution and pathogenic diversity in Fusarium udum Butler isolates: the causal agent of pigeonpea Fusarium wilt. BMC Plant Biology, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03526-8
Reddy, B. D., Gummudala Yashaswini, Somala Karthik, & Reddy, M. S. S. (2022). Variability studies on Fusarium sp. complex causing Pigeonpea wilt in India. Research Square (Research Square), 18. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1586672/v1
Rizal, S., Saha, P., Mondal, P., Mondol, A., Datta, J., Ahmadi, T., & Rahimi, M. (2025). Physio-Biochemical changes in lentil genotypes under biotic stress induced by Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06508-8
Sandhu, R., Sandeep Kumar Bangarwa, Meenakshi Attri, Tiwari, S., Kohli, S., Shayista Fayaz, & Narendra Kumar Chaudhary. (2023). Effects of Biotic Stresses and Their Mitigation Strategies in Legumes: A Review. Legume Research, 4. https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-5160
Sarkar, S., Roy, S., & Ghosh, S. K. (2021). Development of marker-free transgenic pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) expressing a pod borer insecticidal protein. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 10543.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90050-8
Sharma, R. L., Mishra, T., Bhagat, R., & Swarnkar, V. (2019). Integrated Disease Management for Pigeonpea wilt caused by Fusarium udum. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 39(2), 119-123.https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.d-4553
Sucianto, E. T., & Abbas, M. (2021). Diversity of Pathogenic Fungi and Disease on Vegetable Crops at Polyculture Systems. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 13(2), 158-168.https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v13i2.26987
Swett, C. L., Del Castillo Múnera, J., Hellman, E., Helpio, E., Gastelum, M., Lopez Raymundo, E., ... & Rodriguez, F. (2023). Monitoring for a new I3 resistance gene-breaking race of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fusarium wilt) in California processing tomatoes following recent widespread adoption of resistant (F3) cultivars: Challenges with race 3 and 4 differentiation methods. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1088044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1088044
Ueta, Y., Mizutani, Y., Ohnishi, K., Hikichi, Y., & Kiba, A. (2021). Phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C1 negatively regulates the hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 116, 101724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101724
Wahab, A., Muhammad, M., Munir, A., Abdi, G., Zaman, W., Ayaz, A., ... & Reddy, S. P. P. (2023). Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in regulating growth, enhancing productivity, and potentially influencing ecosystems under abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants, 12(17), 3102. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173102
Yadav, M., Rai, N. and Yadav, H.S. 2017. The role of peroxidase in the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones from Luffa aegyptiaca (gourd) fruit juice. Journal of Green Chemistry. 10(3):154-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2017.1336575
Zdenkova, K., Jiresova, J., Eliska Lokajova, Klenivskyi, M., Jaroslav Julak, Antonio, M., … Scholtz, V. (2024). Modeling the growth of Aspergillus brasiliensis affected by a non-thermal plasma. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 135(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxae124
Zhang, F., Ren, J., & Zhan, J. (2021). Identification and Characterization of an Efficient Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase from Photorhabdus luminescens. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 193(4), 1099–1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03477-6
Zhang, S. (2023). Recent Advances of Polyphenol Oxidases in Plants. Molecules, 28(5), 2158. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052158.
Bisht, C., Verma, S. K., Gaur, A. K., Chauhan, C., Deep, H., Karn, A., & Sharma, R. K. (2021). Characterization of Elite Genotypes for Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh]. Legume Research - An International Journal, 8. https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-4720
Brajnandan Singh Chandrawat, Amin, N., Singh, S., Singh, N. H., & Vinod Saharan (2025). Analysis of defense related enzymes in Chilli Genotypes Infected with Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Journal, 14(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijss.v14i1.4
Cristiane dos Santos, & Franco, O. L. (2023). Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs) with Enzyme Activity Activating Plant Defense Responses. Plants, 12(11), 2226–2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112226.
Dahlem, Marcos Aurelio, Nguema, R. W., André Luis Catto, & Raimundo, J.-M. (2022). Quinones as an Efficient Molecular Scaffold in the Antibacterial/Antifungal or Antitumoral Arsenal. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22), 14108–14108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214108
DES (2024). Agricultural statistics at a glance. Directorate of Economics & Statistics (DES), DAC&FW, Government of India. https://desagri.gov.in/document-report-category/agriculture-statistics-at-a-glance.
Gurusamy, S., Vidhya, C. S., Khasherao, B. Y., & Shanmugam, A. (2022). Pulses for health and their varied ways of processing and consumption in India - A review. Applied Food Research, 2(2), 100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2022.100171
Jogaiah, S., Satapute, P., De Britto, S., Konappa, N., & Udayashankar, A. C. (2020). Exogenous priming of chitosan induces upregulation of phytohormones and resistance against cucumber powdery mildew disease is correlated with localized biosynthesis of defense enzymes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 162, 1825-1838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.124
Kaur, S., Samota, M. K., Choudhary, M., Choudhary, M., Pandey, A. K., Sharma, A., & Thakur, J. (2022). How do plants defend themselves against pathogens-Biochemical mechanisms and genetic interventions. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 28(2), 485–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01146-y
Li, M., Hou, S., Wang, J., Hu, J., & Lin, X. (2021). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus suppresses tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) Ralstonia wilt via establishing a soil–plant integrated defense system. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 21(11), 3607–3619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03016-8
Lee, J. H., Kasote, D. M., Jayaprakasha, G. K., Avila, C. A., Crosby, K. M., & Patil, B. S. (2020). Effect of production system and inhibitory potential of aroma volatiles on polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity in tomatoes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(1), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10644
Mabrouk, O. I., Farouk, A. M., Draz, I. S., Zayto, M. A., Omar, G. E., & khadija najeeb. (2025). Alternative Management of Wheat Leaf Rust Caused by Puccinia triticina Revealing Histological and Biochemical Defense Mechanisms. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, https://doi.org/10.21608/ejp.2025.415660
Mishra, S., Roychowdhury, R., Ray, S., Hada, A., Kumar, A., Sarker, U., … Das, R. (2024). Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity against biotic stresses: an insight on molecular components and signaling mechanism. Plant Stress, 11(5), 100427–100427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2024.100427
MoAFW. (2024). Annual report of Ministry of Agricultural & Farmers Welfare. Directorate of Pulses Development, Government of India. https://agriwelfare.gov.in/en/Annual.
Mohammadi, M. A., Cheng, Y., Aslam, M., Bello Hassan Jakada, Wai, M. H., Ye, K., … Qin, Y. (2021). ROS and Oxidative Response Systems in Plants Under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: Revisiting the Crucial Role of Phosphite Triggered Plants Defense Response. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.631318
Purohit, A., Ghosh, S., Ganguly, S., Negi, M. S., Tripathi, S. B., Chaudhuri, R. K., & Dipankar Chakraborti. (2021). Comparative transcriptomic profiling of susceptible and resistant cultivars of pigeonpea demonstrates early molecular responses during Fusarium udum infection. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01587-7
Raj, S. K., Singh, R., Srivastava, A., & Srivastava, S. (2024). Diseases of Pigeon Pea. Handbook of Plant Disease Management, 1, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35512-8_25-1
Ramanagouda G, Naik, M. K., Rameshwar Telangre, & Sharma, M. (2022). Distribution and pathogenic diversity in Fusarium udum Butler isolates: the causal agent of pigeonpea Fusarium wilt. BMC Plant Biology, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03526-8
Reddy, B. D., Gummudala Yashaswini, Somala Karthik, & Reddy, M. S. S. (2022). Variability studies on Fusarium sp. complex causing Pigeonpea wilt in India. Research Square (Research Square), 18. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1586672/v1
Rizal, S., Saha, P., Mondal, P., Mondol, A., Datta, J., Ahmadi, T., & Rahimi, M. (2025). Physio-Biochemical changes in lentil genotypes under biotic stress induced by Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06508-8
Sandhu, R., Sandeep Kumar Bangarwa, Meenakshi Attri, Tiwari, S., Kohli, S., Shayista Fayaz, & Narendra Kumar Chaudhary. (2023). Effects of Biotic Stresses and Their Mitigation Strategies in Legumes: A Review. Legume Research, 4. https://doi.org/10.18805/lr-5160
Sarkar, S., Roy, S., & Ghosh, S. K. (2021). Development of marker-free transgenic pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) expressing a pod borer insecticidal protein. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 10543.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90050-8
Sharma, R. L., Mishra, T., Bhagat, R., & Swarnkar, V. (2019). Integrated Disease Management for Pigeonpea wilt caused by Fusarium udum. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 39(2), 119-123.https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.d-4553
Sucianto, E. T., & Abbas, M. (2021). Diversity of Pathogenic Fungi and Disease on Vegetable Crops at Polyculture Systems. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 13(2), 158-168.https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v13i2.26987
Swett, C. L., Del Castillo Múnera, J., Hellman, E., Helpio, E., Gastelum, M., Lopez Raymundo, E., ... & Rodriguez, F. (2023). Monitoring for a new I3 resistance gene-breaking race of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fusarium wilt) in California processing tomatoes following recent widespread adoption of resistant (F3) cultivars: Challenges with race 3 and 4 differentiation methods. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1088044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1088044
Ueta, Y., Mizutani, Y., Ohnishi, K., Hikichi, Y., & Kiba, A. (2021). Phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C1 negatively regulates the hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 116, 101724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101724
Wahab, A., Muhammad, M., Munir, A., Abdi, G., Zaman, W., Ayaz, A., ... & Reddy, S. P. P. (2023). Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in regulating growth, enhancing productivity, and potentially influencing ecosystems under abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants, 12(17), 3102. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173102
Yadav, M., Rai, N. and Yadav, H.S. 2017. The role of peroxidase in the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones from Luffa aegyptiaca (gourd) fruit juice. Journal of Green Chemistry. 10(3):154-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2017.1336575
Zdenkova, K., Jiresova, J., Eliska Lokajova, Klenivskyi, M., Jaroslav Julak, Antonio, M., … Scholtz, V. (2024). Modeling the growth of Aspergillus brasiliensis affected by a non-thermal plasma. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 135(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxae124
Zhang, F., Ren, J., & Zhan, J. (2021). Identification and Characterization of an Efficient Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase from Photorhabdus luminescens. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 193(4), 1099–1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03477-6
Zhang, S. (2023). Recent Advances of Polyphenol Oxidases in Plants. Molecules, 28(5), 2158. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052158.
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Effect of Fusarium udum infection on the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in resistant and susceptible genotypes Pigeon pea. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(3), 1245-1252. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6358
