Impact of zinc fortification on yield and quality of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in the Western ghat region of Coimbatore District under irrigated conditions
Article Main
Abstract
Pearl millet is recognized for its resilience to harsh climates and high nutritional value, making it a key crop for climate-resilient and low-input agricultural systems. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of zinc fertilization in Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) hybrids in conjunction with nitrogen fertilizer. During the Kharif seasons of 2022 and 2023, the study was conducted in the field at South Farm, Karunya Institute of Technology & Sciences (KITS) campus, Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Six sub-plot treatments were examined in the main plots for two hybrids, M1 (non-biofortified) and M2 (biofortified), as well as their corresponding foliar applications supplemented with ZnO (S4, S5, and S6) and soil nitrogen applications at 40 kg ha-1 (S1), 60 kg ha-1 (S2), and 80 kg ha-1 (S3). Zinc fortification using 80 kg ha-1 N and ZnO foliar spray (S6) significantly improved pearl millet growth, yield, and quality in the western ghat zone of Tamil Nadu, India. Application of Zinc oxide @ 0.5% foliar spray at 25 and 50 days after sowing with 80 kg ha-1 of N fertilizer (S6) had shown significant higher plant height (194.01 cm), grain yield (3.62 t ha-1), crude protein (10.85%), iron (79.33 mg kg-1) and zinc (42.32 mg kg-1).
This study offers novel insights into optimizing nutrient management for pearl millet, a crucial crop for food and nutritional security within climate-resilient farming systems. These findings not only contribute to the development of low-input, nutrient-rich crop production models but also support the broader goals of sustainable agriculture and biofortification to combat hidden hunger in marginal environments.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Foliar, Fortification, Nitrogen, Nutrition, Zinc
References
Afe, A. I., Atanda, S., Aduloju, M. O., Ogundare, S. K. & Talabi, A. A. (2015). Response of maize (Zea mays L.) to combined application of organic and inorganic (soil and foliar applied) fertilizers. African Journal of Biotechnology, 14, 3006-010. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2015.14808
Boateng, S.A., J.Zickermann & M. Kornoohrens (2006). Poultry manure effect on growth and yield of maize. West Africa Journal of Applied Ecology, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4314/wajae.v9i1.45682
Ahmad, W., Jan, M. T., Ilyas, M., Shah, T., Moinullah, K. A., Ahmad, A. & Khan, S. (2017). Phenology and yield components of maize as influenced by different forms of dairy manure with supplemental nitrogen management. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research, 3, 137- 46.
AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17. Gaithersburg, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Augustine, R. and Kalyanasundaram, D. (2020). Agronomic biofortification through micronutrient management in maize: A review. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(3), 430-437. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i3.2356
Bekele, A., Kibret, K., Bedadi, B., Balemi, T. & Yli-Halla, M. (2018). Effects of lime, vermicompost and chemical P fertilizer on yield of maize in Ebantu district. Western highlands of Ethiopia. African Journal of Agriculture Research, 13, 477-89. https://doi/org/10.5897/AJAR2017.12949
Chakraborti, M., Prasanna, B. M., Hossain, F., Singh, A. M. & Guleria, S. K. (2009). Genetic evaluation of kernel Fe and Zn concentrations and yield performance of selected maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Range Management and Agroforestry, 30, 109-14.
Chandel, G., Banrjee, S., See, S., Meena, R., Sharma, D. J. & Verulkar, S.B. (2010). Effect of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Native Soil Properties on Rice Grain Fe, Zn and Protein Contents. Rice Science, 17,3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6308(09)60020-2
Chappali Bharathi, Karishma Singh and Joy Dawson. 2024. Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc on Yield and Economics of Pearl Millet. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International. 46(8), 174-178. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i82692
Faisal Nadeem and Muhammad Farooq. (2019). Application of Micronutrients in Rice-Wheat Cropping System of South Asia. Rice Science, 26(6), 356-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2019.02.002
Giri U., P. Lodh, B. Thangjam, N. Paul, D. P. Awasthi, Sangappa, S. Das, D. Sen,Th. Irenaeus K.S., D. Debbarma & A. Sarkar. (2024). Effect of different fertilizer doses and spacing on performance of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) under Tripura Agro-Climatic Condition. 9, 5, Sep-Oct. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.95.40
Gurusiddappan. S., S. B. Patil, R. A. Nandagavi & Vidyavathi G. Yadahalli. (2023). Soil and foliar application of zinc increased pearl millet productivity in calcareous vertisols of Karnataka. Journal of Farm Sciences, 36(1), (26-32). https://doi.org.10.61475/jfm.v36i01.337
Hamid R Tohidi Moghadam, Hossein Zahedi & Ashkan Ashkiani. (2013). Effect of zinc foliar application on auxin and gibberellin hormones and catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity of corn (Zea mays L.) under water stress. Maydica, 58, 218-223.
Hidoto, L., Worku, W., Mohammed, H. & Bunyamin, T. (2017). Effects of Zinc application strategy on Zinc content and productivity of chickpea grown under Zinc deficient soils. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 17(1), 112-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017005 000009
Khattak, S. G., Dominy, P. J. & Ahmad, W. (2015). Effect of Zn as soil addition and foliar application on yield and protein content of wheat in alkaline soil. Journal of National Science Foundation, 43 (4), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v43i4.7965
Khattak S.G., Peter J. Dominy & Wiqar Ahmad. (2015). Assessment of Zn Interaction with Nutrient Cations in Alkaline Soil and its effect on Plant Growth. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 38,1110–1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/01 904167.2015.1009093.
Khattak S.G., Rohullah A., Malik A., Perveen Q. & Ibrar M. (2006). Assessing maize yield and quality as affected by Zn as soil or foliar applications. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 22: 465 ‒ 472.
Kolawole Edomwonyi & Samson Uduzei Remison (2009). Growth and Yield of Maize as Influenced by sowing date and Poultry Manure Application. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici. Cluj-Napoca, 37(1), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha3713140
Kumar, D., Kumar, M. & Kumar, R. (2018). Evaluate the integrated nutrient use on growth and yield of hybrid Maize under central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 7, 518-30. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.062
Lindsay, W.L. & W.A. Norvell. (1978). Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, Iron,Manganese and Copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42,421-428.
Lu Liu, Wen-Feng Cong, Bruno Suter, Fusuo Zhang, Wopke van der Werf & Tjeerd Jan Stomph. (2023). How much can Zn or Fe fertilization contribute to Zn and Fe mass concentration in rice grain? A global meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 301,109033.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109033
Manish Yadav, N.J., Jadav, Dileep Kumar, C.H., Raval, Drashti Chaudhari, & Nisha Chaudhary. 2021. Effect of Different Nutrient Management Practices on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Transplanted Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 33(22), 260-266. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2021/v33i2230704
Mehta, A.C., Khafi, H.R., Bunsa, B.D., Dangaria, C.J. & Davada B K (2008). Effect of soil application and foliar spray of zinc sulphate on yield, uptake and net return of pearl millet. Research Crops, 9(1), 31-32.
Mohsin, A. U., Ahmad, A. U. H., Farooq, M. & Ullah, S. (2014). Influence of zinc application through seed treatment and foliar spray on growth, productivity and grain quality of hybrid pearl millet. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24, 1494-503.
Parkinson, J.A., & Allen, S.E. (1975). A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 6, 1-11.
Prasad, S.K., M. K. Singh. & Renu Singh. (2014a). Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Fertilizer on Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum L.) under Agri-Horti System of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The Bioscan, 9(1), 163-166, 2014.
Prasad, S. K., Singh, M. K., & Renu Singh, (2014b). Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilizer on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under agri-horti system of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Significance, 400, 1-5.
Prasad, P.H. & Naik, A. (2013). Effect of varying NPK levels and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of sweet corn. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 34, 271-274. https://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6379
Qingyue Zhao, Wenqing Cao, Xinping Chen, Tjeerd Jan Stomph & Chunqin Zou. (2022). Global analysis of nitrogen fertilization effects on grain zinc and iron of major cereal crops. Global Food Security, 33, 100631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100631
Raheem, D., Dayoub, M., Birech, R. & Nakiyemba, A. (2021). The contribution of cereal grains to food security and sustainability in Africa: potential application of UAV in Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, and Namibia. Urban Science, 5,8. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010008
Rahman, M.H., Islam, M.R., Jahiruddin, M., Puteh, A.B. & Mondal, M.M.A. (2013). Influence of Organic Matter on Nitrogen Mineralization Pattern in Soils under Different Moisture Regimes. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 15, 55-61.
Sassenrath-Cole GF (1995). “Dependence of canopy light distribution on leaf and canopy structure for two cotton (Gossypium) species”. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 77: 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02238-S
Serba, D. D. & Yadav, R. S. (2016). Genomic tools in pearl millet breeding for drought tolerance: status and prospects. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7,1724. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01724
Shekhawat, P. S. & Kumawat, N. (2017). Response of zinc fertilization on production and profitability of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum. L) under rainfed condition of Rajasthan. Journal of Agriculture Search, 4(4), 251-254. https://doi.org/10.21921/jas.v4i04.10203
Singh, M.K. & Prasad, S.K. (2014). Agronomic aspects of Zinc biofortification in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 84, 613-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-014-0329-4
Singhal, T., Satyavathi, C.T., Kumar, A., Sankar, S. M., Singh, S. P. & Bharadwaj, C. (2018). Genotype x environment interaction and genetic association of grain iron and zinc content with other agronomic traits in RIL population of pearl millet. Crop Pasture Science, 69, 1092–1102. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18306
Somanath Nayak, Yashbir Singh Shivay, Radha Prasanna, Sunil Mandi, Shamima Parveen, Kirttiranjan Baral, Kadapa Sreenivasa Reddy. (2023). Soil and foliar application of Zn enhances its biofortification, bioavailability and productivity in both biofortified and non-biofortified wheat varieties. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 124,105691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105691
Sunita Sheoran, Dhram Prakash, Dev Raj, Virender Singh Mor, Parmod Kumar Yadav, Rajeev Kumar Gupta, Saud Alamri & Manzer H. Siddiqui. Long-term organic and N fertilization influence the quality and productivity of pearl millet under pearl millet-wheat sequence in north India. (2024). Scientific Reports, 14,19503. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70009-1
Tai, U. P. & Young, C. T. (1974). Variation in protein percentage in different portions of peanut cotyledons. Crop Science. 14, 22–29.
Uppal, R. K., Wani, S.P., Garg, K.K. & Alagarswamy, G. (2015). Balanced nutrition increases yield of Pearl millet under drought. Field Crop Research, 177, 86-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.03.006
Usman Made, Adrianton, Silvy Setia Sari and Amirudin. (2022). Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea Mays Saccharata) at Various NPK Fertilizer Doses and Liquid Organic Fertilizer Concentrations. International Journals of Advanced Research, 10(11), 1026-1031. https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/15760
Ved, R., Misra, S.K. & Upadhyay, R.M. (2002). Effects of sulphur, zinc and biofertilizers on the quality characteristics of mungbean. Indian Journal of Pulses Research, 2, 139-141.
Zerihun, A., Sharma, J.J., Nigussie, D. & Fred, K. (2013). The effect of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer rates on performances of soybean and maize component crops of a soyabean/pearl millet mixture at Bako, Western Ethiopia. African Journal of Agriculture Research, 8,3921-9. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.1044
Zhigang Bai, Shuchun Mao, Yingchun Han, Lu Feng, Guoping Wang, Beifang Yang,Xiaoyu Zhi, Zhengyi Fan, Yaping Lei, Wenli Du, Yabing Li. (2016). Study on Light Interception and Biomass Production of Different Cotton Cultivars. PLOS ONE, 5: 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156335
Zong, X., Wang, H., Song, Z., Liu, D. & Zhang, A. (2011). Foliar Zn fertilization impacts on yield and quality in Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 5(4), 552-555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11703-011-1132-9
Boateng, S.A., J.Zickermann & M. Kornoohrens (2006). Poultry manure effect on growth and yield of maize. West Africa Journal of Applied Ecology, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4314/wajae.v9i1.45682
Ahmad, W., Jan, M. T., Ilyas, M., Shah, T., Moinullah, K. A., Ahmad, A. & Khan, S. (2017). Phenology and yield components of maize as influenced by different forms of dairy manure with supplemental nitrogen management. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research, 3, 137- 46.
AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17. Gaithersburg, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Augustine, R. and Kalyanasundaram, D. (2020). Agronomic biofortification through micronutrient management in maize: A review. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(3), 430-437. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i3.2356
Bekele, A., Kibret, K., Bedadi, B., Balemi, T. & Yli-Halla, M. (2018). Effects of lime, vermicompost and chemical P fertilizer on yield of maize in Ebantu district. Western highlands of Ethiopia. African Journal of Agriculture Research, 13, 477-89. https://doi/org/10.5897/AJAR2017.12949
Chakraborti, M., Prasanna, B. M., Hossain, F., Singh, A. M. & Guleria, S. K. (2009). Genetic evaluation of kernel Fe and Zn concentrations and yield performance of selected maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Range Management and Agroforestry, 30, 109-14.
Chandel, G., Banrjee, S., See, S., Meena, R., Sharma, D. J. & Verulkar, S.B. (2010). Effect of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Native Soil Properties on Rice Grain Fe, Zn and Protein Contents. Rice Science, 17,3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6308(09)60020-2
Chappali Bharathi, Karishma Singh and Joy Dawson. 2024. Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc on Yield and Economics of Pearl Millet. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International. 46(8), 174-178. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i82692
Faisal Nadeem and Muhammad Farooq. (2019). Application of Micronutrients in Rice-Wheat Cropping System of South Asia. Rice Science, 26(6), 356-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2019.02.002
Giri U., P. Lodh, B. Thangjam, N. Paul, D. P. Awasthi, Sangappa, S. Das, D. Sen,Th. Irenaeus K.S., D. Debbarma & A. Sarkar. (2024). Effect of different fertilizer doses and spacing on performance of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) under Tripura Agro-Climatic Condition. 9, 5, Sep-Oct. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.95.40
Gurusiddappan. S., S. B. Patil, R. A. Nandagavi & Vidyavathi G. Yadahalli. (2023). Soil and foliar application of zinc increased pearl millet productivity in calcareous vertisols of Karnataka. Journal of Farm Sciences, 36(1), (26-32). https://doi.org.10.61475/jfm.v36i01.337
Hamid R Tohidi Moghadam, Hossein Zahedi & Ashkan Ashkiani. (2013). Effect of zinc foliar application on auxin and gibberellin hormones and catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity of corn (Zea mays L.) under water stress. Maydica, 58, 218-223.
Hidoto, L., Worku, W., Mohammed, H. & Bunyamin, T. (2017). Effects of Zinc application strategy on Zinc content and productivity of chickpea grown under Zinc deficient soils. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 17(1), 112-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017005 000009
Khattak, S. G., Dominy, P. J. & Ahmad, W. (2015). Effect of Zn as soil addition and foliar application on yield and protein content of wheat in alkaline soil. Journal of National Science Foundation, 43 (4), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v43i4.7965
Khattak S.G., Peter J. Dominy & Wiqar Ahmad. (2015). Assessment of Zn Interaction with Nutrient Cations in Alkaline Soil and its effect on Plant Growth. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 38,1110–1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/01 904167.2015.1009093.
Khattak S.G., Rohullah A., Malik A., Perveen Q. & Ibrar M. (2006). Assessing maize yield and quality as affected by Zn as soil or foliar applications. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 22: 465 ‒ 472.
Kolawole Edomwonyi & Samson Uduzei Remison (2009). Growth and Yield of Maize as Influenced by sowing date and Poultry Manure Application. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici. Cluj-Napoca, 37(1), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha3713140
Kumar, D., Kumar, M. & Kumar, R. (2018). Evaluate the integrated nutrient use on growth and yield of hybrid Maize under central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 7, 518-30. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.062
Lindsay, W.L. & W.A. Norvell. (1978). Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, Iron,Manganese and Copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42,421-428.
Lu Liu, Wen-Feng Cong, Bruno Suter, Fusuo Zhang, Wopke van der Werf & Tjeerd Jan Stomph. (2023). How much can Zn or Fe fertilization contribute to Zn and Fe mass concentration in rice grain? A global meta-analysis. Field Crops Research, 301,109033.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109033
Manish Yadav, N.J., Jadav, Dileep Kumar, C.H., Raval, Drashti Chaudhari, & Nisha Chaudhary. 2021. Effect of Different Nutrient Management Practices on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Transplanted Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 33(22), 260-266. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2021/v33i2230704
Mehta, A.C., Khafi, H.R., Bunsa, B.D., Dangaria, C.J. & Davada B K (2008). Effect of soil application and foliar spray of zinc sulphate on yield, uptake and net return of pearl millet. Research Crops, 9(1), 31-32.
Mohsin, A. U., Ahmad, A. U. H., Farooq, M. & Ullah, S. (2014). Influence of zinc application through seed treatment and foliar spray on growth, productivity and grain quality of hybrid pearl millet. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24, 1494-503.
Parkinson, J.A., & Allen, S.E. (1975). A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 6, 1-11.
Prasad, S.K., M. K. Singh. & Renu Singh. (2014a). Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc Fertilizer on Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum L.) under Agri-Horti System of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The Bioscan, 9(1), 163-166, 2014.
Prasad, S. K., Singh, M. K., & Renu Singh, (2014b). Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilizer on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under agri-horti system of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Significance, 400, 1-5.
Prasad, P.H. & Naik, A. (2013). Effect of varying NPK levels and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of sweet corn. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 34, 271-274. https://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6379
Qingyue Zhao, Wenqing Cao, Xinping Chen, Tjeerd Jan Stomph & Chunqin Zou. (2022). Global analysis of nitrogen fertilization effects on grain zinc and iron of major cereal crops. Global Food Security, 33, 100631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100631
Raheem, D., Dayoub, M., Birech, R. & Nakiyemba, A. (2021). The contribution of cereal grains to food security and sustainability in Africa: potential application of UAV in Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, and Namibia. Urban Science, 5,8. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010008
Rahman, M.H., Islam, M.R., Jahiruddin, M., Puteh, A.B. & Mondal, M.M.A. (2013). Influence of Organic Matter on Nitrogen Mineralization Pattern in Soils under Different Moisture Regimes. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 15, 55-61.
Sassenrath-Cole GF (1995). “Dependence of canopy light distribution on leaf and canopy structure for two cotton (Gossypium) species”. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 77: 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02238-S
Serba, D. D. & Yadav, R. S. (2016). Genomic tools in pearl millet breeding for drought tolerance: status and prospects. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7,1724. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01724
Shekhawat, P. S. & Kumawat, N. (2017). Response of zinc fertilization on production and profitability of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum. L) under rainfed condition of Rajasthan. Journal of Agriculture Search, 4(4), 251-254. https://doi.org/10.21921/jas.v4i04.10203
Singh, M.K. & Prasad, S.K. (2014). Agronomic aspects of Zinc biofortification in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 84, 613-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-014-0329-4
Singhal, T., Satyavathi, C.T., Kumar, A., Sankar, S. M., Singh, S. P. & Bharadwaj, C. (2018). Genotype x environment interaction and genetic association of grain iron and zinc content with other agronomic traits in RIL population of pearl millet. Crop Pasture Science, 69, 1092–1102. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18306
Somanath Nayak, Yashbir Singh Shivay, Radha Prasanna, Sunil Mandi, Shamima Parveen, Kirttiranjan Baral, Kadapa Sreenivasa Reddy. (2023). Soil and foliar application of Zn enhances its biofortification, bioavailability and productivity in both biofortified and non-biofortified wheat varieties. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 124,105691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105691
Sunita Sheoran, Dhram Prakash, Dev Raj, Virender Singh Mor, Parmod Kumar Yadav, Rajeev Kumar Gupta, Saud Alamri & Manzer H. Siddiqui. Long-term organic and N fertilization influence the quality and productivity of pearl millet under pearl millet-wheat sequence in north India. (2024). Scientific Reports, 14,19503. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70009-1
Tai, U. P. & Young, C. T. (1974). Variation in protein percentage in different portions of peanut cotyledons. Crop Science. 14, 22–29.
Uppal, R. K., Wani, S.P., Garg, K.K. & Alagarswamy, G. (2015). Balanced nutrition increases yield of Pearl millet under drought. Field Crop Research, 177, 86-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.03.006
Usman Made, Adrianton, Silvy Setia Sari and Amirudin. (2022). Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea Mays Saccharata) at Various NPK Fertilizer Doses and Liquid Organic Fertilizer Concentrations. International Journals of Advanced Research, 10(11), 1026-1031. https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/15760
Ved, R., Misra, S.K. & Upadhyay, R.M. (2002). Effects of sulphur, zinc and biofertilizers on the quality characteristics of mungbean. Indian Journal of Pulses Research, 2, 139-141.
Zerihun, A., Sharma, J.J., Nigussie, D. & Fred, K. (2013). The effect of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer rates on performances of soybean and maize component crops of a soyabean/pearl millet mixture at Bako, Western Ethiopia. African Journal of Agriculture Research, 8,3921-9. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.1044
Zhigang Bai, Shuchun Mao, Yingchun Han, Lu Feng, Guoping Wang, Beifang Yang,Xiaoyu Zhi, Zhengyi Fan, Yaping Lei, Wenli Du, Yabing Li. (2016). Study on Light Interception and Biomass Production of Different Cotton Cultivars. PLOS ONE, 5: 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156335
Zong, X., Wang, H., Song, Z., Liu, D. & Zhang, A. (2011). Foliar Zn fertilization impacts on yield and quality in Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 5(4), 552-555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11703-011-1132-9
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How to Cite
Impact of zinc fortification on yield and quality of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in the Western ghat region of Coimbatore District under irrigated conditions. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(3), 981-991. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i3.6345
