Organic production of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) for agricultural sustainability and healthy nutrition: An overview
Article Main
Abstract
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) is a versatile and nutritionally dense cruciferous vegetable with a long worldwide history of cultivation. This review explores the organic production methods of cabbage, emphasizing their pivotal role in fostering agricultural sustainability and promoting healthier nutritional practices. Organic farming principles, excluding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in crop production, improve soil health, biodiversity conservation, and ecological balance. In cabbage cultivation, organic farming practices play a crucial role in promoting environmental health and human well-being. By avoiding synthetic chemicals, these methods help prevent water and soil pollution while fostering natural ecosystems. Organic techniques like crop rotation and composting enhance soil fertility naturally, improving overall soil health. This approach also benefits human health by reducing exposure to potentially harmful substances, resulting in safer food for consumers and a healthier work environment for farmers. Ultimately, organic practices offer a sustainable model for agriculture that balances productivity with environmental stewardship and health consciousness. Furthermore, organic cabbage production aligns with consumer preferences for chemical-free, nutritious foods, offering higher levels of essential nutrients, antioxidants, and phytochemicals than conventionally grown counterparts. The review delves into various organic management strategies for cultivating cabbage using organic fertilizers derived from recycled plant and animal wastes alone and in combination with microbes. Overall, this review underscores the significance of organic farming practices in advancing agricultural sustainability and ensuring access to nutrient-rich (carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers) cabbage to promote human health and well-being.
Article Details
Article Details
Cabbage, suitability, Fertilizers, Organic farming, Manure, Sustainability
Aksoy, U. (2011). Ecological farming. In Proceedings of the II. Ecological Farming Symposium. Antalya, Turkey.
Ali S, Kashem MA & Aziz MA. (2018). A Scenario of Agricultural Technologies Practiced in Haor Area of Sunamganj District in Bangladesh. Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal, 19(2): 556087.
APAC. (2012). Cabbage production by country. Statista. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/658175/asia-pacific-cabbage-and-other-brassicas-production-by-country/
Amoah, P., Adamtey, N., & Cofie, O. (2007). Effect of urine, poultry manure, and dewatered faecal sludge on agronomic characteristics of cabbage in Accra, Ghana. Resources, 6(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources6020019. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources 6020019
Ansari, S. A., Patil, S. R., & Jadhav, P. R. (2020). Influence of different organic manures on cabbage's growth, yield, and quality (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 12(2), 220-225.
Annex Publishers. (2018). The combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on yield and yield component of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) at Dedebit, Central Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Sciences: Current Research, 1(2).
Asamoah, S., Anankware, J. P., & Adjei, R. R. (2021). Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of cabbage in Ghana. International Journal of Horticultural Science, 27, 46-49. https://doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/27/2021/8923.
Bento, T. S., Carvalho, Marco, A. C., Yamashita, O. M., Dallacort, R., Vieira, I., Felito, R. A. & Araújo, D. V. (2020). Application of several green manures to produce organic cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) and their influence on soil biological properties. Australian Journal of Crop Science. doi: 10.21475/ajcs.20.14.09.p2167. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.09.p2167
Bernal, M. P., Clemente, R., & Walker, D. J. (2006). The role of organic amendment in the bioremediation of heavy metal-polluted soils. In Environmental Research at the Leading Edge (pp. 1-57). Nova Science Publishers.
Bhattarai, S., Bhatta, S., Shriswastav, P., & Subedi, J. (2023). Effect of organic source of nutrients on soil physico-chemical properties, growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 9(1), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajsspn/2023/v9i1171.
Ceronio, G., Mbatha, A. N., & Engelbrecht, G. M. (2012). Response of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) to organic fertiliser and micronutrient application. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 29(3-4), 151-156. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.936.29
Chastain, L. (2024). When to harvest cabbages growing throughout the seasons. Homes & Gardens. https://www.homesandgardens.com/gardens/when-to-harvest-cabbages.
Chatterjee, R., Jana, J. C., & Paul, P. K. (2012). Enhancement of head yield and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) by combining different sources of nutrients. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 82(4), 324-328. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v82i4.16641.
Chen, J. H. (2006). The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use. Bangkok, Thailand.
Citak, S., & Sonmez, S. (2010). Influence of organic and conventional growing conditions on the nutrient contents of white head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) during two successive seasons. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(3), 1788–1793. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903416a
Clemson University Extension. (n.d.). Poultry manure production and nutrient content. Retrieved January 30, 2025, from https://www.clemson.edu/extension/camm/manuals/poultry/pch3b_00.pdf
Cordeiro, A. A. S., Rodrigues, M. B., Gonçalves Júnior, M., Espíndola, J. A. A., Araújo, E. S., & Guerra, J. G. M. (2018). Organic cabbage growth using green manure in pre-cultivation and organic top dressing fertilization. Horticultura Brasileira, 36(4), 515-520. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180415
Debrah, P. Y., Debrah, C. A., Nuhu, F., Francisco, P. R., & Obeng, E. A. (2021). Response of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata L.) to organic and inorganic fertilizer. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 43(2), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2021/v43i230691.
Dipankar, D., & Subhra, S. (2016). Effect of organic manure on the yield of summer cabbage var. summer queen under Tripura condition. Innovative Farming, 1(3), 96-98.
Di, Y., Cui, Z., Guo, H., Zhu, J., Bian, X., & Li, C. (2021). Effect of straw returning on soil organic carbon fractions and enzyme activities in the North China Plain. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 21(2), 878-889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02859-x
El-Sharkawy, G. A., & Abdel-Razzak, H. S. (2010). Response of Cabbage Plants (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata L.) to Fertilization with Chicken Manure, Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer and Humic Acid. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 31(4), 416-432. https://doi.org/10.21608/asejaiqjsae.2010.2338.
FiBL & IFOAM - Organics International. (2021). The world of organic agriculture - Statistics & emerging trends 2021.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2017). The future of food and agriculture - Trends and challenges.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2020). New CRP: Developing Climate Smart Agricultural Practices for Carbon Sequestration and Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases (D15020). IAEA.
Gelaye, Y., & Tadele, E. (2022). Agronomic productivity and organic fertilizer rates on growth and yield performance of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) in Northwestern Ethiopia. The Scientific World Journal, 2022, Article 2108401. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2108401
Goswami, L., Nath, A., Sutradhar, S., Bhattacharya, S. S., Kalamdhad, A., Vellingiri, K., & Kim, K. (2017). Application of drum compost and vermicompost to improve soil health, growth, and yield parameters for tomato and cabbage plants. Journal of Environmental Management, 200, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.073
Grubben, G. J. H., & Denton, O. A. (2024). Plant resources of Tropical Africa and vegetables. PROTA Foundation.
Haque, K. M. F., Jahangir, A. A., Haque, M. E., Mondal, R. K., Jahan, M. A. A., & Sarker, M. A. M. (2006). Yield and nutritional quality of cabbage as affected by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 41(1-2), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v41i1.267.
Haque, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Alam, M. S., Hasan, M. M., & Alam, M. S. (2022). Effects of organic manures on growth and yield of cabbage. Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 3(2), 45-49. https://doi.org/10.47440/JAFE.2022.3209.
Hasan, M. R., & Solaiman, A. H. M. (2012). Efficacy of organic and organic fertilizer on the growth of Brassica oleracea L. (Cabbage). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 4(3), 128-138.
Hossain, M. S., Hossain, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. T., Rahman, M. A., & Adham, A. K. M. (2024). Chemical fertilizers and pesticides: Impacts on soil degradation, groundwater and human health in Bangladesh. In Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change (pp. 303-331). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41521-1_13
Hsu, C.-M., & Lai, H. Y. (2022). Comprehensive assessment of the influence of applying two kinds of chicken-manure-processed organic fertilizers on soil properties, mineralization of nitrogen, and yields of three crops. Agronomy, 12(10), 2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102355
IFOAM (1998). Basic standards for organic production and processing. IFOAM Tholey-Theley.
Ijoyah, M. O., & Sophie, V. L. (2009). Effects of different levels of decomposed poultry manure on yield of cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L.) at Anse Boileau, Seychelles. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension, 8(1), 20-23. https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v8i1.44109.
Islam, M. A., Ferdous, G., Akter, A., Hossain, M. M., & Nandwani, D. (2017). Effect of organic, inorganic fertilizers and plant spacing on the growth and yield of cabbage. Agriculture, 7(4), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture7040031
Kalkhajeh, Y. K., He, Z., Yang, X., Lu, Y., Zhou, J., Gao, H., & Maa, C. (2021). Co-application of nitrogen and straw-decomposing microbial inoculant enhanced wheat straw decomposition and rice yield in a paddy soil. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 4, 100134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100134
Kaur, A. (2020). Impact of various organic manures on yield, yield attributes and economics of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(2), 1439-1442. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.033
Kiran, M., Jilani, M. S., & Waseem, K. (2017). Impact of different organic manures and NPK application on the growth and yield of turnip (Brassica rapa L.). Pakistan Journal of Science, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v69i2.357.
Knapp, S., & van der Heijden, M. G. (2018). A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture. Nature Communications, 9(1), 3632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05956-1.
Kumar, S., & Parmar, K. (2024). Effect of biofertilizers and manures on growth, yield, and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea). BIO Web of Conferences, 64, 04003. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20246404003
Kumar, P., Baksh, H., Singh, R., Srivastav, A., & Pandey, R. (2022). Impact of organic manures and biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of cabbage. Journal of AgriSearch, 9(4), 300-302. https://doi.org/10.21921/jas.v9i04.11592
Laczi, E., Apahidean, A., Luca, E., Dumitraş, A., & Boancă, P. (2016). Headed Chinese cabbage growth and yield influenced by different manure types in organic farming system. Horticultural Science, 43, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.17221/6/2015-HORTSCI
Langemeier, M., & Fang, X. (2021). Comparison of Conventional and Organic Crop Rotations. Purdue University Commercial Agriculture Center.
Lee, J., Jo, N., Shim, S., Le, T. Y. L., Jeong, W. Y., Kwak, K. W., Choi, H. S., Lee, B., Kim, S., Lee, G., & Hwang, S. G. (2023). Influence of organic liquid fertilizer developed from livestock manure on the growth, antioxidant activities, and soil microbial populations of Chinese cabbage. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2964376/v1
Liao, W., Liu, J., Wang, X., Jia, K., & Meng, N. (2008). Effects of phosphate fertilizer and manure on Chinese cabbage yield and soil phosphorus accumulation. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 2(3), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11703-008-0026-2.
Liu, S., Zhang, P., Wang, X., Abdul, H., Niu, M., Song, S., Fang, J., & Shangguan, L. (2024). Comparative analysis of different bio-organic fertilizers on growth and rhizosphere environment of grapevine seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae, 324, 112587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112587.
Lim, T., Kim, K., Park, J., Lee, S., & Hong, S. (2012). The use of green manure crops as a nitrogen source for lettuce and Chinese cabbage production in greenhouse. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture, 31(3), 212-216. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2012.31.3.212
Maghfoer, M. D., Koesriharti, K., Islami, T., & Kanwal, N. D. S. (2018). A study of the efficacy of various nutrient sources on the growth and yield of cabbage. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 40(1), 168-176. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v40i1.1721.
Mahmood, F., Khan, I., Ashraf, U., Shahzad, T., Hussain, S., Shahid, M., & Ullah, S. (2017). Effects of organic and inorganic manures on maize and their residual impact on soil physico-chemical properties. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 17(1), 22-32. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017005000002.
Maseko, I., Mabhaudhi, T., Tesfay, S., Araya, H. T., Fezzehazion, M., & Du Plooy, C. P. (2021). Effect of poultry and goat manures on the nutrient content of Sesamum alatum leafy vegetables. Applied Sciences, 11(24), 11933. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411933.
Mappaona, S. Y., & Kitou, M. (1994). Yield response of cabbage to several tropical green manure legumes incorporated into soil. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 40(3), 415-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1994.10413319.
Mulenga, M., Mukumbuta, I., Uchida, Y., & Chishala, B. (2023). Effects of chicken manure and chicken manure-derived biochar on the bioavailability and concentration of metal (Pb) in two Brassica vegetables. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2446078/v1
Mbatha, A. N. (2008). Influence of organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of cabbage and carrots [Master's thesis]. University of the Free State Bloemfontein.
Muhammad, D., Qasim, M., & Alam, M. (2007). Effect of different levels of N, P and K on the growth and yield of cabbage. Journal of Agricultural Research, 45(2), 171-176.
Muller, A., Schader, C., El-Hage Scialabba, N., Brüggemann, J., Isensee, A., Erb, K. H., & Niggli, U. (2017). Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1290. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01410-w.
Nurhidayati, N., Ali, U., & Murwani, I. (2016). Yield and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata) under organic growing media using vermicompost and earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus inoculation. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 11, 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.12.002.
Ogedegbe, S. A., & Law-Ogbomo, K. E. (2013). Growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) as influenced by poultry manure and NPK application. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 9(4), 19-24.
Olaniyi, J. O., & Ojetayo, A. E. (2011). Effect of fertilizer types on the growth and yield of two cabbage varieties. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 12(2), 1573-1582.
Papini, R., Valboa, G., Favilli, F., & L'abate, G. (2011). Influence of land use on organic carbon pool and chemical properties of Vertic Cambisols in central and southern Italy. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 140(1-2), 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.11.013.
Payal, G., Asha, G., & Santosh, S. (2006). Vermicompost of different types of waste using Eisenia foetida: A comparative study. Bioresource Technology, 97(3), 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.009
Piccolo, A., Conte, P., Spaccini, R., & Mbagwu, J. S. C. (2005). Influence of land use on the characteristics of humic substances in some tropical soils of Nigeria. European Journal of Soil Science, 56(3), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00676.x
Reganold, J. P., & Wachter, J. M. (2016). Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nature Plants, 2(2), 15221. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.221
Rajput, M., Sahu, K. K., Vishwakarma, S. K., & Markam, S. K. (2022). Impact of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers on growth and yield attributes of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) in Bastar, Chhattisgarh. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 14(2), 1289-1294.
Ren, T., Liu, B., Lu, J., Deng, Z., & Li, X. (2024). Comparative study of the quality indices, antioxidant substances, and mineral content of different varieties of cabbage. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 4935. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51747-8
Reza, S., Sajjadul, A. K. M., Rahman, M. A., Miah, M. Y., Akhter, S., & Rahman, M. M. (2016). Impact of organic fertilizers on yield and nutrient uptake of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Journal of Science, Technology and Environment Informatics, 3(2), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.18801/jstei.030216.26
Sajib, K., Dash, P. K., Adhikary, B., & Mannan, M. A. (2015). Yield performance of cabbage under different combinations of manures and fertilizers. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11(6), 411-422.
Sarangthem, I., Misra, A. D. D., & Chakraborty, Y. (2011). Cabbage productivity, nutrient uptake and soil fertility as affected by organic and bio-sources. Agricultural Science Digest, 31(4), 260-264.
Shahariar, M. S., Moniruzzaman, M., Saha, B., Chakraborty, G., Islam, M., & Tahsin, S. (2013). Effects of fresh and digested cowdung and poultry litter on the growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea). Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 48(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i1.15382.
Sharma, A., Kumari, N., Zargar, A., Thakur, U., & Kumar, S. (2019). Effects of organic manure on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) yield in Himachal Pradesh, India. In National Seminar on Contribution of Agriculture to Sustainable Development. Jagdish Chandra DAV College, Dasuya.
Sharma, A., Sharma, S., Yadav, S., Sharma, S. K., & Sharma, R. (2023). Nutrient content and uptake in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) crop as influenced by foliar application of nano nitrogen and nano zinc. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12(7), 2602-2607.
Silviana, E., Putra, E., & Silalahi, J. (2016). Effect of fertilization on lead accumulation in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and white mustard (Brassica rapa L.). International Journal of PharmTech Research, 9(5), 247-253.
Srinivasan, R., Jeevan Rao, K., Sailaja, V., & Kalaivanan, D. (2014). Influence of organic manures and fertilizers on nutrient uptake, yield, and quality in cabbage-baby corn cropping sequence. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 9(1), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v9i1.218.
Sur, P., Mandal, M., & Das, D. K. (2010). Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil fertility and organic carbon in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) growing soils. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 80(8), 38-00.
Ștefan, I. M. A., & Ona, A. D. (2020). Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). Overview of the health benefits and therapeutical uses. Hop and Medicinal Plants, 28(1-2), 150-169. https://doi.org/10.15835/hpm.v28i1-2.13994.
Suthar, S. (2012). Impact of vermicompost and composted farmyard manure on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) field crop. International Journal of Plant Production, 3(1), 27-38.
Swami, S., & Konyak, C. P. W. (2020). Soil properties and productivity of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) under integrated nutrient management system in acid inceptisol of Meghalaya. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(2), 2131-2137. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2af.9068.
Tawfiq, S. K., & Al-Sahaf, F. H. (2017). Role of different manure source and level on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cabbage and spinach yield. Kufa Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(1), 239-267.
TNAU Agritech Portal. (n.d.). Composting of poultry wastes. Retrieved January 30, 2025, from https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_poultry.html.
Upadhyay, A. K., Bahadur, A., & Singh, J. (2011). Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on yield, dry matter partitioning and quality traits of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). 82(1), 31-34. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v82i1.13864.
United States Department of Agriculture. (2000). Glickman announces new proposal for national organic standards (News Release No. 0074.00).
Vera-Núñez, J. A., Nava, D. T., Castro, E. S., & Peña-Cabriales, J. J. (2016). Contribution of nitrogen from chicken manure to broccoli crop (Brassica oleracea L.). Journal of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, 49(2), 105-116.
Verma, R., Maurya, B. R., & Meena, V. S. (2014). Integrated effect of bio-organics with chemical fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 84(8), 914-919. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v84i8.43042.
Yara Fertilizers. (2024, July 31). Understanding blood meal fertilizer: An organic nitrogen-rich source. https://yarafert.com/blood-meal-fertilizer/
Yang, Q., Tian, H., Li, X., Ren, W., Zhang, B., Zhang, X., & Wolf, J. (2016). Spatiotemporal patterns of livestock manure nutrient production in the conterminous United States from 1930 to 2012. Science of The Total Environment, 541, 1592-1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.044.
Zahradník, A., & Petříková, K. (2007). Effect of alternative organic fertilizers on the nutritional value and yield of head cabbage. Horticultural Science, 34(2), 65-71. https://doi.org/10.17221/1850-HORTSCI.
Zahid, H. M. (2001). Production of vermicompost and its use in upland and horticultural crops. In Annual reports of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council. Farmgate, Dhaka.
Zhang, J. G., Bo, G. D., Zhang, Z. F., Kong, F. Y., Wang, Y., & Shen, G. M. (2016). Effects of straw incorporation on soil nutrients, enzymes, and aggregate stability in tobacco fields of China. Sustainability, 8(8), 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080710
Zheng, J., Wang, L., Wang, X., Shi, Y., & Yang, Z. (2023). Parameter calibration of cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.) based on the discrete element method. Agriculture, 13(3), 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030555.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)