Amino acid and fatty acid profile of five small Indigenous fish species (SIS) from Assam, India
Article Main
Abstract
Both proteins and fatty acids are significant macromolecules that control vital metabolic processes and act as building blocks for forming compounds crucial to biological processes. Fish are a significant source of high-quality protein and fatty acids in human nutrition. In this study, the amino acid fatty acid profile of five sun-dried small Indigenous fish species (SIS), viz., Anabus testudineus, Barilius barila, Gudusia chapra, Nandus nandus and Puntius sophore. The amino acid profile was determined using standard analytical techniques, while the fatty acid composition was assessed according to the AOAC method by preparing fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).The total detected essential amino acid concentrations in A. testudineus, B. barila, G. chapra, N. nandus, and P. sophore were 2788.23±5.74, 2939.86±7.6, 2750.44±12.93, 2534.41±4.77 and 1319.21±8.45µmol/L, and the concentrations of nonessential amino acids are 9141.48±6.18, 9493.55±9.58, 8523.89±13.1, 8261.06±9.96 and 4572.77±7.69 µmol/L. The study identified 23 fatty acids, with palmitic acid being the most abundant saturated fatty acid, followed by Myristic, Arachidic, Pentadecanoic, Margaric, Stearic, and Tridecanoic acids, with very low amounts of Behenic and Lignoceric acids. The present study has examined the amino acid compositions of significant dietary fish from various habitats (viz., River, beel, reservoirs, ponds and tanks, etc). Therefore, these can be recommended as a healthy supplement to the human diet, an alternate source of protein, and another nutrient requirement.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Small Indigenous fish, Sun-dried, amino acid, fatty acid profile
References
Ahmed I., Jan K., Fatma S., Dawood M. A. O. (2022). Muscle proximate composition of various food fish speciesand their nutritional significance: A review, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal nutrition, 106 (3), 690-719. DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13711
Chen, C., Sander, J. E., & Dale, N. M. (2003). The effect of dietary lysine deficiency on the immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination in chickens. Avian Diseases, 47(4), 1346–1351. https://doi.org/10.1637/7008
Danielli, M.M., Tayz,F.R., Wande, M.B., Rozilaine,A.P.G. de F., Camila de S.P., Pete, B.F., Sandra, M. & Xisto, R.de S. (2019) Fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content of Five species of pacu-pevas from the pantanal region of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 83 (2),103283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103283
De, B., Das, S.R., Chakraborty, R., Choudhury, K., Kalita, P., Sen ,S. (2019). Nutritional assessment of certain dry fishes consumed by the tribal people of Tripura, India. Annals: Food Science &Technology, 20(4). DOI:10.59415/ijfas.v7i3.121
Enrique, M., Rao, K.S. and Durant, A.A. (2014) The lipid content and fatty acid composition of four eastern central Pacific native fish species. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 33,1–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.08.007
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for zinc. EFSA. 2014;12:3844. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3844.
FAO, IFAD, and WFP (2013). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013—The Multiple Dimensions of Food Security, FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO/WHO (2011). Report of the Joint FAO–WHO Expert Consultation on the Risks and Benefits Associated with Fish Consumption. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture. Technical Paper 978
Fitri, N., Chan, S. X. Y., Che Lah, N. H., Jam, F. A., Misnan, N. M., Kamal, N., Sarian, M. N., Mohd Lazaldin, M. A., Low, C. F., Hamezah, H. S., Rohani, E. R., Mediani, A., & Abas, F. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on the Processing of Dried Fish and the Associated Chemical and Nutritional Changes. Foods, 11(19), 2938. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11192938
Jabeen, F. and Chaudhry, A. (2011). Chemical compositions and fatty acid profiles of three freshwater fish species. Food Chemistry. 125: 991-996. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.103
Jena, D., Jena, A. K., Panda, A., Parhi, J., Biswas, P., & Pattanaik, S. S. (2018). Proximate analysis of some small indigenous fish species (SIS) of Tripura, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6(4), 470–474.
Kalita K., Basumatari D. and Ghosh S. S. (2024). Comparative proximate and mineral analysis of fresh and sun-dried fish species with special reference to Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822), Gudusia chapra (Hamilton, 1822), Indian Hydrobiology, 23(1): 87–98. 10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i184423
Khan, M.A., Hossain, M.A., Chowdhury, M.A., Sultana, N., Begum, Islam, M.N. (2024) Nutritional Quality Assessment of Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIS) from the Mathabhanga River in Bangladesh. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 28, 207- 216. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJABF.2024.346585
Kiczorowska, B., Samolińska, W., Grela, E. R., & Bik-Małodzińska, M. (2019). Nutrient and Mineral Profile of Chosen Fresh and Smoked Fish. Nutrients, 11(7), 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071448.
Lopez, M. J., & Mohiuddin, S. S. (2023). Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Luo, Q. , Zha, G. , Lin, L. , Huang, Y. , Zou, X. (2022). Comparison of physicochemical properties of different tissues from China climbing perch Anabas testudineus and crucian carp Carassius auratus. Food Science & Nutrition, 10, 936–944. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2727
Mahanty, A., Ganguly, S., Verma, A., Sahoo, S., Mitra, P., Paria, P., Sharma, A.P., Singh, B.K., Mohanty, B.P. (2014). Nutrient profile of small indigenous fish Puntius sophore: Proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid and micronutrient profiles. National Academy Science Letters, 37(1),39–44. DOI: 10.1007/s40009-013-0186-3
Majumdar, B.C.; Afrin, F.; Rasul, M.G.; Shaha, D.C. and Shah, A.K.M.A. (2018). Changes in physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of sun-dried Mystus vittatus during storage at ambient temperature. Fishes, 3(3), 32. DOI: 10.3390/fishes3030032
Mohanty, B.P., Pati, M.K., Bhattacharjee, S., Hajra, A., Sharma, A.P. (2013). Small indigenous fishes and their importance in human health. Advances in Fish Research, 5:257- 278.
Mohanty, B., Mahanty, A., Ganguly, S., Sankar, T. V., Chakraborty, K., Rangasamy, A., Paul, B., Sarma, D., Mathew, S., Asha, K. K., Behera, B., Aftabuddin, M., Debnath, D., Vijayagopal, P., Sridhar, N., Akhtar, M. S., Sahi, N., Mitra, T., Banerjee, S., Paria, P., … Sharma, A. P. (2014). Amino Acid compositions of 27 food fishes and their importance in clinical nutrition. Journal of Amino acids, 2014, 269797. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/269797
Mohanty, B.P. and Singh, S.D. (2018). Fish and human nutrition.Aquaculture in India,Narendra Publishing House: New Delhi, India, pp. 561–581.
Mohanty, B.P., Ganguly, S., Mahanty, A., Sankar, T.V., et al. (2016). DHA and EPA content and fatty acid profile of 39 food fishes from India, BioMed Research International, 2016:4027437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4027437
Nath, K.D., Nickhil C., Borah D., Pandiselvam R., & Sankar Chandra Deka S. C. (2024). Preparation, characterization, and nutritional analysis of Napham: An Indian traditional smoke-dried-fermented fish paste’, Journal of Food Biochemistry, pp. 1–11. doi:10.1155/2024/7410065.
Pegu, A. Kalita R., Das P. & Baruah C. (2023). Nutritional composition of small indigenous species of fishes of Northeast India: A systematic review. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 649 - 662. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4490
Rasul, M.G.; Yuan, C. and Shah, A.K.M.A. (2020). Chemical and microbiological hazards of dried fishes in Bangladesh: A food safety concern. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 11(6), 523-539. DOI: 10.4236/fns.2020.116037
Rasul M. G., Yuan C. and Shah A.K.M. (2021). Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Dried Fish in Bangladesh. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 25(4), 379-399. doi: 10.21608/ejabf.2021.189666
Renata, P.A. and Danuta, K.P. (2017). Fatty acid profile of fat of grass carp, bighead carp, Siberian sturgeon, and Wels catfish. Journal of Food Quality. Volume 2017, Article ID 5718125, 6 pages.
Roos, N., Wahab, M. A., Chamnan, C., & Thilsted, S. H. (2007). The role of fish in food-based strategies to combat vitamin A and mineral deficiencies in developing countries. The Journal of nutrition, 137(4), 1106–1109. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.4.1106Singh H.R. (2020). Biochemical composition and nutritional properties of some coldwater fishes of Manipur (Ph.D. thesis). Department Of Life Sciences, Manipur University.
Singh K.B. (2023). Evaluation of nutritional and toxicological profiles of ice-packed fishes available in Imphal, Manipur, Manipur University.
Singh M. S. (2020). Studies on nutritional qualities of some small indigenous fishes of Manipur, (Ph.D. thesis) Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University.
Talwar PK, Jhingran AG. (1991). Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi; 1:525.
Uhe, A.M., Collier, G.R. and O’Dea, K. (1992).A comparison of the effects of beef, chicken and fish protein on satiety and amino acid profiles in lean male subjects. The Journal of Nutrition, 122(3), 467–472. doi:10.1093/jn/122.3.467.
USDA (2015-20). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition.
Wang, W., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, J., & Wu, G. (2013). Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health. Amino acids, 45(3), 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1493-1
WHO (2022). Obesity and overweight. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Wu G. (2010). Functional amino acids in growth, reproduction, and health. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 1(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.110.1008Wu G. (2013). Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino acids, 45(3), 407–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1500-6Islam, R., Islam, M.D.M., Shoeb, M., and Nahar, N. (2018) Fatty acid compositions in marine fish samples of Bangladesh. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences. 8(5): 723. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000723
Zhang, H., Wang, Z. Y., Yang, X., Zhao, H. T., Zhang, Y. C., Dong, A. J., Jing, J., & Wang, J. (2014). Determination of free amino acids and 18 elements in freeze-dried strawberry and blueberry fruit using an Amino Acid Analyzer and ICP-MS with micro-wave digestion. Food Chemistry, 147, 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.0 9.118
Chen, C., Sander, J. E., & Dale, N. M. (2003). The effect of dietary lysine deficiency on the immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination in chickens. Avian Diseases, 47(4), 1346–1351. https://doi.org/10.1637/7008
Danielli, M.M., Tayz,F.R., Wande, M.B., Rozilaine,A.P.G. de F., Camila de S.P., Pete, B.F., Sandra, M. & Xisto, R.de S. (2019) Fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content of Five species of pacu-pevas from the pantanal region of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 83 (2),103283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103283
De, B., Das, S.R., Chakraborty, R., Choudhury, K., Kalita, P., Sen ,S. (2019). Nutritional assessment of certain dry fishes consumed by the tribal people of Tripura, India. Annals: Food Science &Technology, 20(4). DOI:10.59415/ijfas.v7i3.121
Enrique, M., Rao, K.S. and Durant, A.A. (2014) The lipid content and fatty acid composition of four eastern central Pacific native fish species. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 33,1–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.08.007
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for zinc. EFSA. 2014;12:3844. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3844.
FAO, IFAD, and WFP (2013). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013—The Multiple Dimensions of Food Security, FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO/WHO (2011). Report of the Joint FAO–WHO Expert Consultation on the Risks and Benefits Associated with Fish Consumption. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture. Technical Paper 978
Fitri, N., Chan, S. X. Y., Che Lah, N. H., Jam, F. A., Misnan, N. M., Kamal, N., Sarian, M. N., Mohd Lazaldin, M. A., Low, C. F., Hamezah, H. S., Rohani, E. R., Mediani, A., & Abas, F. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on the Processing of Dried Fish and the Associated Chemical and Nutritional Changes. Foods, 11(19), 2938. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11192938
Jabeen, F. and Chaudhry, A. (2011). Chemical compositions and fatty acid profiles of three freshwater fish species. Food Chemistry. 125: 991-996. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.103
Jena, D., Jena, A. K., Panda, A., Parhi, J., Biswas, P., & Pattanaik, S. S. (2018). Proximate analysis of some small indigenous fish species (SIS) of Tripura, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6(4), 470–474.
Kalita K., Basumatari D. and Ghosh S. S. (2024). Comparative proximate and mineral analysis of fresh and sun-dried fish species with special reference to Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822), Gudusia chapra (Hamilton, 1822), Indian Hydrobiology, 23(1): 87–98. 10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i184423
Khan, M.A., Hossain, M.A., Chowdhury, M.A., Sultana, N., Begum, Islam, M.N. (2024) Nutritional Quality Assessment of Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIS) from the Mathabhanga River in Bangladesh. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 28, 207- 216. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJABF.2024.346585
Kiczorowska, B., Samolińska, W., Grela, E. R., & Bik-Małodzińska, M. (2019). Nutrient and Mineral Profile of Chosen Fresh and Smoked Fish. Nutrients, 11(7), 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071448.
Lopez, M. J., & Mohiuddin, S. S. (2023). Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Luo, Q. , Zha, G. , Lin, L. , Huang, Y. , Zou, X. (2022). Comparison of physicochemical properties of different tissues from China climbing perch Anabas testudineus and crucian carp Carassius auratus. Food Science & Nutrition, 10, 936–944. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2727
Mahanty, A., Ganguly, S., Verma, A., Sahoo, S., Mitra, P., Paria, P., Sharma, A.P., Singh, B.K., Mohanty, B.P. (2014). Nutrient profile of small indigenous fish Puntius sophore: Proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid and micronutrient profiles. National Academy Science Letters, 37(1),39–44. DOI: 10.1007/s40009-013-0186-3
Majumdar, B.C.; Afrin, F.; Rasul, M.G.; Shaha, D.C. and Shah, A.K.M.A. (2018). Changes in physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of sun-dried Mystus vittatus during storage at ambient temperature. Fishes, 3(3), 32. DOI: 10.3390/fishes3030032
Mohanty, B.P., Pati, M.K., Bhattacharjee, S., Hajra, A., Sharma, A.P. (2013). Small indigenous fishes and their importance in human health. Advances in Fish Research, 5:257- 278.
Mohanty, B., Mahanty, A., Ganguly, S., Sankar, T. V., Chakraborty, K., Rangasamy, A., Paul, B., Sarma, D., Mathew, S., Asha, K. K., Behera, B., Aftabuddin, M., Debnath, D., Vijayagopal, P., Sridhar, N., Akhtar, M. S., Sahi, N., Mitra, T., Banerjee, S., Paria, P., … Sharma, A. P. (2014). Amino Acid compositions of 27 food fishes and their importance in clinical nutrition. Journal of Amino acids, 2014, 269797. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/269797
Mohanty, B.P. and Singh, S.D. (2018). Fish and human nutrition.Aquaculture in India,Narendra Publishing House: New Delhi, India, pp. 561–581.
Mohanty, B.P., Ganguly, S., Mahanty, A., Sankar, T.V., et al. (2016). DHA and EPA content and fatty acid profile of 39 food fishes from India, BioMed Research International, 2016:4027437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4027437
Nath, K.D., Nickhil C., Borah D., Pandiselvam R., & Sankar Chandra Deka S. C. (2024). Preparation, characterization, and nutritional analysis of Napham: An Indian traditional smoke-dried-fermented fish paste’, Journal of Food Biochemistry, pp. 1–11. doi:10.1155/2024/7410065.
Pegu, A. Kalita R., Das P. & Baruah C. (2023). Nutritional composition of small indigenous species of fishes of Northeast India: A systematic review. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 649 - 662. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4490
Rasul, M.G.; Yuan, C. and Shah, A.K.M.A. (2020). Chemical and microbiological hazards of dried fishes in Bangladesh: A food safety concern. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 11(6), 523-539. DOI: 10.4236/fns.2020.116037
Rasul M. G., Yuan C. and Shah A.K.M. (2021). Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Dried Fish in Bangladesh. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 25(4), 379-399. doi: 10.21608/ejabf.2021.189666
Renata, P.A. and Danuta, K.P. (2017). Fatty acid profile of fat of grass carp, bighead carp, Siberian sturgeon, and Wels catfish. Journal of Food Quality. Volume 2017, Article ID 5718125, 6 pages.
Roos, N., Wahab, M. A., Chamnan, C., & Thilsted, S. H. (2007). The role of fish in food-based strategies to combat vitamin A and mineral deficiencies in developing countries. The Journal of nutrition, 137(4), 1106–1109. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.4.1106Singh H.R. (2020). Biochemical composition and nutritional properties of some coldwater fishes of Manipur (Ph.D. thesis). Department Of Life Sciences, Manipur University.
Singh K.B. (2023). Evaluation of nutritional and toxicological profiles of ice-packed fishes available in Imphal, Manipur, Manipur University.
Singh M. S. (2020). Studies on nutritional qualities of some small indigenous fishes of Manipur, (Ph.D. thesis) Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University.
Talwar PK, Jhingran AG. (1991). Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi; 1:525.
Uhe, A.M., Collier, G.R. and O’Dea, K. (1992).A comparison of the effects of beef, chicken and fish protein on satiety and amino acid profiles in lean male subjects. The Journal of Nutrition, 122(3), 467–472. doi:10.1093/jn/122.3.467.
USDA (2015-20). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition.
Wang, W., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, J., & Wu, G. (2013). Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health. Amino acids, 45(3), 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1493-1
WHO (2022). Obesity and overweight. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Wu G. (2010). Functional amino acids in growth, reproduction, and health. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 1(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.110.1008Wu G. (2013). Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino acids, 45(3), 407–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1500-6Islam, R., Islam, M.D.M., Shoeb, M., and Nahar, N. (2018) Fatty acid compositions in marine fish samples of Bangladesh. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences. 8(5): 723. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000723
Zhang, H., Wang, Z. Y., Yang, X., Zhao, H. T., Zhang, Y. C., Dong, A. J., Jing, J., & Wang, J. (2014). Determination of free amino acids and 18 elements in freeze-dried strawberry and blueberry fruit using an Amino Acid Analyzer and ICP-MS with micro-wave digestion. Food Chemistry, 147, 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.0 9.118
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Amino acid and fatty acid profile of five small Indigenous fish species (SIS) from Assam, India. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(2), 582-591. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i2.6255
